Suchergebnisse

Background and purposeThe aim of the Synergium was to devise and prioritize new ways of accelerating progress in reducing the risks, effects, and consequences of stroke.MethodsPreliminary work was performed by 7 working groups of stroke leaders followed by a synergium (a forum for working synergistically together) with approximately 100 additional participants. The resulting draft document had further input from contributors outside the synergium.ResultsRecommendations of the Synergium are: Basic Science, Drug Development and Technology: There is a need to develop: (1) New systems of working together to break down the prevalent 'silo' mentality; (2) New models of vertically integrated basic, clinical, and epidemiological disciplines; and (3) Efficient methods of identifying other relevant areas of science. Stroke Prevention: (1) Establish a global chronic disease prevention initiative with stroke as a major focus. (2) Recognize not only abrupt clinical stroke, but subtle subclinical stroke, the commonest type of cerebrovascular disease, leading to impairments of executive function. (3) Develop, implement and evaluate a population approach for stroke prevention. (4) Develop public health communication strategies using traditional and novel (e.g., social media/marketing) techniques. Acute Stroke Management: Continue the establishment of stroke centers, stroke units, regional systems of emergency stroke care and telestroke networks. Brain Recovery and Rehabilitation: (1) Translate best neuroscience, including animal and human studies, into poststroke recovery research and clinical care. (2) Standardize poststroke rehabilitation based on best evidence. (3) Develop consensus on, then implementation of, standardized clinical and surrogate assessments. (4) Carry out rigorous clinical research to advance stroke recovery. Into the 21st Century: Web, Technology and Communications: (1) Work toward global unrestricted access to stroke-related information. (2) Build centralized electronic archives and registries. Foster Cooperation Among Stakeholders (large stroke organizations, nongovernmental organizations, governments, patient organizations and industry) to enhance stroke care. Educate and energize professionals, patients, the public and policy makers by using a 'Brain Health' concept that enables promotion of preventive measures.ConclusionsTo accelerate progress in stroke, we must reach beyond the current status scientifically, conceptually, and pragmatically. Advances can be made not only by doing, but ceasing to do. Significant savings in time, money, and effort could result from discontinuing practices driven by unsubstantiated opinion, unproven approaches, and financial gain. Systematic integration of knowledge into programs coupled with careful evaluation can speed the pace of progress.

The aim of the Synergium was to devise and prioritize new ways of accelerating progress in reducing the risks, effects, and consequences of stroke.Preliminary work was performed by seven working groups of stroke leaders followed by a synergium (a forum for working synergistically together) with approximately 100 additional participants. The resulting draft document had further input from contributors outside the synergium.Recommendations of the Synergium are: Basic Science, Drug Development and Technology: There is a need to develop: (1) New systems of working together to break down the prevalent 'silo' mentality; (2) New models of vertically integrated basic, clinical, and epidemiological disciplines; and (3) Efficient methods of identifying other relevant areas of science. Stroke Prevention: (1) Establish a global chronic disease prevention initiative with stroke as a major focus. (2) Recognize not only abrupt clinical stroke, but subtle subclinical stroke, the commonest type of cerebrovascular disease, leading to impairments of executive function. (3) Develop, implement and evaluate a population approach for stroke prevention. (4) Develop public health communication strategies using traditional and novel (eg, social media/marketing) techniques. Acute Stroke Management: Continue the establishment of stroke centers, stroke units, regional systems of emergency stroke care and telestroke networks. Brain Recovery and Rehabilitation: (1) Translate best neuroscience, including animal and human studies, into poststroke recovery research and clinical care. (2) Standardize poststroke rehabilitation based on best evidence. (3) Develop consensus on, then implementation of, standardized clinical and surrogate assessments. (4) Carry out rigorous clinical research to advance stroke recovery. Into the 21st Century: Web, Technology and Communications: (1) Work toward global unrestricted access to stroke-related information. (2) Build centralized electronic archives and registries. Foster Cooperation Among Stakeholders (large stroke organizations, nongovernmental organizations, governments, patient organizations and industry) to enhance stroke care. Educate and energize professionals, patients, the public and policy makers by using a 'Brain Health' concept that enables promotion of preventive measures.To accelerate progress in stroke, we must reach beyond the current status scientifically, conceptually, and pragmatically. Advances can be made not only by doing, but ceasing to do. Significant savings in time, money, and effort could result from discontinuing practices driven by unsubstantiated opinion, unproven approaches, and financial gain. Systematic integration of knowledge into programs coupled with careful evaluation can speed the pace of progress.

Issues related to air quality degradation are at the origin of a set of actions implemented to reduce various types of air pollution in the EU. However, gaps in the understanding of these problems hamper the implementation of measures to protect public health and decision making about policies that are more effective at both the local and European levels. Such a need for increased knowledge has generated the implementation of the Aphekom project ("Improving Knowledge and Communication for Decision Making on Air Pollution and Health in Europe") to assist the creation of new tools and the production of information for decisionmakers, health professionals, and citizens, in order to provide them useful knowledge for their daily lives. Because the institutional process of decision making also affects the quality of the science/decision interface, the Work‐package 7, that we are responsible for, focuses on the sharing of knowledge and uncertainty among scientists and stakeholders through multi‐actors dialogue. In this context, we decided to analyze the development of the Regional Plan for Air Quality (PRAQ) Ile‐de‐France as a local case study. ; Les problématiques liées à la dégradation de la qualité de l'air sont à l'origine d'un ensemble d'actions entreprises pour réduire divers types de pollutions atmosphériques au sein de l'Union Européenne. Cependant, des lacunes concernant la compréhension de ce problème semblent entraver la mise en oeuvre de mesures (de protection) de santé publique ainsi que la prise de décision quant à des politiques plus efficaces au niveau tant local qu'européen. Cette demande d'approfondissement des connaissances a conduit à la mise en place du projet Aphekom (" Improving Knowledge and Communication for Decision Making on Air Pollution and Health in Europe ") pour aider à la création de nouveaux outils et la production d'information à destination des décideurs, des professionnels de la santé mais également des citoyens pour les accompagner dans leur quotidien. Parce que le processus institutionnel de prise de décision affecte aussi la qualité de l'interface science / décision, le Work‐package 7 dont nous avons la responsabilité met l'accent sur le partage des connaissances et des incertitudes entre les scientifiques et les intervenants par le dialogue multi‐acteurs. Dans ce cadre, nous avons décidé d'analyser l'élaboration du Plan régional pour la qualité de l'air (PRAQ) d'Ile‐de‐France comme étude de cas locale.

Background and purposeThe aim of the Synergium was to devise and prioritize new ways of accelerating progress in reducing the risks, effects, and consequences of stroke.MethodsPreliminary work was performed by 7 working groups of stroke leaders followed by a synergium (a forum for working synergistically together) with approximately 100 additional participants. The resulting draft document had further input from contributors outside the synergium.ResultsRecommendations of the Synergium are: Basic Science, Drug Development and Technology: There is a need to develop: (1) New systems of working together to break down the prevalent "silo" mentality; (2) New models of vertically integrated basic, clinical, and epidemiological disciplines; and (3) Efficient methods of identifying other relevant areas of science. Stroke Prevention: (1) Establish a global chronic disease prevention initiative with stroke as a major focus. (2) Recognize not only abrupt clinical stroke, but subtle subclinical stroke, the commonest type of cerebrovascular disease, leading to impairments of executive function. (3) Develop, implement and evaluate a population approach for stroke prevention. (4) Develop public health communication strategies using traditional and novel (eg, social media/marketing) techniques. Acute Stroke Management: Continue the establishment of stroke centers, stroke units, regional systems of emergency stroke care and telestroke networks. Brain Recovery and Rehabilitation: (1) Translate best neuroscience, including animal and human studies, into poststroke recovery research and clinical care. (2) Standardize poststroke rehabilitation based on best evidence. (3) Develop consensus on, then implementation of, standardized clinical and surrogate assessments. (4) Carry out rigorous clinical research to advance stroke recovery. Into the 21st Century: Web, Technology and Communications: (1) Work toward global unrestricted access to stroke-related information. (2) Build centralized electronic archives and registries. Foster Cooperation Among Stakeholders (large stroke organizations, nongovernmental organizations, governments, patient organizations and industry) to enhance stroke care. Educate and energize professionals, patients, the public and policy makers by using a "Brain Health" concept that enables promotion of preventive measures.ConclusionsTo accelerate progress in stroke, we must reach beyond the current status scientifically, conceptually, and pragmatically. Advances can be made not only by doing, but ceasing to do. Significant savings in time, money, and effort could result from discontinuing practices driven by unsubstantiated opinion, unproven approaches, and financial gain. Systematic integration of knowledge into programs coupled with careful evaluation can speed the pace of progress.

National audience ; "La psychologie sociale est la science des phénomènes de l'idéologie (cognitions et représentations sociales) et des phénomènes de communication." C'est ainsi que Serge Moscovici introduisait, il y a plus de vingt ans, un traité de psychologie sociale qui fait toujours référence (1984, p.7). Dans quelle mesure la psychologie sociale d'aujourd'hui rend-elle effectivement compte de ces deux registres de phénomènes ? Pour ce qui est l'idéologie, il s'agit d'une notion complexe qui subsume la plupart des notions de base de la discipline : représentations sociales en premier lieu, mais aussi attitudes, normes et valeurs, pour les plus étendues. Et la spécificité du regard psycho-social réside précisément dans la lecture idéologique qu'il peut proposer de phénomènes qui se manifestent aux niveaux individuel et inter-individuel (Cf. Wilhem Doise, 1982). Force est pourtant de constater que le terme même d'idéologie est d'une fréquence relativement faible dans le corpus des connaissances psycho-sociales ; et, plus fondamentalement, que les tentatives de conceptualiser l'idéologie y sont marginales. Mais il est vrai que l'on ne saurait ériger l'idéologie en objet de connaissance sans convoquer d'autres disciplines, sociologie et philosophie au premier chef, tandis que la psychologie sociale s'est progressivement transformée en une mosaïque de champs de recherche spécialisés. Il en émane des "micro-théories" non articulées entre elles, comme le regrette Alexandre Dorna (voir par exemple 2002), promoteur en France d'une psychologie politique qui quant à elle ne saurait se définir ni en faisant l'économie du concept d'idéologie, ni en négligeant les apports des autres sciences humaines et sociales. Il existe cependant un champ de la psychologie sociale expérimentale qui rend compte des mécanismes de la reproduction idéologique, champ dont le chef de file est Jean-Léon Beauvois, et qui sera présenté ici dans un premier temps. S'y dessinent notamment quelques caractéristiques essentielles de l'idéologie dominante dont on peut rendre compte via un modèle normatif de la nature humaine : le modèle personnologiste de l'individualisme libéral. Mais dans ces travaux, l'idéologie dominante n'est généralement pas traitée de front. De plus, il n'est pas aisé d'y trouver matière à articuler idéologie et communication. Il faut encore préciser que ces travaux s'inscrivent dans une perspective fonctionnaliste : ils mettent en évidence la fonction de reproduction des processus socio-cognitifs qu'ils décrivent.

Concealing for Freedom: The Making of Encryption, Secure Messaging and Digital Liberties sets out to explore one of the core battlegrounds of Internet governance: the encryption of online communications. Current debates around encryption have fundamental implications for our individual liberties and collective presence on the Internet. Encryption of communications at scale and in increasingly usable ways has become a matter of public concern, especially since Edward Snowden's 2013 revelations. A new cryptographic imaginary is taking hold, which sees encryption as a necessary precondition for the formation of networked publics. At the same time, there have been major evolutions and accelerations in the field of secure communications, prompted in part by the cryptography community's renewed efforts to create next-generation secure messaging protocols and applications.

It is vital that we unveil the very recent, and sometimes less recent history of these protocols and their key applications. The book takes on this task, in order to show how the opportunities and constraints they provide to Internet users came about, and how both developer communities and institutions are working towards making them available for the largest possible audience. It explores how efforts towards this goal are built upon interwoven stories about technical development and architectural choices, about community-building – and about Internet governance and politics. In doing so, the book focuses on the experience of encryption in a wide variety of contemporary secure messaging protocols and tools, and looks at the implications of these endeavors for the "making of" digital liberties on the Internet.

Concealing for Freedom provides two key empirical and theoretical contributions. Firstly, it enriches a social sciences-informed understanding of encryption. It does so by examining how different solutions of cryptography for secure communications are created, developed, enacted and governed, and what this diverse experience of encryption, operating across many different sites, means for online civil liberties. Secondly, it contributes to understanding the social and political implications of particular design choices when it comes to the technical architecture of digital networks, in particular their degree of (de-)centralization. The book explores developers' actions and their interactions with other stakeholders, for instance users, security trainers, standardising bodies, and funding organizations. It also examines their interactions with the technical artifacts they develop, in which a core common objective is to create tools that "conceal for freedom" even as how this objective is met differs according to technical architectures, the user publics being targeted and the tools' underlying values and business models.

List of Figures -- Acknowledgements -- List of Contributors -- Introduction: Digital Methodologies in the Sociology of Religion, Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor (Coventry University, UK) and Suha Shakkour (University of Derby, UK) -- Section I: Digitising Research in the Sociology of Religion -- 1. Methodological Challenges, Innovations and Growing Pains in Digital Religion Research, Heidi A Campbell (Texas A&M University, USA) and Brian Altenhofen (Texas A&M University, USA) -- 2. Surveying the Religious and the Non-Religious, Tristram Hooley (University of Derby, UK) and Paul Weller (University of Derby, UK) -- 3. Online Crowdsourcing Methods for Identifying and Studying Religious Groups as Special Populations, Victoria A. Springer (University of Nevada, Reno), Peter J. Martini (University of Nevada, Reno) and James T. Richardson (University of Nevada, Reno) Section II: Social Networking Sites and Digital Ethnography -- 4. Facebook as anti-social media: using Facebook groups to engage opponents to the building of Dudley mosque, Chris Allen (University of Birmingham, UK) -- 5. Antagonism in religious discourse on YouTube, Stephen Pihlaja (Newman University, UK) -- 6. Online Sufism Methodological Thoughts on Researching Esoteric Islam in an Online context, Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor (Coventry University, UK) -- 7. Studying Digital Hinduism, Heinz Scheifinger (King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, UK) -- 8. Young Sikhs' Religious Engagement Online, Jasjit Singh (University of Leeds, UK) -- Section III: Digital Communication 9. Studying Apps: Research Approaches to the Digital Bible, Tim Hutchings (Durham University, UK) -- 10. Videoconferencing as a tool facilitating feminist interviews with Muslim women who wear the niqab, Anna Piela (Leeds Trinity University, UK) -- 11. The Online Communication Model: A theoretical framework to analyse the Institutional Communication on the Internet, Daniel Arasa (Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Italy) and Juan Narbona (Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Italy) -- 12. Researching religious authority and organization: Digital and social media communication opportunities and challenges, Pauline Hope Cheong (Arizona State University, USA), Boris H. J. M. Brummans (University of Montreal, Canada) & Jennie M. Hwang (University of Montreal, Canada) Section IV: Virtual Reality and Religion -- 13. Online Ethnographic Research: Avatars in Virtual Worlds, William Sims Bainbridge (National Science Foundation, USA) -- 14. Researching Religion, Digital Games and Gamers. (E-)Merging Methodologies, Simone Heidbrink (University of Heidelberg, Germany), Tobias Knoll (University of Heidelberg, Germany), Jan Wysocki (University of Heidelberg, Germany) -- 15. The G-d in the Machine: Studying the Representation and Performance of Judaism in PC Games using Multimodal Corpus-assisted Critical Discourse Analysis, Isamar Carrillo Masso (Bangor University, UK) Afterword: Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor (Coventry University, UK) and Suha Shakkour (University of Derby, UK) -- Bibliography -- Index.

This article focuses on methods for designing heuristic models within the paradigm of systems theory and in the disciplinary context of intercultural communication. The main question arises from the striking observation that common language is insufficient to develop knowledge about human communication, especially when many factors of complexity (such as ambiguity, paradoxes, or uncertainty) are involved in the composition of an abstract research object. This epistemological, theoretical, and methodological problem is one of the main challenges to the scientificity of anthropological theories and concepts on culture. Moreover, these questions lie at the heart of research on intercultural communication. Authors and theorists in the complexity sciences have already stressed the need, in such cases, to think in terms of models or semiotic representations, since these tools of thought can mediate much more effectively than unformalized language between the heterogeneous set of perceptions arising from the field of experience, on the one hand, and the philosophical principles that organize speculative thought, on the other. This sets the scene for a reflection on the need to master the theory of heuristic models when it comes to developing scientific knowledge in the field of intercultural communication. In this essay, my first aim is to make explicit the conditions likely to ensure the heuristic value of a model, while my second aim is to clarify the operational function and required level of abstraction of certain terms, such as heading, concept, category, model, and system that are among the most commonly used by academics in their descriptive accounts or explanatory hypotheses. To achieve this second objective, I propose to create cognitive meta-categories to identify the three (nominal, cardinal, or ordinal) roles of words in the reference grids that we use to classify our ideas and to specify how to use these meta-categories in the construction of our heuristic models. Alongside the theoretical presentation, examples of application are provided, almost all of which are drawn from my own research into the increased cultural vigilance of the majority population in Québec since the reasonable accommodation crisis in this French-speaking province of Canada. The typology I propose will perhaps help to avoid the confusion regularly committed by authors who attribute only cosmetic functions to words that nevertheless have a highly heuristic value and who forget to consider the logical leaps of their theoretical thinking in the construction of heuristic models.

Rehabilitation of hearing and speech represents a theory that needs to be confirmed, and also the practice, also a process which is in continuous progress. It is simultaneously a science (research activity), the profession, school subject, issue, principle and method. Continuously be upgraded, and the search for new knowledge. Deaf and severely hearing-impaired people are often deprived from birth hearing and listening skills, and thus the ability to successfully speaking, standard, oral-vocal speech, language or hearing. In the absence of hearing, their psychological structure has been changed, so methods of learning that are used to hearing children, for them have no or have very small use. Therefore, the rehabilitation theory and practice need to seek for new methods, programming models, test materials, and researching the effectiveness of these methods in teaching speech and language skills of hearing impaired population. In this book, besides the general scientific, theoretical and practical regularity, related to the subject of Speech and Hearing Rehabilitation, are described the anatomical and physiological basis of auditory organs, and organs to speak, and the essential characteristics of the hearing impairment, ways of communications, education and rehabilitation in relation to general characteristics of hearing impaired persons. It describes the communication of the deaf and hard of hearing as a determinant of rehabilitation, rehabilitation of hearing as a determinant of learning speech and language, speech and language as a determinant of communication and speech-language education as a determinant of rehabilitation. The importance of programming in the rehabilitation of hearing and speech is highlighted, and new, paradigmatic-pragmatic methods in speech-language rehabilitation of the deaf and severely hard of hearing people is described. From a scientific point of view, programming of dynamic rehabilitation content, has or may have a direct scientific contribution to the psychological development of deaf and severely hearing-impaired population. By development of deaf person, the possibility of regulating the relation between a deaf person-society and vice versa is opened. The results of research of the use of programmed dynamic content in rehabilitation showed a significant movement to improve linguistic competence and quality in the communication of the deaf and severely hard of hearing people with hearing world. Dynamic methodological approaches in speech-language education of deaf and hearing-impaired children, it provides easier learning of all elements of speech and language, primarily phonology and morphology, and semantics, syntax, grammar and language of the hearing community.

Political communication includes the relation between politics, media and the government that specifically is reflected in the freedom of the press. However, in an undemocratic political system, where the ruler puts tight control into practice, the freedom of the press does not constitute the commitment of the government. The reason is that the freedom of the press even gives the room for the media, and also various parties, to take control or monitor the government. This study looks at how a nation, which was undergoing a political system from the authoritarian to the democratic system, made changes by establishing the law regulating the freedom of the press. By using the unstable democracy theory, the freedom of the press, and the political communication, this study analyzes the cases happening in Indonesia. Even though there were important changes, especially with the removal of the ruling authoritarian regime, Indonesia had not fully executed the democratic system. This nation was building a consolidated democracy, where the political elites possessed the commitment through the coordination mechanism over the constitution, political institution, and building the agreement to support the state authority. The commitment was realized by the political elites of the new government by ratifying the draft of the press law that was sufficiently liberal. The president through the Minister of Information and the members of the legislative from the political parties, and also the media representatives, were involved in the discussion of the crucial issues such as the freedom of the press, legal protection for the journalists, the press publication registration, and the independent press council. The discussion of this draft is an interesting case study especially how the media communicated the ideas of the political actors who were involved in it. This study also reveals how the media made use of the freedom that was obtained from the new press law to have critical attitude to the government, especially to the president. In the new government, under Presidents BJ Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid, and Megawati Soekarnoputri, the freedom of the press had generated tense relationship, pressing one to each other. The political transition constitutes an arena for the establishment of the "new" press system. Keywords: political communication, democracy, freedom of the press, transition, press system. The dissertation has been defended on December 10, 2008 at the Institute of Media and Communication Science, Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany. Assesors: Prof.Dr.Loeffelholz (Ilmenau University of Technology), Prof.Dr.Jens Wolling (Ilmenau University of Technology), Dr.Dedy N.Hidayat (University of Indonesia).

Für die Vermittlung geisteswissenschaftlicher Forschungsinhalte und -praktiken scheinen auf den ersten Blick andere Formate nötig zu sein als etwa für die Naturwissenschaften, da im Zentrum der Geisteswissenschaften vor allem das wenig visualisierbare Reflexionswissen steht. Ausgehend von dieser Prämisse wird die These entfaltet, dass Podcasts und der auditiven Wissensvermittlung besonderes Potential für geisteswissenschaftliche Wissenschaftskommunikation zukommt. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Literaturwissenschaft, da sie zum einen häufig als besonders abstraktes und wenig greifbares Fach angesehen wird. Zum anderen hat sich in der Forschung der letzten Jahre eine stärkere praxeologische Perspektive auf die Literaturwissenschaft als Disziplin entwickelt, die hilfreiche Ansätze für den hier verfolgten Argumentationszusammenhang bietet. Im Anschluss an die exemplarische Analyse zweier Podcastfolgen mit literaturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive, werden Wissenstransfer und die Partizipation an Wissen als zentrale Aspekte des Potentials von Podcasts für die geisteswissenschaftliche Wissenschaftskommunikation herausgestellt. Mit Blick auf die Wissenschaftsforschung lassen sich in diesem Zusammenhang erste tentative Ansätze für Podcasts als 'Tool' der Wissenschaftsforschung aufzeigen.

"Warum ist Wissenschaft eigentlich eine Angelegenheit von öffentlichem Interesse? Wer diese Frage stellt, wird sie gemäß dem Bild von Wissenschaft beantworten, das er oder sie sich jeweils über die Bedeutung dieses Begriffs zurechtgelegt hat. Aktuelle Debatten über Wissenschaftskommunikation zeigen, dass Wissenschaftsbilder und damit auch die Beurteilung von Wissenschaftskommunikation sehr kontrovers ausfallen. Eine Replik zum Beitrag von Frank Marcinkowski und Matthias Kohring am Workshop Wissenschaftskommunikation der Volkswagenstiftung 2014." (Autorenreferat)

The problem of development and testing of the experimental setup for the automatic control of thermal fluid convection allowing to be performed remotely within distance laboratory works on the level of secondary and high schools has been considered. The novelty of the approach is the development of remote sensing technology for research on laboratory equipment in real time. The actuality of the problem is due to the demand for professionals with expertise in remote sensing data collection and processing, as well as access of students in secondary and high schools to the equipment and achievements of leading scientific schools.

Must the citizens conquest a human right to communication ? What is the meaning of democratization of the alternative or community televisions ? What experiences exist and for what results ? Have the citizens won places for their expression that they are managing them selves and does these experiences encourage social evolutions ? In Brazil, where are tested the deliberative and the participative democracy, we are studying the case of two televisions : TV Viva, a pioneer street television in Recife, and TV ROC of the Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, the first authorized Brazilian cable television in a slum. In a comparative phenomenon, we study as well the French experience of Télé Millevaches which includes various similarities. Media and democracy and their function in the diffusion of the democratic values, as social actors, is the focus of the first part of the document. The questions of the identity, media participation and media access are treated, comparing France and Brazil's situations, in a way of propositions for an "other communication". In a second time, we examine what is the relationship between the local and community medias, the local and the proximity in a French and Brazilian perspective of the local as the history and the models of these medias in the two countries. The third part is consecrated to TV Viva and to a case study of TV ROC ; Les citoyens doivent-ils conquérir un droit à la communication ? Que signifie la démocratisation des médias télévisuels alternatifs locaux ou communautaires ? Quelles expériences ont été menées pour quels résultats ? Les citoyens ont-ils gagné des espaces de paroles qu'ils gèrent eux-mêmes et ces expériences ont-elles conduit à des évolutions sociales ? Au Brésil, terre d'expérimentation de la démocratie délibérative ou participative, nous étudions le cas de deux télévisions : TV Viva, télévision de rue pionnière à Recife dans les années 80 et TV ROC, première télévision par câble autorisée dans une favela, dans la Rocinha à Rio de Janeiro. Dans un phénomène ...

Must the citizens conquest a human right to communication ? What is the meaning of democratization of the alternative or community televisions ? What experiences exist and for what results ? Have the citizens won places for their expression that they are managing them selves and does these experiences encourage social evolutions ? In Brazil, where are tested the deliberative and the participative democracy, we are studying the case of two televisions : TV Viva, a pioneer street television in Recife, and TV ROC of the Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, the first authorized Brazilian cable television in a slum. In a comparative phenomenon, we study as well the French experience of Télé Millevaches which includes various similarities. Media and democracy and their function in the diffusion of the democratic values, as social actors, is the focus of the first part of the document. The questions of the identity, media participation and media access are treated, comparing France and Brazil's situations, in a way of propositions for an "other communication". In a second time, we examine what is the relationship between the local and community medias, the local and the proximity in a French and Brazilian perspective of the local as the history and the models of these medias in the two countries. The third part is consecrated to TV Viva and to a case study of TV ROC ; Les citoyens doivent-ils conquérir un droit à la communication ? Que signifie la démocratisation des médias télévisuels alternatifs locaux ou communautaires ? Quelles expériences ont été menées pour quels résultats ? Les citoyens ont-ils gagné des espaces de paroles qu'ils gèrent eux-mêmes et ces expériences ont-elles conduit à des évolutions sociales ? Au Brésil, terre d'expérimentation de la démocratie délibérative ou participative, nous étudions le cas de deux télévisions : TV Viva, télévision de rue pionnière à Recife dans les années 80 et TV ROC, première télévision par câble autorisée dans une favela, dans la Rocinha à Rio de Janeiro. Dans un phénomène ...