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Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Histories of Global Inequality: Introduction -- Scraping By -- Why This Book? -- The Sudden Emergence of a New Concept? -- The Deeper History of Global Inequality -- Inequality Within and Beyond the Nation State -- Inequality Research Today -- New Approaches to Global Inequality Research -- Inequality in the History of Economic and Political Thought -- Historicizing Piketty: The Fall and Rise of Inequality Economics -- The Centrality of Distribution in Classical Economics -- Pillar I: The Theory of Marginal Productivity -- Pillar II: The Consumerist Turn of Utility Theory -- Pillar III: Pareto Optimality -- Conclusions -- The Demise of the Radical Critique of Economic Inequality in Western Political Thought -- Introduction -- The Radical Republican Critique of Economic Inequality -- The Ascendance of the Liberal Paradigm -- Radical Republicanism and the Concept of Inequality -- Products Before People: How Inequality Was Sidelined by Gross National Product -- Introduction -- Numbers in Politics -- Kuznets's Approach to National Income -- Keynes and the War -- A Permanent Fix? -- Post-War Challenges and the End of Inequality -- Conclusion -- Inequality by Numbers: The Making of a Global Political Issue? -- Inequality Knowledge -- Global Insecurities: The Western Middle Class and Global Inequality -- From the Global Justice Movement to Occupy Wall Street -- Problematising the 99% Vision of Inequality -- Inequality, Discrimination and Human Rights -- Inequality and Post-War International Organization: Discrimination, the World Social Situation and the United Nations, 1948-1957 -- Discrimination as a United Nations Policy Mandate, 1948-1957 -- Inequality and the United Nations World Social Situation Reports, 1948-1957 -- Conclusion.

"The welfare system in the United Kingdom is broken. The number of claims has escalated and so, in consequence, have welfare expenditures. The social system does not encourage welfare recipients to become independent. Half the population of the United Kingdom lives in households drawing one of the major means-tested benefits. Research documents that means-tests paralyze self-help, discourage self--im-provement, and tax honesty while at the same time rewarding claimants for being either inactive or -deceitful. In Making Welfare Work, Frank Field challenges the current political orthodoxy, particularly its emphasis on the role of legislation alone in bringing about social improvement in a welfare state. Field argues that the impact legislation has on personal character is pivotal to human advance in a welfare state. Welfare reconstruction needs to address and channel the differing roles of self-interest, self-improvement, and altruism, which are among the great driving forces in human character. A successful welfare state must reinforce these important forces which influence our nature because to create an imbalance between these three motive forces will always undermine welfare's objectives. Field discusses in detail aspects of modern British society in dire need of change. These include the drug trade, benefit traps, permanent adolescence, the rise of part-time work, inequality in incomes, excluding the disabled, single parents, and the very elderly, for example. This clearly delineated, well-researched blueprint for success will be important reading for politicians and policymakers in all industrialized nations. Its author is well-positioned to revise and review the welfare policies of democratic -societies."--Provided by publisher.

Intro -- List of Figures and Tables -- Figures -- Population Growth, Urbanization, and the Expansion of the Electorate as a Percent of the Population in Brazil, 1940-1995 -- The Shifting Economy and Jobs: Gross National Product (GNP) and Employment (Economically Active Population [EAP] by Sector, Brazil, 1950-1990 -- Tables -- Revenues by Level of Government Before and After Revenue Sharing -- Division of the Fiscal Pie in Brazil, 1960-1995 (percent of total expenditures) -- Distribution of Self-Generated Income by Municipal Population, Brazil 1993 -- Percentages of Deputies Going to Municipal, State, or National Positions -- Number of Municipalities in Brazil Over Time -- Municipal Population in Brazil, 1993 -- Election Results for the Workers' Party (PT), 1980-1998 -- Argentine and Brazilian Exports to Mercosul, 1985-1996 (in millions of U.S. dollars) -- Selected Indicators of Social Change in Brazil, 1955, 1975, 1995 -- Foreword: A New Test for Brazilian Democracy -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: Still Standing or Standing Still? The Brazilian Democratic Regime Since 1985 -- Part I: The Institutional and Policy-Making Context -- Political Institutions in Democratic Brazil: Politics as a Permanent Constitutional Convention -- The Brazilian State in the New Democracy -- Devolving Democracy? Political Decentralization and the New Brazilian Federalism -- Reinventing Local Government? Municipalities and Intergovernmental Relations in Democratic Brazil -- Part II: Critical Actors in the New Democracy -- Assessing Civil-Military Relations in Postauthoritarian Brazil -- The Making of a Loyal Opposition: The Workers' Party (PT) and the Consolidation of Democracy in Brazil -- The Catholic Church, Religious Pluralism, and Democracy in Brazil -- Democratizing Pressures from Below? Social Movements in the New Brazilian Democracy.

The transformative and impactful role of nurses has been highlighted throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The health workforce has endured many particularly difficult challenges during this time, both professionally and in their personal lives, in the effort to respond to the needs of communities, patients, and families. As a result, many nurses and other providers are facing their own mental health challenges due to the prolonged response to address pandemic challenges. In the Region of the Americas, several areas have faced inequities and greater challenge, especially in countries that are low- and middle income. There is a tremendous gap between the number of people who need mental healthcare and those who receive it, even with the current health workforce. Increasing national investments in nursing in the Region of the Americas is necessary and has been addressed by the Pan American Health Organization. A strategic regional focus has been placed to empower healthcare professionals to achieve the levels of education necessary to improve working conditions and to have leadership roles supported and recognized in a model of resilient health systems. Protecting mental health of providers has become an important lesson of the pandemic and an essential and permanent component in the management of health systems and services. This article offers a summary of challenges in the Region of the America as leaders consider the best strategies to support a positive relationship that features resilience, adequate working conditions, and investments in the nursing profession for a post-COVID-19 future that protects workers' mental health.

Although car ownership continues to rise worldwide, temporary or more lasting phases of demotorization (reduction in the number of vehicles owned) are taking place at the household level. Existing studies show that the probability of demotorization increases at certain stages of the life cycle, for example, associated with a reduction in household size or income, or a move to a neighborhood with better transit provision. However, the rationale and temporalities of the decision-making processes involved remain obscure. This knowledge could be useful in informing public action on the measures needed in different categories of territories and populations to encourage a steady and sustainable fall in car ownership. As its contribution to these questions, this article focuses on the influence of spatial factors on household demotorization. The methodology draws on 51 interviews conducted in 2018 with demotorized households in four French urban areas (Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, and Dijon). The findings highlight the role of the characteristics of the current place of residence, changes in the place of residence or place of work, and the spatial dimensions of travel socialization. If, as things stand, permanent and voluntary relinquishment of the car is only possible in very dense urban areas, our results show firstly that there is a strong case for working on mobility representations and practices from a very early age and, secondly, the importance of implementing planning policies and alternatives to the private car that are credible in areas of lower population density.

Focusing on the architecture of three co-ops in Montreal established to support women in the 1978–88 period, this article examines the relationship between empowerment and design in the context of gender-conscious cooperative housing. Deindustrialisation from the 1960s was coupled with downtown renewal, which effectively meant many low-income, working-class neighbourhoods were wholesale cleared for new projects. The housing cooperative emerged as a viable model to protect access to housing. Against this backdrop, women in various government and non-profit positions helped each other and other women in precarious housing situations to establish housing co-ops for women. Feminist proponents of permanent and affordable women's housing argued that housing was central to women's emancipation, that is, to the designing of 'non-sexist' cities. The article treats the built environment of the co-ops as evidence to study if and how residents transformed their surroundings, and complements this with qualitative interviews with former and current residents to understand how the physical environment has, in turn, shaped their lives. While the co-op movement characterises itself as a type of solidarity network with open membership, the quality of architecture, or the deficiency thereof, in a social environment with already scarce resources can lead to tensions among member-residents. However, the historical housing co-ops, as well as ongoing initiatives to establish new women's co-ops, demonstrate the need and desire to pursue intersectional housing justice via the cooperative model, and the article's findings point to the need for increased attention to and investment in architectural design.

The self-reported number of workdays missed due to injury or illness, or sick days, is a reliable measure of health among working-aged adults. Although sick days is a relatively underexplored health-related outcome in migration studies, it can provide a multidimensional understanding of immigrant wellbeing and integration. Current understandings of the association between migration status and sick days are limited for two reasons. First, in the United States, few nationally representative surveys collect migration status information. Second, researchers lack consensus on the most reliable approach for assigning migration status. We use the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine sick days and draw comparisons between two methods for assigning migration status—a logical approach and a survey approach. The logical method assigns migration status to foreign-born respondents based on characteristics such as government employment or welfare receipt, while the survey approach relies on self-reported survey responses. Sick days among immigrants was correlated with and predicted by other health conditions available in the SIPP. Comparisons of sick days by migration status vary based on migration assignment approach. Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs) reported more sick days than non-LPRs and appear less healthy when migration status is assigned using the logical approach. The logical approach also produced a gap in sick days between LPRs and non-LPRs that is not replicated in the survey approach. The results demonstrate that if migration status is not measured directly in the data, interpretation of migration status effects should proceed cautiously.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic forms an unprecedented public health, economic, and social crisis. Uptake of vaccination is critical for controlling the pandemic. Nevertheless, vaccination hesitancy is considerable, requiring policies to promote uptake. We investigate Dutch citizens' preferences for policies that aim to promote vaccination through facilitating choice of vaccination, profiling it as the norm, making vaccination more attractive through rewards, or punishing people who reject vaccination. METHODS: We conducted a discrete choice experiment in which 747 respondents were asked to choose between policies to promote vaccination uptake and their impacts on the number of deaths, people with permanent health problems, households with income loss, and a tax increase. RESULTS: Respondents generally had a negative preference for policies that promote vaccination. They particularly disliked policies that punish those who reject the vaccine and were more favorable toward policies that reward vaccination, such as awarding additional rights to vaccinated individuals through vaccination passports. Respondents who reject vaccination were in general much more negative about the policy options than respondents who consider accepting the vaccine. Nevertheless, vaccination passports are supported by both respondents who accept the vaccine, those who reject vaccination, and those who are unsure about vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides concrete directions for governments attempting to increase the vaccination uptake in ways that are supported by the public. Our results could encourage policy makers to focus on policy options that make vaccination easier and reward people who take the vaccine, as especially the implementation of vaccination passports was supported.

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic forms an unprecedented public health, economic, and social crisis. Uptake of vaccination is critical for controlling the pandemic. Nevertheless, vaccination hesitancy is considerable, requiring policies to promote uptake. We investigate Dutch citizens' preferences for policies that aim to promote vaccination through facilitating choice of vaccination, profiling it as the norm, making vaccination more attractive through rewards, or punishing people who reject vaccination. Methods We conducted a discrete choice experiment in which 747 respondents were asked to choose between policies to promote vaccination uptake and their impacts on the number of deaths, people with permanent health problems, households with income loss, and a tax increase. Results Respondents generally had a negative preference for policies that promote vaccination. They particularly disliked policies that punish those who reject the vaccine and were more favorable toward policies that reward vaccination, such as awarding additional rights to vaccinated individuals through vaccination passports. Respondents who reject vaccination were in general much more negative about the policy options than respondents who consider accepting the vaccine. Nevertheless, vaccination passports are supported by both respondents who accept the vaccine, those who reject vaccination, and those who are unsure about vaccination. Conclusions This study provides concrete directions for governments attempting to increase the vaccination uptake in ways that are supported by the public. Our results could encourage policy makers to focus on policy options that make vaccination easier and reward people who take the vaccine, as especially the implementation of vaccination passports was supported.

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic forms an unprecedented public health, economic, and social crisis. Uptake of vaccination is critical for controlling the pandemic. Nevertheless, vaccination hesitancy is considerable, requiring policies to promote uptake. We investigate Dutch citizens' preferences for policies that aim to promote vaccination through facilitating choice of vaccination, profiling it as the norm, making vaccination more attractive through rewards, or punishing people who reject vaccination. Methods We conducted a discrete choice experiment in which 747 respondents were asked to choose between policies to promote vaccination uptake and their impacts on the number of deaths, people with permanent health problems, households with income loss, and a tax increase. Results Respondents generally had a negative preference for policies that promote vaccination. They particularly disliked policies that punish those who reject the vaccine and were more favorable toward policies that reward vaccination, such as awarding additional rights to vaccinated individuals through vaccination passports. Respondents who reject vaccination were in general much more negative about the policy options than respondents who consider accepting the vaccine. Nevertheless, vaccination passports are supported by both respondents who accept the vaccine, those who reject vaccination, and those who are unsure about vaccination. Conclusions This study provides concrete directions for governments attempting to increase the vaccination uptake in ways that are supported by the public. Our results could encourage policy makers to focus on policy options that make vaccination easier and reward people who take the vaccine, as especially the implementation of vaccination passports was supported.

Scavenging is an activity that contains collecting and sell or trade garbage with money. Scavenger or waste pickers is a person who did that kind of activity. In Indonesia, it is estimated that there are 5 million scavengers. They belong to the low-income economic group. Scavengers generally live in a scavenger village. Scavenger villages generally smell like garbage, have poor sanitation, look untidy, there are small semi-permanent houses, and there are health issues that threaten the residents. Economic conditions and poor living environment can have an impact on the psychological well-being of scavengers.It is important to research more deeply into the psychological well-being of scavengers. The results of the research can be used as material for policy making for the government, and for making assistance programs for social communities who assist scavengers. This research can also be seen as an effort to help scavengers (as marginal groups) to voice themselves.This research is focused on descripting psychological well-being of scavengers who live in Cilandak scavenger village, in Jakarta, Indonesia. The research uses a qualitative approach with a narrative design. The research participants were 3 scavengers (2 male and 1 female). Data was collected by semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the three participants in the domain of autonomy and environmental control had not been able to fulfill it properly, because their work and village were controlled by other people. In the domain of life goals, self-acceptance, personal development, and positive relationships with others, the three participants had different situations.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, hazardous use of alcohol is common among many cultures and societies and adversely impacts families and communities, with significant morbidity and mortality. Scheduled Tribes (STs) who are socially deprived and marginalised have higher rates of alcohol use. AIM: We attempted to determine the nature, prevalence, and risk factors associated with hazardous consumption of alcohol in the tribal community. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult male and permanent residents of Jawadhi hills. A total of 1200 men were interviewed. Study participants were chosen by Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) sampling method. The questionnaire that documented socio-demographic characteristics and patterns of alcohol use was used. AUDIT tool was used to assess the hazardous use of Alcohol. Data were analysed using SPSS. RESULTS: Majority of the men were middle-aged, married, and were from lower socio-economic strata. A large proportion of men (65%) had a history of alcohol consumption in the last one year using one-year, of whom a quarter showed hazardous use (29%) and another quarter exhibited alcohol dependency (24%). Tobacco use, higher income and local alcohol production were found to be significant risk factors for Hazardous alcohol use. CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption needs to be treated as a social problem and has to be tackled at the policy level. Population-based interventions, legislation, taxation, policies regarding the manufacture and sale of alcohol, are some of the ways to address this problem.

In many North American jurisdictions, socioeconomically vulnerable families are more likely to be involved with child protection systems and experience ongoing challenges. The current public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic is having a disproportionate impact on these families via unemployment, "essential" work, isolation, and closures of childcare and schools, with negative implications for children's developmental wellbeing. Experts warn that while child protection referrals have gone down, children who are at risk of maltreatment are less exposed to typical reporters (e.g., school professionals). At the same time, physical distancing measures are prompting many human service settings to shift toward virtual intervention with children and families. In this commentary, we suggest that a focus on short-term risk in the response to COVID-19 may obscure support for children's long-term outcomes. We propose two policy considerations: (1) in the immediate term, that child protection workers be deemed "essential"; and (2) in the longer term, that permanent, universal basic income guarantees be implemented to support a baseline of predictability both in families' material wellbeing and in fiscal budgets in the case of a future crisis. As we write, it is impossible to predict the longevity of these closures nor the extent of their impact on children and families. However, the present article mirrors commentary following previous crises noting the importance of going beyond immediate health risk mitigation to consider wellbeing with regard to children's development and families' socioeconomic needs in the long term.

ABSTRACT Introduction: For dental professionals, including orthodontists, Quality of life (QOL) is a topic of growing concern and could be determined by objective and subjective complex factors. Objective: This study analyzed the factors that influence the QOL of orthodontists graduated between 1993 and 2016 of a public university (Medellín, Colombia). Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted (cross-sectional survey; 88 participants; 3 focus groups, 21 participants). Quantitative analysis: the research included sociodemographic, labor and health characteristics as independent variables and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire as main outcome for QOL. Frequencies were calculated and the association between QOL and independent variables was estimated by bivariate analysis (Chi square tests) and a linear multivariate regression. Qualitative analysis: Narrative content analysis according to thematic categories. Mixed methods: a conceptual framework for QOL using the triangulation was developed. Results: All the scores surpassed 55 points on the 4 domains of WHOQOL-BREF. A lower value was found in the physical dimension (57.1±10.7) and a greater value in the psychological dimension (70.8±8.3). The variables associated positively to QOL were permanent contract, teaching/research activities, monthly income, resting days per week and sex. Factors associated negatively were low social support, mental health and rent housing. Discourses of participants allowed to identify the concept of QOL and the contextual and social determinants and satisfiers. Conclusion: QOL of orthodontists is influenced by sociodemographic, employment, working and health factors. Therefore, QOL is a multidimensional concept that recognizes the political and socio-economic context and personal and professional experiences.

INTRODUCTION: For dental professionals, including orthodontists, Quality of life (QOL) is a topic of growing concern and could be determined by objective and subjective complex factors. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the factors that influence the QOL of orthodontists graduated between 1993 and 2016 of a public university (Medellín, Colombia). METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted (cross-sectional survey; 88 participants; 3 focus groups, 21 participants). Quantitative analysis: the research included sociodemographic, labor and health characteristics as independent variables and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire as main outcome for QOL. Frequencies were calculated and the association between QOL and independent variables was estimated by bivariate analysis (Chi square tests) and a linear multivariate regression. Qualitative analysis: Narrative content analysis according to thematic categories. Mixed methods: a conceptual framework for QOL using the triangulation was developed. RESULTS: All the scores surpassed 55 points on the 4 domains of WHOQOL-BREF. A lower value was found in the physical dimension (57.1±10.7) and a greater value in the psychological dimension (70.8±8.3). The variables associated positively to QOL were permanent contract, teaching/research activities, monthly income, resting days per week and sex. Factors associated negatively were low social support, mental health and rent housing. Discourses of participants allowed to identify the concept of QOL and the contextual and social determinants and satisfiers. CONCLUSION: QOL of orthodontists is influenced by sociodemographic, employment, working and health factors. Therefore, QOL is a multidimensional concept that recognizes the political and socio-economic context and personal and professional experiences.