Suchergebnisse

Questions concerning the difficulties that anthropologists experience in obtaining consent from local Latin American leaders to conduct ethnographic research are addressed. It is contended that previous generations of anthropologists have problematized current researchers' efforts since they failed to inform native communities of their research findings. It is then argued that the process of receiving legitimate consent to perform ethnographic research in Latin America has been made more difficult since many indigenous groups have established relations with nongovernmental organizations. A hypothetical scenario involving an anthropologist's attempt to gain informed consent to study indigenous plant species in the Amazon region is presented to illustrate the problems of obtaining legitimate consent when more than one group claims jurisdiction to a particular region. It is also stated that obtaining informed consent has been problematized by the absence of accountability within some nongovernmental organizations. J. W. Parker

The theme of this keynote address is conceptual puzzles raised by empirical research on conflict management and resolution. Three types of puzzles are highlighted: those that deal with processes, identities, and situations. The process puzzles include some counter‐intuitive implications of negotiating strategies and interaction process dynamics. The identity puzzles include the ways in which identity is negotiated, perceptions of ingroups and outgroups, and the connection between loyalty to groups and collective action. The situation puzzles address attribution issues, the distinction between passive actors and active agents, and the role of history. An attempt is then made to juxtapose the puzzles toward a larger conception of a field that emphasizes change in the phenomena we analyze in research and shape through practice. A number of these ideas are found also in the research of previous IACM lifetime award recipients, with whom connections are made.

AbstractOver the past several decades, crisis negotiation has become the primary method of dealing with hostage incidents in many countries of the world. This article uses the analytical framework of interest-based negotiation to provide a comparative analysis of the negotiation dynamics involved in barricade versus kidnapping incidents. The primary difference between the two scenarios is that the location of the victim(s) as well as that of the perpetrator(s) is unknown in kidnappings. As a result, many of the components of crisis negotiation that have been so successful in resolving barricade situations are inapplicable to kidnappings. This article should help the reader understand the critical differences between the two scenarios, and the implications of those differences for the likelihood of success of different crisis negotiation strategies. Central focus is devoted to premeditated incidents perpetrated by organized groups with a political, criminal, or religious motivation.

Nationalism & its rhetoric may be expressed through a variety of physical symbols, examination of which demonstrates that nationalism is inherently a gendered experience. Women & children, more frequently victims of nationalist struggles, have also been active participants, promoted by the manipulation of national female symbols & nationalist rhetoric linked to women's concerns. The case of Vietnam & Nicaragua, both of which underwent primarily nationalist liberation movements, demonstrates the malleability of nationalism & nationalist values & shows that in spite of the suspension of gender roles during national crisis, whatever formal equality is acknowledged during the initial post-conflict period is not necessarily substantive or sustainable & established nationalism is primarily reserved for men. Thus it is critical for women's groups to take immediate advantage of the potential for change in post-war societies before reconfiguration of traditional gender roles becomes overwhelmingly solidified & to understand the difference between formal & substantive equity. L. Kehl

POLITICALLY INVOLVED FILMMAKER: ALEKSANDER FORD AND FILM CENSORSHIP IN POLAND AFTER 1945 AFTER World War II civil rights were restricted in Poland as in most of the countries that fell into the zone of Soviet influence. Polish citizens experienced censorship in almost every field of their daily existence. Within the film industry censorship did not function solely as a means of checking final products from the standpoint of ideology. The controlling machine was not only the domain of the Party itself, even though its officials held decisive voice in restricting the autonomy of artists. The highly elaborate system also involved many moviemakers, who often proved to be very efficient in establishing methods of censorship and propaganda within Polish cinema. There was no clear-cut division between the Party and the filmmakers. Both groups became mixed, and the latter often willingly cooperated with the first. Just after the war there was.

An introductory overview examines ethnic diversity & interethnic relations in Toronto, Ontario, one of the most plural major cities in the Western world, highlighting the reciprocal impact of the city & its immigrants on each other. Focusing on the processes of social inclusion & exclusion, various perspectives on integration are reviewed, with particular attention to the ways in which newcomers become part of the social, cultural, & institutional fabric of existing communities. Patterns of immigration & settlement in Toronto are traced since the end of WWII, focusing on trends over the last 3 decades of the 20th century in terms of immigration policy, the sociodemographic composition of immigrant groups, employment & educational opportunities & achievements, housing, health status, & community integration. Implications for future policy & research are considered, arguing that the major concern should be on factors that block opportunities for immigrants, particularly low resource bases & inadequate service delivery. K. Hyatt Stewart

Demonstrates how whites subscribe to & reproduce "white fright" -- the defensive perception that ethnic & racial minorities are growing exponentially while whites are decreasing -- via casual, private conversations or "racetalk," drawing on participant observation data (N = 282 incidents of white racetalk) gathered from 22 informants. Findings indicate that racetalk created an other against which whites could construct themselves as a unified, superior group. Whites accomplish this by employing the strategies of categorization & surveillance to elevate & protect white status. Categorization involves slurs & caricatures, dehumanization, & contamination, while surveillance centers on a critique & generalization of people of color for their public self-presentation & results in a sense of threat over white space & resources & resentment over apparent special treatment afforded groups other than whites. These strategies used in casual talk reveal the structure of racism & reproduce white supremacy by expressing the dominant racist ideology. 3 Tables. J. Zendejas

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Since GAO designated computer security in the federal government as high risk in 1997, evidence of pervasive weaknesses has been continuing. Also, related risks have been escalating, in part because of the dramatic increases in computer interconnectivity and increasing dependence on computers to support critical operations and infrastructures, such as power distribution, water supply, national defense, and emergency services. This year, GAO expanded this high risk area to include protecting the information systems that support our nation's critical infrastructures, referred to as cyber critical infrastructure protection or cyber CIP. Among other reasons for designating cyber CIP high risk is that terrorist groups and others have stated their intentions of attacking our critical infrastructures, and failing to protect these infrastructures could adversely affect our national security, economic security, and/or public health and safety."

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Testifying before Congress in 2002, military beneficiary groups described problems accessing care from TRICARE's civilian medical providers. Providers also testified on their dissatisfaction with the TRICARE program, specifying low reimbursement rates and administrative burdens. The Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act of 2003 required GAO to review the oversight of the TRICARE network of civilian providers. Specifically, GAO describes how the Department of Defense (DOD) oversees the adequacy of the civilian provider network, evaluates DOD's oversight of the civilian provider network, and describes the factors that have been reported to contribute to network inadequacy. GAO analyzed TRICARE Prime--the managed care component of TRICARE. To describe and evaluate DOD's oversight, GAO reviewed and analyzed information from reports on network adequacy and interviewed DOD and contractor officials in 5 of 11 TRICARE regions."