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The essays in this annual forum for new philosophical work on law range widely over general jurisprudence (the nature of law, adjudication, and legal reasoning), philosophical foundations of specific areas of law (from criminal to international law), and other philosophical topics relating to legal theory.

The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law is a comprehensive, critical work, which analyses the state of research across the refugee law regime as a whole. Drawing together leading and emerging scholars, the Handbook provides both doctrinal and theoretical analyses of international refugee law and practice. It critiques existing law from a variety of normative positions, with several chapters identifying foundational flaws that open up space for radical rethinking. The Handbook aspires to be global, both legally and geographically. Contributions assess a wide range of international legal instruments relevant to refugee protection, including from international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international migration law, the law of the sea, and international and transnational criminal law.

Marxist revolutionaries used to dedicate whole lifetimes to fight the enemy, the prevailing political and economic structure, believing breakthrough to be victory, and device to stand for purpose. Considering their position exhausted in agitation, the actual task of building a new society could not be on their practical agenda yet. Captive of the dogmatism of "Religion and law are the ideologies of the suppressing classes, the latter gradually replacing the former", they were interested solely in a state and law withering away. Therefore not even law-graduate Lenin concerned with law in general and its strategic potential for state building in particular. Won into power, he made law used for tactical reasons in daily changes exclusively, in cases it was considered able to benefit the revolutionary cause. As an empty form for mass mobilisation or simple complementation to terror, it turned to become nothing but the direct means, or extension, of politics. In territories once bolshevised, it has never transformed into an autonomous phenomenon of social mediation, well-received by society at large as one of the main civilising factors. No wonder if it resulted in tsarist ukaz-government changed into Leninist decree-government, led by the Bolshevik party as a private organisation. In comparison, the victims' death toll due to Bolshevism meant sixteen times as many victims' lives as the last half of a century of tsarism. In sum, it was only good to fruit "legalised lawlessness" in the past and the lookalike of a dual state in the present. ; 1. Introduction: The Chances of Evaluation / 2. Preludes / 3. The Events / 4. The Nature of Bolshevik Law / 5. "Legalised lawlessness" / 6. Personal Features / 7. The End of the Game / 8. Conclusion -- [As an adapted and drastically shortened version, see ʻLenin, Vladimir I.' in Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, ed. Mortimer Sellers & Stephan Kirste (Cham: Springer Nature B.V. 2020) 1–8]

The primary purpose of the legal considerations herein is to indicate the direction of the modernization of the legality of control mechanisms in modern legal transactions. At the base of these transactions there is still the traditional, dogmatic sanction of nullity (invalidity) regulated by law (ex lege), and the legal effects of a defective legal action (contract), i.e. an action contrary to law or moral norms. In consideration of disproportionality and ineffectiveness of the nullity sanction under new conditions, jurisprudence and legislation have directed their attention to the limited judicial sanction (structured discretion) originating from the common law tradition as a proportional and flexible response to the defectiveness of legal action (contract). The statutory judicial sanction, which became the basis of the reform on the concept of illegality in common law countries, have found expression in the model rule of European private law. The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), the latter of which revises and updates the PECL, are the primary references for the model rules of contract law in the EU. The PECL and the DCFR have affected the concept of the defective sanction of legal action (contract) in the new Civil Code, drafted by the Polish Civil Law Codification Commission.

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction: The Rule of Too Much Law -- I. Crime and Punishment -- 1. Two Migrations -- 2. "The Wolf by the Ear" -- II. The Past -- 3. Ideals and Institutions -- 4. The Fourteenth Amendment's Failed Promise -- 5. Criminal Justice in the Gilded Age -- 6. A Culture War and Its Aftermath -- 7. Constitutional Law's Rise: Three Roads Not Taken -- 8. Earl Warren's Errors -- 9. The Rise and Fall of Crime, the Fall and Rise of Criminal Punishment -- III. The Future -- 10. Fixing a Broken System -- Epilogue: Taming the Wolf -- Note on Sources and Citation Form -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- Index.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Before You Begin -- How This Book Is Organized -- Other DSST® Products by Peterson's -- 1 All About the DSST® Exam -- What Is DSST®? -- Why Take a DSST® Exam? -- DSST® Test Centers -- How to Register for a DSST® Exam -- Preparing For A DSST® Exam -- Test Day -- Criminal Justice Exam Facts -- 2 Criminal Justice Diagnostic Test -- Diagnostic Test Answer Sheet -- Criminal Justice Diagnostic Test -- Answer Key and Explanations -- Diagnostic Test Assessment Grid -- 3 Criminal Justice Subject Review -- Criminal Behavior -- The Criminal Justice System -- Law Enforcement -- The Court System -- Corrections -- Summing It Up -- 4 Criminal Justice Post-Test -- Post-Test Answer Sheet -- Criminal Justice Post-Test -- Answer Key and Explanations.

Abstract
This paper considers the way in which Italian authorities introduced jurisprudence of the Court of Appeals as a source of law in Libya from 1911 to 1943. Aimed at resolving the tensions that resulted from the interplay between local customs, Islamic law, and the Italian legal codes, such a recourse to jurisprudence was a clear departure from Italy's own code-based legal system. This judicial innovation was also a change from the practices introduced in British and French colonies, where the codification of a hybrid European-local law had become the norm. Divided into three parts—jurisprudence as source of law in Italy, its uses in the colonies, and jurisprudence in practice (through the analysis of the sentences on shuf ʿa, the customary right of pre-emption)—this article illustrates Italian jurisprudential law in Libya as an example of the theoretical problems and practical advantages of legal pluralism in a colonial context.
Cet article examine comment les autorités italiennes ont introduit la jurisprudence émanant de la Cour d'appel en tant que source de droit en Libye de 1911 à 1943. Destiné à résoudre les tensions qui ont résulté de l'interaction entre les coutumes locales, le droit islamique et les codes juridiques italiennes, un tel recours à la jurisprudence était clairement une rupture avec le système basé sur les codes juridiques en usage en Italie. Cette innovation judiciaire était également différente des pratiques introduites dans les colonies britanniques et française, où la codification d'un hybride euro-locale était devenue la norme. Divisé en trois parties—la jurisprudence comme source de droit en Italie, ses utilisations dans les colonies, et la jurisprudence dans la pratique (à travers l'analyse des décisions sur le shuf ʿa, droit coutumier de préemption)—cet article illustre le droit jurisprudentiel italien en Libye comme un exemple des problèmes théoriques et des avantages pratiques du pluralisme juridique dans un contexte colonial.