Suchergebnisse

This report summarizes the results and lessons learned from the Technical Assistance (TA) Support to Rural Sanitation Scale Up under the Philippine National Sustainable Sanitation Plan. The TA was carried out by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program from July 2012 to March 2016, and is part of a larger programmatic assistance by the Bank to the Government of the Philippines in framing relevant institutional and financial reforms by key sector agencies and in strengthening the government's capacity to accelerate delivery of basic water and sanitation services particularly to the poor. This synthesis report provides recommendations to consolidate and accelerate the scaling up rural sanitation initiative focusing on priorities for World Bank engagement and alignment with the incoming government's overall strategic direction.

This dissertation, entitled "How to Embed Sustainability in the Core of Higher Education Institutions: Drivers of, Barriers to, & Patterns behind the Implementation Processes of Sustainability Curricula – Insights from a Quantitative Meta-Study with Data from around the Globe," addresses the question of how sustainability curricula1 can be implemented and established in higher education institutions2. This research question is based on the assumption that sustainable development requires new ways of thinking and acting in the world. Accordingly, universities – as hubs for knowledge generation, innovation, and education – provide a central leverage point for sustainably developing society at large. Therefore, the institutionalization of sustainability curricula is not only socially demanded, but also stipulated in numerous political statements from the international community (e.g., those of the UN and UNESCO) and operationalized via Sustainable Development Goal No. 4: "Quality Education". Previous findings on how such implementation can be successful and what factors support or inhibit the process have come primarily through case studies of individual higher education institutions. These studies provide important insights but have been largely descriptive rather than analytical and leave open questions about the generalizability of their findings – for example, the extent to which other universities can be guided by the experiences of the respective higher education institutions. The present dissertation addresses this research gap. Through a meta-study (i.e., an analytical comparison of existing case studies), generalizable findings on the implementation processes of sustainability curricula are explored. In the first step, a case universe was collected in order to provide a database for deeper analyses. In two further analysis steps that built on the case universe from Step 1, certain factors that promote or inhibit the implementation of sustainability curricula (Step 2) and specific implementation patterns (Step 3) were examined. The following paragraphs provide greater details and an overview of the respective findings. In the first step, a database of peer-reviewed English-language case studies from around the globe that report on such processes was created. A total of 230 case studies were identified, 133 of which focus on the implementation processes of sustainability curricula.3 A bibliometric analysis of the 230 case studies revealed that this field of research is growing, although the discourse is primarily dominated by authors from North America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia, with South America and Africa being underrepresented. In addition, a citation analysis demonstrated that some universities incorporate findings from other countries whereas other universities act in isolation. This observation leaves open the question of the extent to which universities learn from one another in order to advance the implementation of sustainability curricula. In the second step of the analysis, the qualitative data of the collected case studies (sample of 133 case studies) were compared using the case survey method, which is a specific type of a meta-1 Sustainability curricula include courses, programs, and certificates from all fields of study that deal in some form with sustainability topics. For a more-detailed discussion of what education for sustainable development (ESD) entails, see Section Error! Reference source not found. 2 Higher education institutions (HEIs) include universities, universities of applied sciences, and other institutions that offer at least a bachelor's degree. 3 A detailed explanation of the case sample and subsamples can be found in Section Error! Reference source not found. analysis. The focus of the comparison lay on the drivers of and barriers to the processes of sustainability curriculum implementation at higher education institutions. Driving- and inhibiting factors have been thoroughly examined theoretically in the discourse on education for sustainable development (ESD), especially those pertaining to higher education institutions. However, no large body of data has yet been created to empirically test these hypotheses. The present meta-study found that the following factors lead to the deep-rooted and comprehensive establishment of sustainability curricula: strong leadership support; the establishment of sustainability curricula in the areas of education, research, campus operations, and outreach activities; formal participation of internal (including students) and external stakeholders; and engagement by sustainability champions (change agents), who are often the first to implement sustainability curricula and can face strong resistance. Other enabling factors include strategic planning, coordination, communication, having a vision, external political influence, the presence of a window of opportunity (e.g., an environmental disaster, a change in presidency), and the availability of interdisciplinary meeting spaces. On the other hand, the strongest cited barriers to the implantation of sustainability curricula were found to be the lack of interdisciplinary meeting spaces, the lack of a vision, the lack of incentives, the lack of resources, an overly full curriculum, and an unsupportive / overly bureaucratic organizational structure. The third step of the analysis also built on data from the 133 case studies and explored whether certain types or patterns of implementation processes occur. Through the analysis, six implementation patterns were identified that share similar driving- and inhibiting factors. The respective interplay between factors leads to various degrees of sustainability curriculum implementation in terms of how deeply rooted and comprehensive this implementation is. As discussed in greater detail below, in descending order of the level of achieved deep-rooted change, these patterns are (1) a collaborative paradigm shift, (2) bottom-up institutional change, (3) top-down institutional change, (4) the presence of many barriers that hinder institutional change, (5) externally driven initiatives, and (6) initiatives that are scattered due to a lack of coordination. Across all patterns, two phases could be identified: First, the impetus to implement ESD may be initiated not only by internal actors, but also by external ones. This initiation can take hold from the "bottom-up" (i.e., by students or faculty), from the "top-down" (i.e., at the presidential level), or in both directions simultaneously. The following key factors appear to be important in driving the initial implementation forward: a culture of open communication between all stakeholders in which feedback and reflection are welcome and even actively solicited, the development of a shared understanding and vision that further create a sense of ownership and long-term success, a high level of collaboration among all stakeholders, and existing initiatives that lead to knowledge sharing and other resources. In this regard, informal collaboration and cooperation can partially compensate for a lack of presidential-level support and/or a formal communication structure. Furthermore, developing a strategy with individual steps and shared responsibility leads to more-successful implementation of ESD at higher education institutions. The presented findings add a complementary empirical perspective to the discourse on the establishment of ESD at higher education institutions. First, the case studies that specifically address the implementation processes of sustainability curricula are reviewed and analyzed here for the first time as part of a research landscape. This research landscape reveals where research on such implementation processes has been or is being conducted. On this basis, both researchers and funders can reflect on the status quo and plan further research- or funding endeavors. Second, this dissertation offers the opportunity to compare a multitude of individual case studies and thus to develop new and generalizable insights into the implementation of sustainability curricula. The empirical analysis uses 133 case studies to identify key factors that promote or inhibit the implementation of sustainability curricula and to add a complementary perspective to the discourse, which has thus far been dominated by theoretical considerations and individual case studies. The analysis thereby offers a new perspective on generalizable influencing factors that appear to be important across different contexts. Thus far, specific patterns of implementation processes have been infrequently studied, and with few datasets. This dissertation analyzes the complex interplay between over 100 variables and provides one of the first research attempts at better understanding the processes that lead to the deep-rooted and comprehensive implementation of sustainability curricula. Internal and external practitioners of higher education institutions can find examples and evidence that can be useful in planning the next steps of their sustainability curriculum implementation. In the future, higher education institutions will play an even greater role in the journey toward sustainable development. This dissertation offers generalizable empirical findings on how universities can succeed in recognizing their own responsibility to that end and in realizing this transformation through the implementation of ESD. ; Diese Dissertation "How to Embed Sustainability in the Core of Higher Education Institutions: Drivers of, Barriers to, & Patterns behind the Implementation Processes of Sustainability Curricula – Insights from a Quantitative Meta-Study with Data from around the Globe" geht der Frage nach, wie nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Curricula1 an Hochschulen2 implementiert und etabliert werden können. Der Fragestellung liegt die Annahme zu Grunde, dass eine nachhaltige Entwicklung mit veränderten Denk- und Handlungsmustern dringend erforderlich ist und Hochschulen – als Hubs für Forschung, Innovationen & Bildung – einen zentralen Hebelpunkt für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung der Gesellschaft leisten. Daher ist die Institutionalisierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula nicht nur gesellschaftlich gefordert, sondern auch in zahlreichen politischen Statements der Weltgemeinschaft, z.B. der UN und der UNESCO, festgeschrieben und durch das Sustainable Development Goal Nr. 4 "Quality Education" operationalisiert. Bisherige Erkenntnisse wie eine solche Implementierung gelingen kann und welche Faktoren den Prozess befördern oder hemmen, liegen vor allem durch Fallstudien einzelner Hochschulen vor. Diese bilden wichtige Erkenntnisse, sind zum Großteil aber eher deskriptiv als analytisch und lassen Fragen nach der Generalisierbarkeit der Erkenntnisse offen – also inwiefern weitere Hochschulen sich an den jeweiligen Erfahrungen orientieren können. An dieser Forschungslücke setzt die vorliegende Dissertation an. Durch eine Meta-Studie, den analytischen Vergleich existierender individueller Fallstudien, werden generalisierbare Erkenntnisse zum Implementierungsprozess von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula erforscht. In einem ersten Schritt wurde eine Grundgesamtheit von Fallstudien erhoben, um die Datengrundlage für tiefergehende Analysen zu generieren. In zwei weiteren Analyseschritten wurden, aufbauend auf der erhobenen Grundgesamtheit der Fallstudien aus Schritt 1, bestimmte Faktoren, die die Implementierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula fördern oder hemmen (Schritt 2), sowie spezifische Implementierungsmuster (Schritt 3) untersucht. Die folgenden Abschnitte erläutern Details und präsentieren einen Überblick über die jeweiligen Ergebnisse. In einem ersten Schritt wurde eine Datenbank aus Englisch-sprachigen Fallstudien angelegt, die weltweit über Implementierungsprozesse von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula an Hochschulen berichten. Insgesamt wurden 230 Fallstudien identifiziert, wovon sich 133 Fallstudien im Kern mit der Implementierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula beschäftigen3. Eine bibliometrische Analyse der 230 Fallstudien zeigt, dass dieses Forschungsfeld wächst. Der Diskurs ist vor allem durch Forschende und Fallstudien aus Nordamerika, Europa, Ozeanien und Asien geprägt, wobei Forschende und Fallstudien aus Südamerika und Afrika unterrepräsentiert sind. Zudem zeigt eine Zitationsanalyse, dass einige 1 Nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Curricula werden hier verstanden als Kurse, Programme und Zertifikate alle Fachrichtungen, die sich in irgendeiner Form mit nachhaltigen Themen beschäftigen. Eine detaillierte Diskussion welche Typen von Bildung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung im Diskurs vertreten sind, findet sich in Abschnitt Error! Reference source not found. 2 Hochschule wird hier als Sammelbegriff genutzt für Universitäten, Fachhochschulen sowie weitere Institutionen, die mindestens einen Bachelor Abschluss anbieten. 3 Eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Fallstudien Stichprobe und die Unterteilung in Untergruppen ist in Abschnitt Error! Reference source not found. erklärt. Fallstudien von Hochschulen die Erkenntnisse aus anderen Ländern miteinfließen lassen, während andere eher isoliert agieren. Dies lässt die Frage offen, inwiefern Hochschulen global miteinander im Austausch stehen und voneinander lernen, um die Implementierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula voran zu treiben. In einem zweiten Analyseschritt wurden die qualitativen Daten der gesammelten Fallstudien (Stichprobe von 133 Fallstudien) anhand der Case-Survey-Methode (Art der Meta-Analyse) verglichen. Im Fokus standen dabei die Treiber und Barrieren der Prozesse,um Nachhaltigkeitscurricula an Hochschulen zu implementieren. Treibende und hemmende Einflussfaktoren auf den Implementierungsprozess von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula sind im Diskurs zur Bildung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE), speziell bezogen auf Hochschulen, ein theoretisch eingehend betrachtetes Feld. Hingegen fehlte bislang eine große Datenlage, um diese Hypothesen empirisch zu prüfen. Diese Forschungslücke füllt die vorliegende Arbeit, wobei die empirische Analyse ergeben hat, dass folgende Faktoren zu einer tiefen und breiten Etablierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula führen: Eine starke Unterstützung durch die Führungsebene (z.B. Präsidium, Dekanat); die Etablierung von Nachhaltigkeit sowohl in Lehre, Forschung, Campus, als auch der Austausch mit lokalen Akteurinnen und Akteuren; die formelle Partizipation interner (auch Studierende) und externer Akteurinnen und Akteure; und das Engagement von "Nachhaltigkeits-Champions" (change agents), die oft zuerst Nachhaltigkeitscurricula implementieren und gegen Widerstände ankämpfen. Weitere befördernde Faktoren sind: Strategische Planung, Koordination, Kommunikation, Vision, politischer Einfluss, eine günstige Gelegenheit (window of opportunity) (z.B. Umweltkatastrophe, Wechsel im Präsidium) sowie interdisziplinäre Begegnungsräume. Als stärkste Barrieren wurden folgende genannt: Fehlen von interdisziplinären Begegnungsräumen, fehlende Vision, fehlende Anreize, fehlende Ressourcen, überfülltes Curriculum, wenig unterstützende / zu bürokratische Organisationsstruktur. Der dritte Analyseschritt baut ebenfalls auf der Datenlage der 133 Fallstudien auf und erforscht, ob bestimmte Typen bzw. Muster von Implementierungsprozessen auftreten. Durch die Analyse wurden sechs typische Implementierungsmuster identifiziert. Dabei führt das jeweilige Zusammenspiel der Faktoren zu einer Implementierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula in unterschiedlicher Tiefe und Breite, welche nachfolgend durch die absteigende Reihenfolge der Muster indiziert ist: (1) "a collaborative paradigm shift", (2) "bottom-up institutional change", (3) "top-down institutional change", (4) "the presence of many barriers that hinder institutional change", (5) "externally driven initiatives", and (6) "initiatives that are scattered due to a lack of coordination". Über alle Muster hinweg wurden zudem zwei Phasen identifiziert. Zum einen kann der Anstoß zur Implementierung von BNE nicht nur von internen, sondern auch von externen Akteurinnen und Akteuren initiiert werden. Zum anderen kann sich diese Initiierung dann sowohl "bottom-up", also durch Studierende, Lehrende, etc., als auch "top-down", also z.B. durch das Präsidium, oder auch von beiden Ebenen gleichzeitig durchsetzen. Um den ersten Anstoß gewinnbringend zu nutzen, sind folgende Schlüsselfaktoren wichtig: Eine offene Kommunikationskultur zwischen allen Akteurinnen und Akteuren, in der Feedback und Reflektion willkommen sind und auch aktiv eingeholt werden. Die Entwicklung einer Vision, die von allen Beteiligten geteilt wird, kreiert Ownership und einen langfristigen Erfolg. Eine hohe Kollaboration aller Akteurinnen und Akteure, aber auch bestehender Initiativen führt zur Teilung von Wissen und weiteren Ressourcen. Dabei kann eine informelle Kollaboration und Kooperation teilweise die fehlende Unterstützung der präsidialen Ebene und/oder eine formelle Kommunikationsstruktur ausgleichen. Weiterhin führt die Entwicklung einer Strategie mit einzelnen Schritten und geteilter Verantwortung zu einer erfolgreicheren Implementierung von BNE an Hochschulen. Die vorgestellten Erkenntnisse stellen eine ergänzende empirische Perspektive im Diskurs um die Etablierung von BNE an Hochschulen dar. Erstens sind die Fallstudien, die sich konkret mit den Implementierungsprozessen von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula befassen, das erste Mal als Forschungslandschaft analysiert worden. Auf dieser Grundlage können sowohl Forschende sowie Fördergebende über den Status Quo reflektieren und weitere Schritte planen, aber auch Praktikerinnen und Praktiker Beispiele auffinden. Zweitens bietet die vorliegende Dissertation die Möglichkeit die Vielzahl an Einzelfallstudien zu vergleichen und somit neue und generalisierbare Erkenntnisse zu entwickeln. Die empirische Analyse anhand von 133 Fallstudien zur Identifizierung von Schlüsselfaktoren, die eine Implementierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula fördern oder hemmen, stellt eine ergänzende Perspektive im Diskurs dar, der von theoretischen Überlegungen und individuellen Fallstudien geprägt ist. Damit eröffnet sich eine neue Perspektive auf Einflussfaktoren, die in jedem Kontext wichtig zu sein scheinen. Vor allem spezielle Muster an Implementierungsprozessen wurden bisher kaum und mit weniger Datensätzen untersucht. Diese Dissertation analysiert das komplexe Zusammenspiel aus über 100 Variablen und bietet damit eine der ersten Arbeiten, die Prozesse, die zu einer tiefen und breiten Implementierung von Nachhaltigkeitscurricula führen, besser zu verstehen. In Zukunft werden Hochschulen eine noch größere Rolle auf dem Weg einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung spielen. Diese Dissertation bietet generalisierbare empirische Erkenntnisse wie es Hochschulen gelingen kann ihre Verantwortung wahrzunehmen und durch die Implementierung von BNE zu realisieren.

Problem setting. The issues of preventing social orphanhood, developing new and reforming existing social services for children and families with children have become a major focus in academia and in various structures at all levels working with children. Improving the quality of life of children is not only a matter of time, but also its need. Progressive world processes for the protection of the rights of the child, declared by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which stimulate major changes in legislation, policies and practices for supporting and protecting children. Such targeted actions are widespread in many countries of the world. Today, Ukraine is taking the first steps towards deinstitutionalization and creating its own model of social service formation, which will become the basis for preventing social orphanage among children. The article analyzes the existing model of managing the sphere of protection of children's rights in the context of preventing social orphanage and implementing the principles of DI reform (deinstitutionalization).Today, in the context of transformational changes, Ukraine has faced significant socio-economic problems that have led to a decrease in the standard of living of Ukrainian families, the emergence of such negative phenomena as social orphanhood, child homelessness and a number of other manifestations. The resolution of these issues has also recently become more complicated due to hostilities in the East of our country conducting by the Russian Federation. In this context, it is important to focus on the problems of providing social guarantees and social protection for children of vulnerable categories, creating conditions for their adaptation in a complex social environment. Exactly in the context of these aspects arises a need for a significant improvement in the public administration system, in particular in sphere of organizing effective social work with children, as well as increasing the effectiveness of the social function of the state in total.Recent research and publications analysis. Nowadays, such scientists as V. Sobchenko, V. Moskalenko, V. Skuratovsky, O. Paliy, E. Libanova are studying and researching the problems and modern approaches to the development of the sphere of social protection of the population. Studies of reforming and improving the system of social services in general, and services for children and families with children, in particular, are engaged such Ukrainian researchers as L. Volynets, N. Komarov, O. Antonova-Turchenko, I. Ivanova, I. Pesha, A. Kapska, I. Pinchuk, S. Tolstoukhova, M. Lukashevich, I. Mygovich. Issues of implementation of institutional care and childcare reform are engaged T. Veretenko, O. Denesyuk, T. Spirina.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. However, it should be noted that the current state of scientific development of the problem of modernization the activities of public administration bodies in the field of social work with children of vulnerable categories and families with children in Ukraine is insufficient, since today this area is in the process of reforming. The sources of conducted scientific researches were mainly concerned certain aspects of the functioning of public administration and the social security system of the population, partly work with children, namely: the history of formation and development, directions and forms of social work. Today, the issue of preventing social orphanage in the context of the implementation of the DI-reform principles is little explored and not discovered.Paper main body. Despite the rather significant interest of scientists in the problems of managing the social sphere in Ukraine, there are still insufficiently developed approaches to the activities of government bodies and local self-government, as well as non-governmental organizations in the field of social work with children of vulnerable categories and deinstitutionalization processes, their practical implementation in terms of interagency cooperation , institutional and resource support, transformation of the network of social institutions and institutions involved in problems of vulnerable categories of children. Considering this, the topic is relevant and needs a deeper study.An analysis of the legislation on the protection of the rights and interests of children shows that the concept of social protection is often interpreted as a similar to the social security concept. The concept of social protection of children is much more widely interpreted in the Law of Ukraine "On bodies and services for children and special institutions for children": it is a complex of measures and means of socio-economic and legal character for ensuring children's rights to life, development, upbringing, education, medical care, financial support.A number of scientists accentuate on the concept of the so-called hidden social orphanhood, which is associated with the deterioration of the family's living conditions and the decline of its moral foundations, resulting in a growing neglect of a huge number of children and adolescents. Hidden social orphanhood is spreading in the form of institutionalization of children whose parents for various reasons are not able to provide them with proper care and upbringing at home. Consequently, hidden social orphanhood is hiding in outwardly normal families, which in reality are dysfunctional, and parents do not cope with their basic responsibilities for raising children.Thus, social orphanhood can be defined as a social phenomenon caused by the self-willed evasion of parents from fulfilling their parental duties responsibilities for the child, which is accompanied by the breaking and loss of family relations between parents and a child, the parental indifference to the child's needs and the future fate of the child.Practical experience and international experience show that only a small number of children need specialized hospital care and approaches to education. Such care should be provided in small individual institutions that are integrated into the life of the local community with the ability to apply inclusive education components. All other children should be excluded from social isolation and brought up in a family or close to family environment and attend educational institutions in the system of inclusive education.The process of reforming the current system of institutional care (deinstitutionalization) in the field of protection of children's rights should be a long-term, well-planned and structured process of reforming the child care system based on the principle of taking into account the best interests of the child, recognizing the priority of family education over placement in the state guardianship institutions. During such reforms, the family should receive clear government standards for social services:– services and assistance that will contribute to its preservation for the purpose of full-fledged child development;– adoption or family forms of alternative care become a priority for the placement of children who have lost parental care due to orphancy, living in difficult life circumstances, violence or neglect from their parents side;– institutions are redeployed into specialist care centers (family and child support) or closed.The main problems of deinstitutionalization mechanism implementation today are:– developing a common vision and a holistic approach to reforming the current system of institutional care, education and upbringing of children, both at the national level and at the level of territorial communities;– the lack of an interdisciplinary algorithm of interaction, interdepartmental and intersectoral coordination of actions and cooperation, the lack of a training system for specialists, including heads of institutions of various departmental subordination, parental support programs, despite the fact that the basic mechanism is just beginning to be developed.Today, the development of a strategic deinstitutionalization program requires the involvement of partners from all possible areas: social, educational, healthcare, civil society institutions and the parent community. An additional advantage of attracting partners from different disciplines and industries is an increase in the availability of resources for the implementation of the deinstitutionalization program. A list of tasks should be the creation of conditions to ensure the realization of the right of every child to raise a family, to prevent the spread of social orphanhood.Achieving this goal requires resolving the following key tasks: – improving the activities of guardianship and care services for the prevention of social orphanhood, providing families with children with high-quality social services aimed at supporting the family's educational function;– involvement of enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of ownership and management, in the provision of social, rehabilitation services to children and families with children in difficult life circumstances, introduction of a social order mechanism in this field;– forming a tolerant attitude of society towards children and families with children who are in difficult circumstances, preventing various forms of discrimination against such children and families;– introduction of new social technologies aimed at early identification of families with children who are in difficult life circumstances, raising responsible paternity, and preventing cases of the taking of a child from parents without depriving them of their parental rights;– improving the quality of social services provided by social work entities to children and families with children who are in difficult life circumstances;– introduction of social services for parents, whose children are being brought up in boarding schools, in order to create conditions for the return of the child to parents;– introduction of social services for children to prepare them for return to the biological family after a long stay in a boarding school;– introduction of social services for families with children, in which the process of parents' divorce is ongoing, resolves the dispute between the mother and the father regarding the place of residence of the children, participation in their upbringing;– providing social support for parents who for certain reasons (due to long-term illness, disability, poverty, unemployment, etc.), are unable to properly maintain and care for the child, families with children with special needs family members, as well as social support for children whose parents are labor migrants;– providing social support for parents from whom children were taken away without depriving them of parental rights, as well as parents deprived of parental rights and intend to bring a lawsuit to renew parental rights (if their children are not adopted), in order to create conditions for restoring the educational function of the family and returning the child to parents;– provision of information to the population about the types of social services and benefits provided by the subjects of social work with families with children.Further long-term decisions for deinstitutionalization should include:– managed transitional stage with definition of clear terms for its duration;– approval of legislation requirements, services that should be provided at the local level;– approval in the legislation of the requirement on the personal responsibility of the community leader for the provision / non-provision of social services in the field of childhood protection;– redistribution of resources and introduction of an interdisciplinary approach to services at the local level;– helping families;– consultations with organizations representing the interests of persons with disabilities, children with disabilities, their parents and guardians.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, Ukraine's course towards European integration and implementation of the UN Convention requires a revision of the priorities of state policy in the field of social protection of children and families with children, protection of childhood and the rights of children in general, the introduction of successful approaches from the world practice of protecting children based on ensuring the rights and best interests of the child are aimed at supporting the family, creating conditions for the upbringing and development of children in the family or environment as close as possible to the family will definitely contribute to the gradual disappearance of such phenomena as social orphanhood.Despite all efforts of the state, today in Ukraine the share of orphans and children deprived of parental care remains quite high, as well as the share of children-social orphans, which indicates the necessity of organizing measures in order to transform the child support system into a family form of education and changes in the nationwide trend of childcare. ; Розглянуто питання запобігання соціальному сирітству, розвиток нових та реформування існуючих соціальних послуг для дітей та сімей із дітьми, що стали привертати значну увагу в наукових колах та різноманітних структурах усіх рівнів, які працюють із дітьми. Зазначено, що підвищення якості життя дітей є не лише питанням часу, а його велінням. Проаналізовано прогресивні світові процеси стосовно захисту прав дітей, зумовлені Конвенцією ООН "Про права дитини", які стимулюють суттєві зміни в законах, політиці та практиці підтримки та захисту дитинства. Зауважено, що такі цілеспрямовані дії суттєво поширюються в багатьох державах світу. Доведено, що на сьогодні Україна робить перші кроки у напрямку деінституціалізації та створення власної моделі формування соціальних послуг, яка стане основою запобігання соціальному сирітству серед дітей. Проаналізовано існуючу модель управління сферою захисту прав дітей у контексті запобігання соціальному сирітству та впровадження принципів ДІ-реформи.

Problem setting. The issues of preventing social orphanhood, developing new and reforming existing social services for children and families with children have become a major focus in academia and in various structures at all levels working with children. Improving the quality of life of children is not only a matter of time, but also its need. Progressive world processes for the protection of the rights of the child, declared by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which stimulate major changes in legislation, policies and practices for supporting and protecting children. Such targeted actions are widespread in many countries of the world. Today, Ukraine is taking the first steps towards deinstitutionalization and creating its own model of social service formation, which will become the basis for preventing social orphanage among children. The article analyzes the existing model of managing the sphere of protection of children's rights in the context of preventing social orphanage and implementing the principles of DI reform (deinstitutionalization).Today, in the context of transformational changes, Ukraine has faced significant socio-economic problems that have led to a decrease in the standard of living of Ukrainian families, the emergence of such negative phenomena as social orphanhood, child homelessness and a number of other manifestations. The resolution of these issues has also recently become more complicated due to hostilities in the East of our country conducting by the Russian Federation. In this context, it is important to focus on the problems of providing social guarantees and social protection for children of vulnerable categories, creating conditions for their adaptation in a complex social environment. Exactly in the context of these aspects arises a need for a significant improvement in the public administration system, in particular in sphere of organizing effective social work with children, as well as increasing the effectiveness of the social function of the state in total.Recent research and publications analysis. Nowadays, such scientists as V. Sobchenko, V. Moskalenko, V. Skuratovsky, O. Paliy, E. Libanova are studying and researching the problems and modern approaches to the development of the sphere of social protection of the population. Studies of reforming and improving the system of social services in general, and services for children and families with children, in particular, are engaged such Ukrainian researchers as L. Volynets, N. Komarov, O. Antonova-Turchenko, I. Ivanova, I. Pesha, A. Kapska, I. Pinchuk, S. Tolstoukhova, M. Lukashevich, I. Mygovich. Issues of implementation of institutional care and childcare reform are engaged T. Veretenko, O. Denesyuk, T. Spirina.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. However, it should be noted that the current state of scientific development of the problem of modernization the activities of public administration bodies in the field of social work with children of vulnerable categories and families with children in Ukraine is insufficient, since today this area is in the process of reforming. The sources of conducted scientific researches were mainly concerned certain aspects of the functioning of public administration and the social security system of the population, partly work with children, namely: the history of formation and development, directions and forms of social work. Today, the issue of preventing social orphanage in the context of the implementation of the DI-reform principles is little explored and not discovered.Paper main body. Despite the rather significant interest of scientists in the problems of managing the social sphere in Ukraine, there are still insufficiently developed approaches to the activities of government bodies and local self-government, as well as non-governmental organizations in the field of social work with children of vulnerable categories and deinstitutionalization processes, their practical implementation in terms of interagency cooperation , institutional and resource support, transformation of the network of social institutions and institutions involved in problems of vulnerable categories of children. Considering this, the topic is relevant and needs a deeper study.An analysis of the legislation on the protection of the rights and interests of children shows that the concept of social protection is often interpreted as a similar to the social security concept. The concept of social protection of children is much more widely interpreted in the Law of Ukraine "On bodies and services for children and special institutions for children": it is a complex of measures and means of socio-economic and legal character for ensuring children's rights to life, development, upbringing, education, medical care, financial support.A number of scientists accentuate on the concept of the so-called hidden social orphanhood, which is associated with the deterioration of the family's living conditions and the decline of its moral foundations, resulting in a growing neglect of a huge number of children and adolescents. Hidden social orphanhood is spreading in the form of institutionalization of children whose parents for various reasons are not able to provide them with proper care and upbringing at home. Consequently, hidden social orphanhood is hiding in outwardly normal families, which in reality are dysfunctional, and parents do not cope with their basic responsibilities for raising children.Thus, social orphanhood can be defined as a social phenomenon caused by the self-willed evasion of parents from fulfilling their parental duties responsibilities for the child, which is accompanied by the breaking and loss of family relations between parents and a child, the parental indifference to the child's needs and the future fate of the child.Practical experience and international experience show that only a small number of children need specialized hospital care and approaches to education. Such care should be provided in small individual institutions that are integrated into the life of the local community with the ability to apply inclusive education components. All other children should be excluded from social isolation and brought up in a family or close to family environment and attend educational institutions in the system of inclusive education.The process of reforming the current system of institutional care (deinstitutionalization) in the field of protection of children's rights should be a long-term, well-planned and structured process of reforming the child care system based on the principle of taking into account the best interests of the child, recognizing the priority of family education over placement in the state guardianship institutions. During such reforms, the family should receive clear government standards for social services:– services and assistance that will contribute to its preservation for the purpose of full-fledged child development;– adoption or family forms of alternative care become a priority for the placement of children who have lost parental care due to orphancy, living in difficult life circumstances, violence or neglect from their parents side;– institutions are redeployed into specialist care centers (family and child support) or closed.The main problems of deinstitutionalization mechanism implementation today are:– developing a common vision and a holistic approach to reforming the current system of institutional care, education and upbringing of children, both at the national level and at the level of territorial communities;– the lack of an interdisciplinary algorithm of interaction, interdepartmental and intersectoral coordination of actions and cooperation, the lack of a training system for specialists, including heads of institutions of various departmental subordination, parental support programs, despite the fact that the basic mechanism is just beginning to be developed.Today, the development of a strategic deinstitutionalization program requires the involvement of partners from all possible areas: social, educational, healthcare, civil society institutions and the parent community. An additional advantage of attracting partners from different disciplines and industries is an increase in the availability of resources for the implementation of the deinstitutionalization program. A list of tasks should be the creation of conditions to ensure the realization of the right of every child to raise a family, to prevent the spread of social orphanhood.Achieving this goal requires resolving the following key tasks: – improving the activities of guardianship and care services for the prevention of social orphanhood, providing families with children with high-quality social services aimed at supporting the family's educational function;– involvement of enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of ownership and management, in the provision of social, rehabilitation services to children and families with children in difficult life circumstances, introduction of a social order mechanism in this field;– forming a tolerant attitude of society towards children and families with children who are in difficult circumstances, preventing various forms of discrimination against such children and families;– introduction of new social technologies aimed at early identification of families with children who are in difficult life circumstances, raising responsible paternity, and preventing cases of the taking of a child from parents without depriving them of their parental rights;– improving the quality of social services provided by social work entities to children and families with children who are in difficult life circumstances;– introduction of social services for parents, whose children are being brought up in boarding schools, in order to create conditions for the return of the child to parents;– introduction of social services for children to prepare them for return to the biological family after a long stay in a boarding school;– introduction of social services for families with children, in which the process of parents' divorce is ongoing, resolves the dispute between the mother and the father regarding the place of residence of the children, participation in their upbringing;– providing social support for parents who for certain reasons (due to long-term illness, disability, poverty, unemployment, etc.), are unable to properly maintain and care for the child, families with children with special needs family members, as well as social support for children whose parents are labor migrants;– providing social support for parents from whom children were taken away without depriving them of parental rights, as well as parents deprived of parental rights and intend to bring a lawsuit to renew parental rights (if their children are not adopted), in order to create conditions for restoring the educational function of the family and returning the child to parents;– provision of information to the population about the types of social services and benefits provided by the subjects of social work with families with children.Further long-term decisions for deinstitutionalization should include:– managed transitional stage with definition of clear terms for its duration;– approval of legislation requirements, services that should be provided at the local level;– approval in the legislation of the requirement on the personal responsibility of the community leader for the provision / non-provision of social services in the field of childhood protection;– redistribution of resources and introduction of an interdisciplinary approach to services at the local level;– helping families;– consultations with organizations representing the interests of persons with disabilities, children with disabilities, their parents and guardians.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, Ukraine's course towards European integration and implementation of the UN Convention requires a revision of the priorities of state policy in the field of social protection of children and families with children, protection of childhood and the rights of children in general, the introduction of successful approaches from the world practice of protecting children based on ensuring the rights and best interests of the child are aimed at supporting the family, creating conditions for the upbringing and development of children in the family or environment as close as possible to the family will definitely contribute to the gradual disappearance of such phenomena as social orphanhood.Despite all efforts of the state, today in Ukraine the share of orphans and children deprived of parental care remains quite high, as well as the share of children-social orphans, which indicates the necessity of organizing measures in order to transform the child support system into a family form of education and changes in the nationwide trend of childcare. ; Розглянуто питання запобігання соціальному сирітству, розвиток нових та реформування існуючих соціальних послуг для дітей та сімей із дітьми, що стали привертати значну увагу в наукових колах та різноманітних структурах усіх рівнів, які працюють із дітьми. Зазначено, що підвищення якості життя дітей є не лише питанням часу, а його велінням. Проаналізовано прогресивні світові процеси стосовно захисту прав дітей, зумовлені Конвенцією ООН "Про права дитини", які стимулюють суттєві зміни в законах, політиці та практиці підтримки та захисту дитинства. Зауважено, що такі цілеспрямовані дії суттєво поширюються в багатьох державах світу. Доведено, що на сьогодні Україна робить перші кроки у напрямку деінституціалізації та створення власної моделі формування соціальних послуг, яка стане основою запобігання соціальному сирітству серед дітей. Проаналізовано існуючу модель управління сферою захисту прав дітей у контексті запобігання соціальному сирітству та впровадження принципів ДІ-реформи.

[spa] El presente trabajo de investigación intitulado "Ordenamiento y Planificación Territorial en Perú. Una Aproximación Crítica a los Instrumentos de Zonificación Ecológica y Económica (ZEE)", es un acercamiento panorámico y cronológico, cuyos objetivos giran en torno a cuatro aspectos intrínsecamente relacionados: Planificación, Gestión Ambiental, Ordenamiento Territorial y Zonificación Ecológica y Económica. Con respecto a la Planificación, el objetivo fue caracterizar su evolución, las influencias externas y los tipos, etapas y escalas de intervención. En cuanto a la Gestión Ambiental se realizó un análisis de influencias, su evolución normativa y conceptual y las características que presenta en la actualidad. El análisis del Ordenamiento Territorial incluyó el estudio de las influencias externas, las instituciones comprometidas, evolución normativa, características y proceso de formulación. El objetivo en cuanto a la Zonificación fue averiguar las influencias, evolución normativa, características, instituciones y el proceso de formulación. Por último, se hizo un análisis de las características de los instrumentos de ZEE de trece regiones del Perú. La metodología empleada en esta investigación consistió en una extensa revisión de la bibliografía relacionada con cada temática. Sobre la Planificación se ha realizado un estudio histórico por medio de la revisión de documentos oficiales y académicos existentes en Perú y el extranjero. Para estudiar la Gestión Ambiental se han revisado documentos oficiales con el fin de determinar influencias en la producción legislativa y evolución normativa del proceso. Para el Ordenamiento Territorial y la Zonificación se han revisado documentos que han influenciado al proceso, como el cuerpo normativo, realizando la valoración correspondiente. Para el estudio de los instrumentos de Zonificación Ecológica y Económica (ZEE) se han utilizado dos fichas, la primera del tipo 'checklist' para verificar la existencia o no de variables concretas en estudio y la segunda, para hacer un análisis del contenido de las trece ZEE aprobadas por el Ministerio del Ambiente en las diferentes regiones del país. Los resultados del estudio arrojan las siguientes conclusiones. En cuanto a la Planificación, en el Perú se han sucedido hasta cuatro períodos denominados: incipiente, apogeo, crisis y reinicio, cada uno de los cuales está relacionado con acontecimientos socioeconómicos y políticos del país. Su característica principal es el predominio de la planificación sectorial y sus procesos de implementación evidencian carencias de articulación vertical y horizontal. Sobre la Gestión Ambiental, podemos decir que es una política transversal con debilidad institucional que presenta un elevado número de normas inconexas y ambiguas, que dan como resultado una gestión débil, como evidencian los permanentes daños al medio ambiente. El Ordenamiento Territorial se encuentra influenciado por el ámbito europeo y brasileño, no obstante, al momento de establecerlo como política pública ha sido incomprendida y la normativa que regula su proceso es imprecisa y está desarticulada, siendo su institucionalización muy frágil. La Zonificación es una política influenciada por la FAO y Brasil a través del tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (TCA-OTCA), que, en el contexto peruano representa la primera etapa del Ordenamiento Territorial. En consiguiente, ambos procesos se conducen indistintamente generando una gran confusión en su desarrollo. La Zonificación posee numerosas fases y etapas que demandan tiempo y recursos; pese los años de su implementación aún no se han logrado resultados. Finalmente, sobre el análisis y valoración de los instrumentos de Zonificación Ecológica y Económica aprobados en trece regiones del país, podemos concluir que estos presentan diferentes niveles de estudio y escala. Los instrumentos no cumplen el "Reglamento de Zonificación", no han logrado óptimos resultados, las escalas utilizadas no son las adecuadas, la participación ciudadana no es efectiva y el principio de descentralización sólo es retórico. En resumen, los resultados son desalentadores, la mayoría de los instrumentos regionales solo alcanzaron el 50% de los preceptos reglamentados, indicador que sugiere que el proceso ha encontrado una serie de dificultades a nivel político, técnico, presupuestal, tecnológico, social y conceptual, hasta la fecha insuperados. En la práctica, tienen escasa utilidad para los objetivos que se había planteado inicialmente el proceso. ; [cat] El present treball d'investigació titulat "Ordenamiento y Planificación Territorial en Perú. Una Aproximación Crítica a los Instrumentos de Zonificación Ecológica y Económica (ZEE)", és una aproximació panoràmica i cronològica, els objectius de la qual giren entorn de quatre aspectes intrínsecament relacionats: Planificació, Gestió Ambiental, Ordenació Territorial i Zonificació Econòmica Ecològica. Respecte a la Planificació, l'objectiu fou caracteritzar la seva evolució, les influències externes i els tipus, etapes i escales d'intervenció. Per la Gestió Ambiental, es realitzà una anàlisi d'influències, la seva evolució normativa i conceptual i les característiques que presenta en l'actualitat. L'anàlisi de l'Ordenació Territorial inclogué l'estudi de les influències externes, les institucions compromeses, i la seva evolució normativa, característiques i procés de formulació. L'objectiu per la Zonificació fou esbrinar les influències, evolució normativa, característiques, institucions i el procés de formulació. Per últim, es va realitzar una anàlisi de les característiques dels instruments de la ZEE de tretze regions del Perú. La metodologia emprada en aquesta investigació va consistir en una extensa revisió de la bibliografia relacionada amb cada temàtica. Sobre la Planificació s'ha realitzat un estudi històric per mitjà de la revisió de documents oficials i acadèmics existents en el Perú i a l'estranger. Per estudiar la Gestió Ambiental s'han revisat documents oficials amb la finalitat de determinar influències en la producció legislativa i evolució normativa del procés. Per l'Ordenació Territorial i la Zonificació, s'han revisat documents que han influenciat el procés, com és el cos normatiu, realitzant la valoració corresponent. Per l'estudi dels instruments de Zonificació Ecològica econòmica (ZEE) s'han usat dues fitxes, la primera del tipus checklist per verificar l'existència o no de variables concretes a l'estudi, i la segona, per analitzar el contingut de les tretze ZEE aprovades pel Ministerio del Ambiente a les diferents regions del país. Els resultats de l'estudi aporten les següents conclusions. Referent a la Planificació, en el Perú han succeït fins a quatre períodes denominats: incipient, apogeu, crisi i reinici, cada un dels quals està relacionat amb esdeveniments socioeconòmics i polítics del país. La seva característica principal és el predomini de la planificació sectorial i els seus processos d'implementació evidencien carències d'articulació vertical i horitzontal. Sobre la Gestió Ambiental, es pot dir que és una política transversal amb debilitat institucional que presenta un elevat nombre de normes inconnexes i ambigües, que donen com a resultat una gestió dèbil, com evidencien els danys permanents al medi ambient. L'Ordenació Territorial està influenciada per l'àmbit europeu i brasiler, no obstant això, en el moment d'establir-ho com a política pública ha estat incomprès i la normativa que regula el seu procés és imprecisa i està desarticulada, esdevenint la seva institucionalització molt fràgil. La Zonificació és una política influenciada per la FAO i el Brasil a través del tractat de Cooperació Amazònica (TCA-OTCA) que, en el context peruà, representa la primera etapa de l'Ordenació Territorial. Consegüentment, ambdós processos es condueixen indistintament generant una gran confusió en el seu desenvolupament. La Zonificació posseeix nombroses fases i etapes que demanen temps i recursos i, tot i els anys de la seva implementació, encara no s'han obtingut resultats. Finalment, sobre l'anàlisi i la valoració dels instruments de Zonificació Ecològica Econòmica aprovats en tretze regions del país, es pot concloure que aquests representen diferents nivells d'estudi i escala. Els instruments no compleixen el "Reglamento de Zonificación", no han aconseguit resultats òptims, les escales emprades no són les adequades, la participació ciutadana no és afectiva i el principi de descentralització és simplement retòric. En resum, els resultats són descoratjadors, la majoria dels instruments regionals només aconseguiren el 50% dels preceptes reglamentats, indicador que suggereix que el procés ha trobat una sèrie de dificultats en l'àmbit polític, tècnic, de pressupost, tecnològic, social i, sobretot, conceptual, fins avui en dia, insuperats. A la pràctica, tenen escassa utilitat pels objectius que s'havia planejat inicialment el procés. ; [eng] This research, titled "Spatial Planning and Territorial Organization in Peru: A Critical Approach to Economic and Ecological Zoning Instruments", is a panoramic and chronological study with objectives related to four aspects that are intrinsically related: spatial planning, environmental management, territorial organization, and economic and ecological zoning (EEZ). With regards to spatial planning, my objective is to characterize the external influences that affect it, how it has evolved, and the types, stages and scales of different interventions. In the field of environmental management, I analyze the different influences, its normative and conceptual evolution, and its current characteristics. My analysis of territorial organization includes a study of the external influences and institutions involved, together with their normative evolution, characteristics and the processes leading to their formulation. Finally, my objective when it comes to EEZ is to reveal the influences on this practice as well as its institutions, characteristics and normative evolution; furthermore, I study the processes leading to its formulation and I analyze the characteristics of EEZ instruments in 13 Peruvian regions. The methodology I adopt for the present study consists of an extensive review of the literature related to each topic. For the work on spatial planning, I carry out a historical study by reviewing the official and academic documents that exist both in Peru and in other countries. To study environmental management, I review official documents in order to determine the influences on the legal advances and the normative evolution of the practice. I approach territorial organization and zoning by reviewing documents that have influenced the process, such as the normative framework it exists in, and evaluating them. Lastly, I study EEZ instruments through the use of a checklist to establish the existence of specific variables under study (or lack thereof) and also a factsheet to analyze the content of the 13 zones approved by the Ministry of the Environment in the different regions of the country. The results of my research lead me to the following conclusions. Spatial planning in Peru has passed through 4 distinct periods: incipience, apogee, crisis and revival; each related with the prevailing socio-economic and political climate. The most striking characteristic is the predominance of sectorial planning, and the way it has been implemented makes it clear that there have been serious shortcomings it both vertical and horizontal spatial planning processes. Meanwhile, environmental management has experienced transversal policies with institutional weaknesses that lead to a large number of fragmented and ambiguous norms. The result of this is inadequate management, as reflected in the constant environmental damage. Territorial organization has been influenced by Europe and Brazil. However, when it has come to establishing public policy in this area, the entire concept seems to have been misunderstood. Consequently, the normative framework in this area is imprecise and disjointed, and there is only a very fragile institutionalization of the practices involved. Zoning policy has come under the influence of the FAO and Brazil via the Amazonian Cooperation Treaty (ACT-ACTO), which in the Peruvian context represents the first stage of territorial organization. As a result, both processes are carried out indistinctly, thus generating a considerable degree of confusion in terms of their development. Zoning is a process with many phases and stages that require time and resources; and despite the years of implementation, no results have yet been achieved. Finally, regarding my analysis and evaluation of the ZEE instruments approved in 13 Peruvian regions, I conclude that they present different levels of study and scale. The instruments fail to meet the corresponding Zoning Regulation, they have not achieved optimum results, the scales applied are not the appropriate ones, participation by citizens has not proved effective and the principle of decentralization has become empty rhetoric. To summarize, the results are disheartening with most of the regional instruments only meeting 50% of the established precepts. This suggests that the process has encountered a series of difficulties at the political, technical, budgetary, technological, social and above all conceptual levels, which to date have not been overcome. In practice, the instruments are of little use in terms of the objectives that were originally set out at the start of the process.

This dissertation investigates the ways in which societies are coming to know and govern solar geoengineering. The question at the heart of this dissertation is not whether solar geoengineering will succeed, or even whether it should, but rather what makes it --- and its governance --- imaginable. To this end, the bulk of this dissertation aimed to analyze the co-production of the evidence --- and governance assumptions --- for a sociotechnical system that does not yet exist. To do so, I draw on work in science and technology studies (STS) and political science to elucidate and analyze the political and scientific claims underpinning expert attempts to capture the public imagination and put solar geoengineering on mainstream public policy agendas. I argue that the ability to put an emerging technology on the public agenda constitutes an exercise of power, determined neither by social structures nor entrepreneurial social actors alone, and entails its own, oft-neglected, evidentiary politics.Decades of scholarship in the interpretive social sciences demonstrates that framing and producing technoscience requires imaginative as much as technical work. Sheila Jasanoff's concept of `sociotechnical imaginaries' offers a useful point of entry into these dynamics. Sociotechnical imaginaries describe ``collectively held, institutionally stabilized, and publicly performed visions of desirable futures'' co-produced with advances in science and technology. As a theoretical concept, imaginaries help to explain why some visions of scientific and social order are co-produced, while others are not. Coupling this work with responsible research and innovation (RRI), which is concerned with the responsible steering of technoscientific developments, draws attention to the ways these imaginaries may play a vital role in the development, assessment, and governance of emerging technologies in the present, making scrutiny of their content and prospects for institutionalization urgent and timely.Any social scientific study of solar-geoengineering-in-the-making presents challenges for the analyst, some of which are shared across `emerging technologies,' and some of which are unique to this topic, at least at this stage. For one, the supply of research on solar geoengineering --- social scientific and otherwise --- has outpaced any demand function. It is not yet a topic of research in the private sector, nor is it entangled in broader imaginaries of national identity or competitiveness, though this may change. As Steve Rayner has pointed out, solar geoengineering is at a research impasse. Moreover, the primacy of models as an evidentiary basis for contemplating solar geoengineering has contributed to its stabilization as an object of governance before we know much about what it is likely to become, or even whether it is doable at all. This has contributed to a set of early assumptions about solar geoengineering (for example, as cheap and easy, or likely to make things better or worse for specific people in specific places) that need to be revisited. In this supply-driven context, the visions of a relatively narrow set of actors --- and narrow kinds of evidence --- are forming the foundation for future policy regimes. In Evoking equity as a rationale for solar geoengineering research? Scrutinizing emerging expert visions of equity, I examine the scientization of debates about the equity implications of solar geoengineering research. In so doing, I identify three sets of equity-related arguments advanced by sociotechnical vanguards advocating for more solar geoengineering research. The first is a call for more research as a means to shed light on the distributional outcomes of envisioned futures with and without solar geoengineering. This includes a call to reduce uncertainties inherent in scientific models examining distributional outcomes of potential deployment of solar geoengineering. Accompanying such calls is a discernible shift in the content of science itself, from more extreme to more `realistic' modeled scenarios of deployment, and from consideration of global to regional effects. The second equity-related rationale for more research is a call for comparative risk-risk assessment, underpinned by the claim that equity demands that potential risks and benefits of solar geoengineering be compared to the risks of climate change itself, especially for vulnerable populations. The third equity-related rationale for more solar geoengineering research is the invocation of the 1.5 degree aspirational goal of the Paris Agreement as requiring research on solar geoengineering, out of concern for the global poor and those most vulnerable to the consequences of climate change.My research suggests reveals several implications of this expert-driven, outcome-oriented, and risk-based understanding of equity. First, it may suggest that more research on solar geoengineering is the only rational choice, since many of the relevant equity concerns are empirical matters, amenable to resolution through the provision of more science. Second, it sidesteps the question of whether and how diverse non-experts should have a say in whether and how such research moves forward --- even if it is to occur on their behalf, in part by assuming that climate-related preferences are knowable and quantifiable. Third, the focus on predicting the outcomes of any future deployment at this stage represents an exercise in speculative ethics, and risks ignoring alternative ways of thinking about equity and responsibility in the context of technological innovation. Finally, I suggest that further analysis should be directed toward whether the vanguard visions I explore reflect a broader shift in operationalizing equity within multilateral climate politics, with those bearing the greatest responsibility now recast as `risk managers' on behalf of the global poor and the vulnerable. I argue that those characterized as `the vulnerable' in expert discourses should regain their status as agential subjects, rather than remain undifferentiated objects in expert discourse. Empirical research suggests that publics have a set of concerns not captured in the approach to equity I analyze in this dissertation, including issues around moral responsibility, historical global injustices, the ability to be included in, and benefit from, technological development, and concerns around lack of agency and self-determination in shaping innovation pathways.In The Politics of Climate Models for Solar Geoengineering Research, I argue that there is an oft-neglected politics of evidence around attempts to put emerging topics on the formal public agenda, which has the potential to shape future policy regimes. In this chapter, I analyze the mutual construction of solar geoengineering modeling and policy framing. Climate models have been understood as important nodes at the interface of climate science and policy, and as capable of shaping societies' understanding of, and responses to, climate change. As other scholars have pointed out, less has been said about the development of this relationship over time, which can help explain how it is that the intersection of modeling and politics takes on the form that it does.There are at least two issues around uncertainty and representation in the use of climate models for knowledge about solar geoengineering, which raise questions at the intersection of modeling and politics. The first is that models are being used to represent technologies which do not yet exist, black-boxing the engineering in geoengineering ideas. As one interviewee stated, ``In the model, you can just make geoengineering work. You can just assume that the oceans have a higher albedo because of ocean bubbles, whether it's possible or not.'' This results in the management of the representation of a technology in models, rather than managing the development of the technology itself, eliding important near-term questions around the complexities of technology development and the structure of responsible research programs, and stabilizing solar geoengineering as an object of governance in potentially problematic ways. Secondly, there is significant debate about whether these models can usefully predict outcomes at all; uncertainties that may be less relevant to models of and for climate science and mitigation policy may become `matters of concern' when it comes to predicting or promising regarding the effects of geoengineering.I argue that imaginaries of solar geoengineering technologies --- despite not serving current regulatory demands, and despite the non-existence of the technologies themselves (perhaps because of it) --- are engaging directly with policy needs (both current and predicted). With regard to current needs, the focus on models as proxies for actual deployment of these imagined technologies has the effect of making it seem as though societies `know' more about whether and how to develop these techniques than they do, which is resulting in debates about the management of the representation of a technology which does not yet exist. This has contributed to the current research impasse, in which ``technologists await a green light from social scientists before proceeding with research, while social scientists are limited to commenting on highly speculative ideas about how geoengineering might turn out in practice.'' In this context, policymakers are avoiding decisions regarding the advisability of a research program aimed at answering societally-relevant questions about technology development, and are content to fund indoor modeling studies. Alternatively, one might argue that the existing settlement, at least in the US, between governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and scientists, in which governments seem willing to fund indoor modeling studies but accept an informal moratorium on everything else, may itself be a kind of clumsy solution, the stability of which depends on its non-articulation.There is a broader question around displacement in the realm of climate policy raised by this research. Several scholars and commentators have raised questions about the role of imagined technologies in the present, especially since the 2015 Paris climate agreement. As Steve Rayner has pointed out, the agreement maintains the belief that global temperature targets are achievable via the inclusion of imaginary technologies, which represents a kind of `magical thinking.' Noting that the line between ambition and delusion is not always sharp, Rayner argues that the reality seems to be that the world is already likely to exceed the temperature limit agreed to absent some form of geoengineering. Despite this reality, the inclusion of climate engineering technologies in modeled scenarios has the effect of making political targets seem achievable. This is true even without any instrumental action --- and potential near-term political costs --- to policymakers when it comes to actually funding research and development on these imagined technologies, and assessing their impacts and implications.Finally, in Climate Researchers' Views of Solar Geoengineering: Benefits, Risks, and Governance, I present the results of the first survey of climate change researchers' views of solar geoengineering research and its appropriate oversight. I argue that definitions of `expert' in emerging domains is itself a contested political category, and far from straightforward, particularly when the technologies under consideration do not yet exist. Respondents in this survey, much like surveys of general publics, report concern about the moral hazard operating at the level of political decision-making. Nevertheless, respondents generally support research on solar geoengineering, including small-scale outdoor studies --- despite both a general concern that research may result in lock-in and slippery slopes to deployment, and skepticism about the advisability of ever deploying these techniques. I find strong support for some form of novel or supplementary governance arrangement(s) for research, and a belief that scientific self-regulation is insufficient to manage risks. There seems to be less agreement, however, on particular governance approaches; I find mixed responses regarding the desirability of a `physical thresholds' approach to governing geoengineering experiments, for example.Despite the fact that most respondents express skepticism about the desirability of future deployment, respondents tend to support more research into these techniques, both indoor and, to a lesser extent, outdoors. This might be explained by a view that research will reveal reasons not to move forward, or because of a belief that concerns about slippery slopes are overstated (although this seems less likely, given that most respondents report concern that research may result in lock-in and slippery slopes to deployment). Alternatively, a substantial number of researchers surveyed here may have an interest in scientific research moving forward in general, irrespective of its strategic aims. Respondents express skepticism about prediction and controllability when it comes to solar geoengineering deployment. It remains an open question whether a desirable future world with solar geoengineering would depend upon predicting such outcomes, although most respondents do report a belief that uncertainty in our understanding of the climate system means we should never deploy solar geoengineering. Given low awareness of solar geoengineering, participation by a narrow set of actors --- including scientists, but also those who claim to represent the views of civil society --- can close down discussion of this imaginary technology, rather than open it up. In this way, the views of relevant but disempowered publics are assumed before most people have even heard of these ideas. It remains to be seen whether and how early visions of solar geoengineering will cohere or acquire collective stability, or whether they will be radically disrupted. My hope is that the data and analysis in this dissertation may prove useful in tracing the evolution of solar geongineering and its governance over time.

Glavni cilj disertacije je analizirati ideologiju glavnih predstavnika radikalne desnice u Poljskoj. Ova doktorska disertacija dizajnirana je kao studija slučaja unutar okvira kulturalnog pristupa u političkim znanostima. Kao metoda istraživanja odabrana je kombinacija kvalitativne analize sadržaja i konceptualne analize ideologije Michaela Freedena. Iako je najveći fokus istraživanja na dvjema političkim strankama (Zakon i pravda i Liga poljskih obitelji) kao glavnim predstavnicima radikalno desne političke scene u Poljskoj, istraživanje se bavi i drugim akterima, prije svega organizacijama civilnog društva, društvenim pokretima i medijima, koji sudjeluju u konstruiranju i promoviranju ideologije radikalne desnice. Pritom istraživanje nije ograničeno na sadržaj ideologije i aktere koji tu ideologiju promoviraju, već ono uključuje i analizu procesa putem kojih se ideologija radikalne desnice eksplicira i formulira, kao i analizu dinamičnih odnosa među akterima procesa proizvodnje ideologije doprinoseći istraživanju ideologije radikalne desnice kao i istraživanju procesa konstruiranja političkih ideologija općenito. Kao polazište za navedenu analizu u disertaciji se koristi ponešto modificirana definicija radikalne desnice poznatog politologa Casa Muddea prema kojoj su konstitutivna obilježja radikalne desnice integralni nacionalizam, autoritarnost i populizam. Analizom je utvrđeno kako su sve tri ideološke karakteristike tipične za radikalnu desnicu prisutne kod glavnih aktera istraživanih u ovoj disertaciji. Na tragu konceptualne analize, ova disertacija je pokazala kako središnji konstitutivni koncept radikalno desne ideologije u Poljskoj predstavlja nacija, i kako svi ostali okolni koncepti detektirani analizom, poput solidarnosti, jednakosti šansi, pravde, demokracije, slobode, zadobivaju svoje značenje na temelju svog odnosa prema središnjem konstitutivnom obilježju ideologije. ; In the last thirty years or so, the influence of the radical right has been constantly growing throughout Europe. This political success has been accompanied by an increasingly intensive scientific research on the phenomenon of the radical right, which has resulted in several studies that address various aspects of the radical right phenomenon in Europe. Paradoxically, despite such an abundance of research papers, their review suggests that there are relatively few papers that have a systematic and in-depth approach to the political ideology of the radical right. This doctoral dissertation fills this research gap and focuses on the political ideology of the radical right, taking into account the thesis of the well-known researcher of political ideologies Michael Freeden, that political ideologies are the center of political analysis because the study of ideologies can provide relevant insights necessary for understanding politics and political processes. In the context of the debate on the wave of radicalism in Europe, Poland is a particularly interesting case. Firstly, it is the largest and most populous post-communist country that became a member of the EU and a country in which the radical right won three parliamentary and three presidential elections between 2005 and 2020. Secondly, in academic papers and media Poland is often portrayed as an example of a country that has successfully gone through the process of transformation to liberal democracy and as an example of the most successful transition economy in Europe. The Polish case is also interesting because it is a a country with more than 90% of declared Catholics and where, primarily due to historical development, Catholicism plays a significant role in political, social, and cultural life; it has become a key component of the Polish national identity. In contrast to Western European countries, in Poland Political Catholicism, did not spark the development of strong Christian- Democratic parties, it rather gave rise to radical right-wing parties instead. In addition to cultural factors, historical heritage is often considered a fertile ground for the emergence of this type of parties, especially its influence on political processes and on the processes of building a national identity. Namely, the Polish historical heritage, specifically the one related to the 20th century, was marked by a short period of democratic rule (1918-1925), and two long periods of authoritarian rule, that of Jozef Pilsudski (1925 to 1939), and that of the communist authoritarians (1945 to 1989). Thus, the main goal of the dissertation is to analyze the ideology of the main representatives of the radical right in Poland by exploring its discursive manifestations, as well as the way in which the radical right ideology is produced. This doctoral dissertation is designed as a case study within the framework of a cultural approach in political sciences. The cultural approach is characterized by the insistence on the importance of context, which, on the other hand, makes it difficult to define clear independent, dependent, and intervening variables. Therefore, in the cultural approach, a case is most often taken as the analytical unit taking into consideration all the complexity of its historical and socio-political distinctiveness. Qualitative content analysis was chosen as the research method, and conceptual analysis of Michael Freeden's ideology was added to it, since this approach allows us to better understand the morphology of ideologies and their operationalization in politics. The first chapter is about the theoretical and methodological framework. Since the concept of the radical right is one of the deeply contested concepts which there is no consensus about in political science, and since the aim of this doctoral dissertation is to explain this concept, the first part of the chapter consists of a review and analysis of recent literature. The notion of the radical right was analyzed through comparison with related terms such as the extreme right, right-wing populism, and the far right. As a starting point for analysis in the dissertation, a somewhat modified definition of the radical right by the well-known political scientist Cas Mudde is used. According to him, the constitutive features of the radical right are integral nationalism, authoritarianism, and populism. Like the concept of the radical right, the concept of ideology is also ambivalent and can be understood in different ways which result in multiple uses of the term ideology which are often contradictory. This doctoral dissertation is largely based on the morphological approach to the study of ideology developed by Michael Freeden. The second chapter deals with the history of Poland before 1989. The first part of the chapter explains the early context of the emergence of Polish nationalism, which has its roots in the 'noble democracy' of the 17th century, as well as in the national struggles for independence of the 19th century. However, the chapter focuses on two periods that significantly influenced the emergence and growth of Polish political nationalism in the early 2000s. The first is the interwar period (1918-1939) in which two traditions of Polish political thought, Sanacja and Endeca, crystallized, and from which two visions of the Polish nation, national identity, and the nation-state, emerged. The second period is after the Second World War, i.e., the period of the People's Republic of Poland in which the legitimization and institutionalization of the nationalist discourse take place. Equally, in this period there emerged and formed social groups with different visions of the Polish state after the fall of communism. The third chapter deals with the transformation of the People's Republic of Poland into the The third Republic and with an account of political and social events in the first decade after the fall of communism. This chapter sheds light on the political and social context within which the dominant social divisions in Polish society emerged, which in large part resulted in the evolution of radical right-wing parties in the early 2000s. In particular, the very nature of the transformation process emerged as the main subject of dispute. Namely, the Polish right believes that due to the contractual transformation of the system, the 'revolution' is not over and that the left-liberal groups have made an agreement with the former communist establishment. They believe that the Third Republic is a product of this agreement and that it serves the left-liberal and former communist elites to maintain positions of power and rule the The third Republic to the detriment of the oppressed people. This conspiratorial narrative represents the foundation around which the politics and ideology of the radical right have been built in Poland since 2000. The fourth chapter deals with the emergence and profiling of two radical right-wing parties, Law and Justice (Polish: Prawo I Sprawiedliwość – PiS) and the League of Polish Families (Polish: Liga Polskich Rodzin – LPR) . The chapter is structured in such a way as to first present the history of the formation of these parties, with an emphasis on the main actors who participated as the originators and implementers of these projects. In both cases, these are largely the 'family projects' of the Kaczynski brothers (Law and Justice) and father and son Giertych (League of Polish Families). From the Kaczynskis' biographies, it is obvious that they come from an environment dominated by the legacy of Sanacja, while father and son Giertych openly presents themselves as the heirs of the interwar Endecja. After presenting their political activities and the first successes in the elections, the ideology of these two parties is reconstructed, primarily from their programs and other party publications. The research showed that until 2005 both parties contained all the constitutive elements of the radical right according to Mudde's conceptualization. While these constitutive elements have been present in the League of Polish Families since its founding, the party Law and Justice gradually became radicalized. This period, at least from the perspectives of PiS and LPR, is dominated by the conflict between the post-communist elites (former communists and left-liberal intellectuals) gathered around the left Democratic Left Alliance (Polish: Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD) and the so-called "patriotic' camp that emerged from Solidarity. This chapter also covers the period between 2005 and 2007 when these two parties, together with the Self-Defense party, formed a government that lasted less than two years. This first, shorter coming to power of the radical right in Poland is not important because of the public policies they pursued during that period, but because of the experience and lessons gained by PiS during its rule in the liberal democratic system. Namely, after 2007, the LPR disappeared from the Polish political scene, leaving the PiS as the only relevant political actor of the radical right. The fifth chapter covers the period between 2007 and 2015. It is the period of rule by the Civic Platform (Polish: Platforma Obywatelska, PO), a center-right party with strong pro-EU views and liberal economic and social policies. Due to the disappearance of the left from the Polish political scene, the main social and political conflict underwent a radical change. PiS formulated a new conflict – the struggle between solidarity and liberal or corporate Poland – and built its ideology around this conflict. This period in Polish political and social life was marked by the immigration crisis that hit Europe and the debate on the acceptance of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women, the so-called Istanbul Convention. Both topics as well as the pro-European orientation of the PO government led to the mobilization of radical right-wing social groups and media that skillfully occupied public space by successfully imposing their topics on the public agenda. As this dissertation will show, PiS has adapted its discourse to that of radical right-wing organizations and has successfully presented itself as their political representative. On the one hand, this 'alliance' helped the PiS succeed in the 2015 presidential and parliamentary elections, while on the other it marked the further radicalization of the PiS, especially when it comes to issues of morals and values. The sixth chapter deals with the period between 2015 and 2020. During that period, the PiS won both the presidential and the parliamentary elections twice. This chapter emphasizes how PiS translates its ideology into public policies. Namely, during this period PiS focused its efforts on two projects: 'repairing the state' and rebuilding the community (nation). The first project was marked by the judicial reform and the crisis related to the Constitutional Court; it aimed to strengthen the executive branch to the detriment of other branches of government. The PiS community reconstruction project was conceived as a change in the material and spiritual dimension of the community. The first is mostly related to social policies, the emphasis being on family policies. Changes in the spiritual dimension imply changes in cultural policy, within which there has been a reform of public media and the announcement of the "recolonization" of private media. In changing the spiritual dimension, PiS placed special emphasis on the defense of the traditional way of life on the one hand, and on the politics of history on the other, in which the Institute of National Remembrance played an exceptional role. The seventh chapter takes the form of a final discussion in which the basic theses of the radical right ideology in Poland are reconstructed. The aim of this discussion is to position the topic of this dissertation within the framework of a broader theoretical discussion between liberals and their critics. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main research results in this doctoral dissertation and points to the possible direction of future research, especially research of countries with a strong radical right and with a similar historical and cultural heritage. Equally, the conclusion points to the fact that this dissertation has not fully answered the research question related to finding out how ideology is constructed, and the actors involved in the process. Namely, the problem was the research design and selection of the analysis method. The conclusion is that a more complete answer to this research question would require some field research, preferably using the method of interview or survey. Finally, we believe that some future research on ideology should move in that direction.

Il Volontariato nella Governance dei Servizi Sanitari Toscani: Dall'Aggregazione all'Integrazione di Modelli Sociali, Organizzativi ed Individuali Il fenomeno del Volontariato sta ricevendo progressivamente attenzione dagli studiosi di management, con particolare riferimento al ruolo che le Organizzazioni Non-profit (NPO) svolgono nella società moderna, oltre alla modalità con cui i cittadini si impegnano attivamente nel Terzo Settore al fine di far fronte ai cosiddetti 'fallimenti' dello Stato (government failures) e dei mercati (business failures). La letteratura di riferimento studia come la Società Civile sia in grado di fornire efficacemente i servizi socio-umanitari, rappresentando in tal modo un importante attore sociale al pari dell'Ente Pubblico, rappresentato dalle Istituzioni Governative (GOV), e del mercato, rappresentato dalle imprese ed i business commerciali (BUS). Nella presente ricerca il fenomeno del Volontariato è concettualizzato ed analizzato empiricamente attraverso tre prospettive – macro, meso, micro – le quali corrispondono alle tre sezioni della tesi di ricerca. A tal fine, abbiamo preso in considerazione l'area geografica della Regione Toscana, che rappresenta uno standard di riferimento ed eccellenza per l'implementazione da parte delle NPO di servizi socio-sanitari, in particolare nell'ambito dell'emergenza ed urgenza (Servizio 118). Infatti, il Terzo Settore toscano ha un'antica tradizione storico-culturale sviluppatasi fin dal Medioevo – la nascita della prima associazione di Volontariato fiorentina risale al 1244 – e durante i secoli è stato in grado di contribuire in modo significativo all'evoluzione del social welfare regionale, grazie all'implementazione di servizi socio-sanitari nei confronti della propria comunità locale. Quali sono le ragioni essenziali, le caratteristiche peculiari, e le leve strategiche che permettono il successo di tale realtà filantropica regionale? Per rispondere a tale domanda, abbiamo in primo luogo analizzato l'evoluzione storica delle interazioni istituzionali tra GOV e NPO toscane. Facendo riferimento alla letteratura di partnership ed alleanze strategiche, il focus è stato sul fenomeno delle partnership sociali cross-settoriali (CSSP – Cross-Sector Social Partnership), che si riferiscono ad alleanze strategiche tra i tre attori sociali, ossia lo Stato, le imprese for-profit ed il Terzo Settore, al fine di perseguire obiettivi sociali capaci di creare valore per la comunità di riferimento e soddisfarne le esigenze. La letteratura pertinente concettualizza tale fenomeno attraverso tre fasi, denominate 'formazione', 'implementazione', 'risultati'. Inoltre, tali fasi sono costituite da stage i quali a loro volta sono suddivisi in micro-processi. Uno dei gap della letteratura fa riferimento agli aspetti dinamici e contingentali che influenzano l'evoluzione delle CSSP in relazione a tali fasi, stage e micro-processi. Il nostro obiettivo è stato di contribuire a tale letteratura analizzando la specifica fase di 'implementazione' della partnership sociale cross-settoriale tra Regione Toscana e Associazioni di Volontariato, indagando l'evoluzione dei tre stage definiti 'selezione', 'design' e 'istituzionalizzazione'. Attraverso la metodologia della 'critical event analysis', abbiamo analizzato archivi storici, documenti, report, norme legislative, interviste con Presidenti e Direttori delle NPO toscane e responsabili della Regione Toscana, al fine di esaminare l'evoluzione della CSSP toscana negli ultimi 35 anni, ossia dal 1978 (creazione del Sistema Sanitario Nazionale) ai giorni d'oggi (2013-2015). Per tale livello 'macro' di analisi, è emerso come la partnership sociale sia stata caratterizzata dal cosiddetto 'isomorfismo coercitivo' il quale ha imposto alle Associazioni di Volontariato di adattarsi dinamicamente al contesto ambientale di riferimento per essere in grado di rispondere a pressioni contestuali esterne. Tali fattori hanno scaturito 5 principali criticità, ossia la legittimazione, il potere, la fiducia, l'identità, l'absorptive capacity, che sono evolute dinamicamente nel corso delle interazioni storiche tra i partner regionali. Nella seconda sezione della tesi abbiamo utilizzato una prospettiva 'meso', in particolare l'analisi di uno specifico modello di business e governance che sempre più caratterizza le organizzazioni non- profit, ossia il modello 'ibrido'. Tale modello fa riferimento alla compresenza di attività filantropiche/non-profit e commerciali/for-profit nella stessa organizzazione. Il fenomeno dell'ibridizzazione è sempre più un elemento significativo per le moderne realtà organizzative, poiché molte imprese sia for-profit che non-profit stanno sempre più convergendo verso un modello di 'impresa sociale', che sottolinea l'orientamento e l'attitudine imprenditoriale verso la responsabilità sociale delle strutture organizzative nei confronti di stakeholder e ambiente di riferimento. In particolare, tale fenomeno sta progressivamente caratterizzando le Associazioni di Volontariato toscane le quali devono organizzare innovativi modelli di business e governance al fine di essere autonome finanziariamente, divenendo così sempre più indipendenti dalle Istituzioni Governative e più sensibili ai bisogni di volontari e comunità locale. La letteratura ha individuato due tipologie di modelli ibridi, ossia il modello integrato e quello disintegrato, focalizzandosi in maniera marginale sulle possibili implicazioni manageriali. Al fine di contribuire a tale filone di letteratura, abbiamo effettuato un caso di studio multiplo analizzando tre NPO toscane 'ibride'. Grazie alla coding analysis delle interviste semi-strutturate effettuate con i Presidenti e i manager delle Associazioni di Volontariato, è stato possibile individuare implicazioni manageriali significative per tali realtà organizzative. In primo luogo, abbiamo concettualizzato una terza tipologia di modello di business e governance ibrido, ossia il modello semi-intergrato; in secondo luogo, abbiamo individuato sei categorie concettuali emerse dall'analisi che influenzano la gestione di tali realtà, ossia legittimità interna, legittimità esterna, scambi e flussi monetari, struttura organizzativa, perdita di identità, limiti alla crescita organizzativa. I risultati dell'analisi sottolineano come il modello ibrido integrato sia caratterizzato da alti livelli di criticità in riferimento ai limiti alla crescita; il modello disintegrato dal rischio di perdita identitaria; infine, il modello semi-integrato da criticità concernenti la legittimità interna e limiti alla crescita. La terza sezione della tesi fa riferimento ad una prospettiva 'micro', analizzando in primo luogo il concetto socio-antropologico del dono all'interno del contesto di volontariato; in secondo luogo, indagando le motivazioni psico-socio comportamentali dei volontari, oltre che le loro attitudini ed intenzioni comportamentali. In particolare, mentre il primo capitolo della sezione fa riferimento all'analisi concettuale del dono utilizzando importanti teorie antropologiche – come la Teoria del Dono di Marcel Mauss – il secondo capitolo presenta un'analisi empirica attraverso un modello ad equazioni strutturali (SEM – structural equation modeling), in grado di analizzare simultaneamente le relazioni ipotizzate tra significative variabili latenti delle attitudini, intenzioni e comportamenti dei volontari. Abbiamo utilizzato scale di questionari convalidati in letteratura e collezionato 379 questionari completati da volontari di 20 NPO toscane. Dopo l'analisi esplorativa fattoriale delle dimensioni oggetto di analisi – motivazioni (sociale, carriera, valori, conoscenza, protezione dell'io, avanzamento dell'io), atteggiamento verso l'organizzazione, religiosità, reciprocità positiva e negativa, intenzione a donare – abbiamo costruito un modello SEM e analizzato sia gli indici di significatività (modello di misurazione) sia le relazioni ed 'influenze' esistenti tra variabili (modello strutturale). Le principali implicazioni manageriali fanno riferimento alla capacità del management delle NPO di analizzare e conoscere i segnali relazionali emanati dai volontari, al fine di rispondere in modo appropriato ed incentivare lo sforzo di tali preziose risorse strategiche. Infatti, i volontari non rappresentano solamente il principale 'fornitore' di tempo, risorse, know-how e abilità per le Associazioni di Volontariato, bensì al contempo sono i beneficiari di gratificazione, soddisfazione e spirito associazionistico ottenuti dalla partecipazione all'organizzazione. In particolare, la dimensione di reciprocità insieme all'intenzione di donare sottolineano come la relazionalità sia un elemento cruciale per la gestione delle NPO, che presuppone una profonda conoscenza dei tratti psicologici dei volontari, oltre alle loro attitudini ed intenzioni comportamentali. Tali fattori sono importanti per rendere le Associazioni di Volontariato il veicolo sociale efficace in grado di rispondere ai bisogni della comunità locale e cercare di risolvere i 'fallimenti' dello Stato e dei mercati, grazie in modo particolare alle loro risorse più importanti, ossia i volontari. Voluntarism in the Governance of Tuscan Socio-health services: From the Aggregation to the Integration of Social, Organizational, and Individual Models The phenomenon of voluntarism is increasingly achieving attention by management scholars, specifically focusing on the role of Non-profit Organizations (NPOs) in modern society and the way citizens actively commit themselves in the Third Sector in order to cope with government and business failures. Pertinent literature questions how the organized Civil Society successfully provides human service delivery, thus traditionally representing an important societal actor along with both the Public Entity, represented at a local level by Governmental Institutions (GOV), and the market, represented by enterprises and for-profit business (BUS). In the present thesis, such a phenomenon has been conceptually and empirically analyzed following three perspectives, namely a 'macro', 'meso', and 'micro' perspective, which correspond to the three sections of the research. To this purpose, we chose an emblematic geographical area, the Region of Tuscany, which represents a paradigmatic excellence and national benchmark for the provision of emergency-urgency socio-health services. Actually, the Tuscan Third Sector has a historical and long-lasting tradition that started in the medieval period, precisely 1244 in Florence, and during the Centuries has significantly contributed to the evolution of regional welfare, especially by providing socio-health services to its own local community. What are the essential reasons, peculiar characteristics, and strategic levers that allow such a regional successful philanthropic reality? To answer this question, we firstly analyzed the historical evolution of the institutional interactions between regional GOV and Tuscan NPOs. Drawing on partnership and strategic alliances literature, we focused on the notion of cross-sector social partnership (CSSP), which refers to strategic arrangements between the three societal actors, namely GOV, BUS, and NPOs, aiming at social purposes. CSSP literature conceptualizes such arrangements through a tripartite framework which is composed by three phases, namely formation, implementation, and outcome of the social partnership. Further, each phase is characterized by stages which in turn are composed by micro-processes. However, scarce attention has been given to the analysis of evolving CSSP focusing on dynamic and contingent elements influencing and affecting such arrangements. We attempted to contribute to this stream of literature by choosing the implementation stage of the CSSP between Tuscan GOV and NPOs, and its three stages, namely selection, design, and institutionalization. By using critical event analysis, we examined historical archives, documents, reports, legislative frameworks, interviews with NPOs Presidents and Directors and GOV representatives, in order to assess the evolution of the Tuscan CSSP in the last 35 years, particularly from 1978 (the creation of the Italian NHS) to the present period (years 2013-2015). At this first 'macro' level of analysis, it emerged how the examined Tuscan CSSP has been characterized by an institutional 'coercive isomorphism' which imposed NPOs to adaptively respond to external pressures. These environmental factors resulted in five main CSSP internal outputs, namely legitimacy, power, trust, identity, and absorptive capacity, which dynamically evolve throughout the historical interactions between partners. In the second section of the thesis we used a 'meso' perspective, particularly the analysis of a specific business and governance model which is increasingly characterizing NPOs realities, the hybrid model. Such a model refers to the implementation of both for-profit and non-profit activities within a single organization. Hybridization is actually an important element in modern organizations, mainly because many for-profit enterprises and traditional NPOs are converging toward the so-called 'social enterprise' model, which stresses the socially responsible entrepreneurial mindset of modern management and organizational structures. Such a phenomenon is progressively characterizing Tuscan NPOs, which have to arrange innovative forms of business model in order to be financially autonomous and thus becoming, on the one hand, more independent of regional GOV and, on the other hand, more trustworthy toward its own volunteers and local community. Pertinent literature has individuated two types of hybrid business and governance models, namely the integrated and disintegrated ones, although few attempts have provided managerial implications for such hybrid arrangements. We attempted to contribute to this stream of literature by conducting a multiple case study of three Tuscan 'hybrid' NPOs. Specifically, the coding analysis of semi-structured interviews with NPOs Presidents and Directors resulted in significant managerial implications for these organizations. Firstly, we conceptualized a third hybrid business and governance model, the semi- integrated one; second, we individuated six conceptual categories affecting the hybridization phenomenon – internal legitimacy, external legitimacy, monetary exchange and flows, organizational structure, loss of identity, growth constraints. Interestingly, the integrated model resulted affected by high critical levels of growth constraints; the disintegrated model by risk of loss of identity; and, finally, the semi-integrated model by internal legitimacy and growth constraints. The third and final section of the thesis builds on a 'micro' perspective by firstly analyzing the socio- anthropological concept of the gift and donation in the voluntary context, and secondly investigating volunteers' motivations, attitudes, and behavioral intention to donate in order to deepen how these essential strategic resources of NPOs behave. While the first part of the section is a conceptual analysis of the notion of gift-giving building on anthropological theories (e.g. The Theory of the Gift by Marcel Mauss), the second part presents an empirical analysis using a structural equation model (SEM), which allowed to simultaneously assess the hypothesized relationships between important latent dimensions of volunteers' behavior, intention to donate, and attitude toward the NPO. Particularly, we used validated psychological and managerial scales and collected 379 questionnaires completed by Tuscan volunteers of 20 NPOs. After an exploratory factor analysis of the analyzed latent dimensions – volunteers' motivations (social, career, values, understanding, ego protection, ego enhancement), attitude toward charities, religiosity, positive and negative reciprocity, intention to donate – we implemented SEM procedure and evaluate both the 'measurement' model (fit indices) and the 'structural' model (hypothesized relationships) of the proposed constructs. Main managerial implications refer to the importance for NPO board to assess and understand volunteers' relational signals, in order to appropriately respond to and incentive such crucial strategic resources of the organization. Actually, volunteers represent not only the main 'provider' of time, resources, know- how, and ability for NPOs, but also and at the same time the main 'beneficiary' of gratification and satisfaction derived from being part of a committed philanthropic association. Particularly, the reciprocal dimension of volunteers' behavior, along with their intention to donate, stress how the relational element is important in the management of such realities, which presupposes a deep understanding of individual psychological traits, attitudes, and behavioral intention. Such elements make NPOs the effective and successful societal vehicles able to respond to community needs and to cope with government and market 'failures', thanks to their most precious resources, the volunteers.

The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Lebanon.

Panama has experienced impressive and significant economic growth, emerging as one of the better performers in Central America in recent years and one of the fastest growing economies worldwide. From 2003 to 2013, Panama has averaged an annual GDP growth rate of approximately 7 percent, surpassing the average GDP growth in Central America. It has also emerged as one of the fastest growing economies worldwide. Even during the economic crisis of 2008-2009, its economy continued to grow albeit at a lower rate. This note recommends that Panama prioritize three main aspects: a) improving the effectiveness of social public spending by further enhancing the pro-poor and pro-indigenous features of targeting mechanisms; b) reducing inefficiencies in the various sectors, for example, by improving the coordination between the Ministries of Education, Health, Social Development, and CSS to minimize duplication of efforts and resources; and c) strengthening planning, budgeting, and information tools and systems, legislation, and institutions to support implementation and track progress toward Government goals.

The evolution of Costa Rica's social sectors over the past decade has been dichotomous. On the one hand, economic growth has remained relatively high, however poverty and inequality have not declined (moreover, they have increased), and persistent employment challenges remain. On the other hand, the country has continued experiences advances in many social indicators, such as pre-primary and tertiary enrollment rates, access to improved sanitation, and labor force participation, though not in others (secondary school completion, immunizations, employment). Higher economic growth and (to a lesser extent) revenues seem to have allowed a substantial increase in public social spending. Looking forward, the key challenges Costa Rica faces are related to continuing improving the quality and efficiency in the social sectors, while improving targeting to serve the most in need, in a tight and severe fiscal context. To expand coverage of excluded population, priority will have to be given to reallocations and improvements within the spending envelope for the social sectors to maximize impact. With a fiscal deficit of more than 6 percent of GDP, further expanding public social spending is no longer an option and budget cuts are looming. Improvements in public spending management and budget execution, including the need of institutional reform to consolidate programs and improve coordination among executing agencies is equally important. In a country that has long been the champion in expanding universal welfare state, sustainability concerns will imply that hard fiscal decisions would need to be made to increase the social returns of budget allocation.

The background study for the national strategy on social inclusion and poverty reduction 2015-2020 was produced under a RAS agreement with the Ministry of Labor, Family, Social Protection, and Elderly of Romania. The report is a companion volume of the strategy, adopted by the Romanian Government in May 2015, and summarizes the diagnostics and analyses carried out by the World Bank team to provide a sound empirical base for the strategy. Given the multi-dimensional nature of poverty, the report includes diagnostics and policy recommendations on employment, social protection, education, health, housing, social participation, as well as regional and rural development policies. The document is based on a combination of desk research, qualitative data analysis, new data collected by the World Bank team and analyses of administrative, census, and survey data. This included qualitative research (for example, case-studies in two counties, interviews with representatives of central governmental bodies, interviews with recipients and eligible potential beneficiaries of means-tested benefits and with social workers), and quantitative data collection and analysis (a census on social housing stock; census of frontline social workers; a consolidated database of physicians, representatives of the pharmacies, community nurses, and health mediators; administrative dataset with social services for elderly, social services for people with disabilities and specialized child protection services; analysis of poverty. The book is organized in four parts. The first part starts with an analysis of the trends in poverty and social exclusion over the past few years and with a poverty forecast for the next five years (2015 to 2020). The second part analyzes the sectoral policies that must be implemented to tackle the problems identified in the first part of the volume. The third part turns its focus to area-based policies and discusses regional disparities, urban-rural differences, and specific problems in small towns and villages, rural, and urban marginalized areas, and Roma and non-Roma communities. The fourth part discusses the actions needed to strengthen the capacity of the public system to reduce poverty and increase social inclusion.

The Republic of Congo (Congo) boasts numerous assets that can be harnessed to build a strong and robust economy. These assets are oil, ore such as iron and potash, arable lands, and a young population. Congo is the fourth largest oil producer among West and Central African countries, both in total production (260,000 barrels per day) and production per capita terms. In addition, the country is endowed with substantial iron and potash that are yet to be exploited; it has a vast arable lands that could be useful for agricultural development; and the country boasts a young population, which, if well-educated, could be a dynamic labor force helping to spur economic growth.

This report documents for the first time in over a decade the current stock of the publicly financed health workforce in PNG and their characteristics and deployment across the country by type of health facility and health cadre. It also documents the capacity of the health-related training institutions and presents the results of an important survey of health training institutions which enable unit costs, staffing and other aspects of the institutions to be analyzed together with a qualitative assessment of the quality of students and of facilities by training school principals. The report presents a set of five demand scenarios and draws out the implications for the health training system and of the health budget for these scenarios. The National Health Plan 2011-2020 (NHP) recognizes that the emerging crisis in the health human resources area is a critical issue confronting any viable strategy designed to implement the objectives it has set for the health sector. This report helps document the nature of this emerging crisis and makes specific recommendations on the way forward.