Suchergebnisse

Abstract
School resource officers (SROs) have become nearly ubiquitous in North American schools in the last three decades. Most research on SROs has examined their impact on violence and disorder at school, yielding mixed results; however, it is widely accepted that traditional law enforcement responsibilities comprise only one element of SROs' triad of responsibilities, which also includes teaching and counselling. Although their responsibilities are based in community policing models, little research has explored the place of community policing principles within the work of SROs. Drawing upon mixed methods data collected from school administrators and SROs in a large Canadian city, this study examines relationship-building within the context of SROs' triad of responsibilities. The results suggest that SROs follow a community policing approach and strategically foster mutually beneficial relationships to support their law enforcement, teaching, and counselling objectives. Further, as a result of their established relationships, SROs are positioned as key sources of support for school administrators.

AbstractSawmills in Ontario are an important forest products industry, contributing to the economic prosperity of the entire province. However, these sawmills have been facing extreme competitive pressures, impacting their operational efficiency. This study uses a nonparametric technique, the bootstrap data envelopment analysis, to analyse the relative efficiencies of 125 Ontario sawmills over a period of 17 years (1999 to 2015). The results indicate low levels of overall technical and managerial efficiencies in Ontario sawmills, which have been further impacted by economic downturns. Further analysis reveals that the size of the sawmills has had a statistically significant impact on their relative technical efficiencies. The main source of inefficiency was the management of operations, particularly when these sawmills were not able to adjust their inputs with changing and uncertain market demand conditions. These results provide policymakers and sawmill managers with comprehensive details so that future resources can be reallocated to improve the performance of the Ontario forest products industry.

Abstract
This article traces the evolution of an urban refugee self-reliance model developed in Nairobi, Kenya that intends to bridge the gap between 'care and maintenance' programmes and durable solutions. It does so by presenting the development of the approach used by the non-governmental organization RefugePoint to assist urban refugees in Nairobi. In developing its approach, RefugePoint drew on elements of the model employed by the United States Department of State and its contracted partners for resettling refugees in the United States. The applicability and limitations of this model in the context of a country of first asylum are examined. The article concludes by suggesting potential applications of RefugePoint's 'self-reliance runway' approach (and the measurement tool that is integral to it) in expanding self-reliance opportunities for refugees globally. In particular, it recommends that both donors and operational agencies look beyond sector-based programming towards more holistic approaches and focus their impact measurement on the collective outcomes for refugee households rather than project-specific delivery indicators.

Abstract Since Cynthia Enloe asked, 'Where are the women?' in 1989, studies about the place of women in International Relations have increased. However, most of the analyses since then have focused on the participation of women in international organisations, events and institutional spaces, making invisible other practices and places occupied by black or indigenous women from the South. This article aims to highlight the role of women at the international level, analysing their performance in disputes over the meanings of development in Latin America and the Caribbean, based on struggles against extractivism. In addition to denouncing the impacts of this development model, these struggles seek to construct alternatives that, although they could be essentially local, have been multiplied and articulated throughout the Latin American and the Caribbean territory, as part of a broader resistance to the dominant extractivism in the region. These struggles will be mapped using a database of 259 conflicts around mining activities, developed by the Research Group on International Relations and Global South (GRISUL).

AbstractThis paper assesses the impact of corruption control and regulation quality on growth across countries over the period 1996 through 2015. After dealing with the possible endogeneity problem through the dynamic panel data models, our findings are suggestive of the positive effects of corruption control. Thus, our analysis tends to support the 'sand the wheels' view at the aggregate level as well as for lower and lower–middle‐income countries. Similar results are also obtained for regulation quality. However, contrary to the theoretical arguments, the joint effect of regulation and corruption does not seem to be significant empirically for countries from any of the income groups. Evidence is also indicative of a positive effect on trade across countries from all income groups. Although our results failed to support the natural resource curse hypothesis, countries with efficient institutions and low level of corruption are not seen to experience any resource curse. Finally, policy implications of these findings are brought out. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThis study assesses the impacts of local business incentives in the largest urban areas of Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, three Midwestern states that share similar histories and settings. We assembled a unique dataset combining information on two types of incentives, tax increment financing districts and tax abatements, together with socio‐economic, geographic, fiscal, and spatial competitive characteristics for all of the municipalities in six metropolitan areas. The outcome measures include employment growth, establishment formation, and business relocation. The analysis extends knowledge of the effects of economic development incentives in two ways. First, we improve upon previous research by incorporating key factors in municipal decisions to offer incentives. Second, we add to limited empirical evidence concerning local incentives following the Great Recession. Variation in the use of incentives reflects not only local decision‐making but also differing fiscal capacities and situations of adaptation to adverse economic conditions, with some governments pulling back on incentives and others initiating new approaches to retain or lure businesses.

Abstract
This article examines Black women's roles within the legal campaign against racial restrictive covenants in private housing during the 1940s with a particular focus on local litigation in the years before Shelley v. Kraemer (1948). Through a critical reading of case records, private correspondence, oral histories, and press accounts, this article argues that women played an essential and largely unacknowledged role in the development of the anticovenant campaign by serving as pioneering homebuyers, litigants, and community mobilizers in support of legal cases. Further, it analyzes how gender, as much as race, shaped the substance of Black women's experiences and contributions in the processes of litigation and gave unique contours to a resurgent rights consciousness in the wartime and immediate postwar period. By moving beyond a biographical approach to the study of women's roles in the movement's legal sphere and concentrating on the impact of gender at a critical inflection point in the 1940s, the article addresses an important gap in legal histories of the civil rights movement.1

This research aims to know how the politics of space and developments area in Bontosunggu, has correlation with rural democratization's discourse, especially in rural development planning. Some years ago, Bontosunggu had so many developments area program, such as building transportation infrastructure (Bandara) and rural economy development in west coastal area from this village. Some of this program namely KEK (Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus), PISEW (Pengembangan Infrastruktur Sosial-Ekonomi Wilayah). This study was conducted in Bontosunggu, Selayar in November 2018 until January 2019. Data was collected using in-depth interview, observation, and photograph interview. The participants in this research, consist of rural government, society in Kampung Bau, and policy government of Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar (BAPPEDA and Dinas Pemerintahan Desa). The research finding indicates: Firstly, process of planning developments (KEK and PISEW) area in Bontosunggu has an impact on rural development orientations. Secondly, the politics of space in Bontosunggu has made a process of spatial exclusion to Kampung Bau. Thirdly, process of spatial exclusion to Kampung Bau, has correlated to the legitimation and regulation's mechanism, then also with the development area and rural democratization's process.

The well-being of the health care workforce has emerged as both a major concern and as a component of the "quadruple aim" to enable the "triple aim" of improving patient experiences, reducing costs, and improving population health. Physician burnout is problematic given its effects on physicians, patients, health care organizations, and society. Using conservation of resources theory as a frame, we conducted a systematic review of the empirical literature on the relationship of physician burnout with physician personal and professional outcomes that includes 43 articles. Nine outcomes were organized into three categories illustrating burnout as a dynamic loss spiral rather than a static end-state. Findings show that emotional exhaustion had the greatest impact with the outcomes explored, while depersonalization and lack of professional accomplishment manifested fewer associations. The results suggest that burnout is a complex, dynamic phenomenon, which unfolds over time. Future research and implications of these results are discussed.

Contemporary studies indicate the lack of a positive impact of high physical effort in professional work on health, especially in connection with the deficit of recreational physical activity during leisure time. Women, due to physiological conditions, are not able to perform all activities at work equally with men. This applies in particular to work related to physical effort, transport of weights and forced body position. In the case of older women, apart from the physiological differences dictated by gender, functional changes occurring in the ageing human body, which also significantly reduce the ability to perform physical work, are added.
The problem of employers disregarding hard physical labour leads to adverse effects for both them and their companies. Excessive work load and, associated with it, fatigue of employees result in inferior quality and work efficiency and the increase in sick leave due to ailments and illnesses. Therefore, it seems obvious to adapt the work station and working conditions to the needs of older women that perform physical work.

Partisan dealignment has been frequently advanced as a pivotal driver of the personalization of voting behavior. As voters' long-term attachments with parties have eroded, it is argued that partisanship has lost importance relative to short-term factors, like voters' evaluations of party leaders. Such theoretical reasoning has been applied recurrently in research dedicated to explaining vote choice. However, we hypothesize that dealignment can downplay partisanship's impact vis-à-vis leaders in the same way regarding turnout decisions. This article aims at demonstrating the importance of voters' evaluations of party leaders in their probability to turn out in parliamentary elections through a novel data set pooling 52 national election surveys from 13 Western European parliamentary democracies between 1974 and 2016. The results confirm the increasing relevance of leaders in explaining turnout decisions and a decline of partisanship's mobilizing ability. These trends are further accentuated among individuals with a television-dominated media diet, demonstrating the role of media change in driving this process.

While it should be obvious on moral grounds that abusing children in any shape or form is wrong, biological, medical and economic arguments have been necessary to bring attention to the long-standing impact of early childhood trauma. In particular, stemming from the mental health field, a trauma-informed approach seems to have become a privileged way to understand and attend to children exposed to an array of traumatic experiences. However, the introduction of such an approach is relatively recent and its implementation still needs to be explored. In this article, the authors describe some of the possible contributions and limitations of a trauma-informed approach to early childhood educators' practice. They highlight the risks involved in privileging children's socialization to the detriment of their subjectification and underscore the need to broaden dominant approaches to early childhood trauma by assuming an ethical responsibility towards children. To guide educators in the necessary endeavour of encountering each child as an infinite Other, the authors found inspiration in the work of Lithuanian-French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas.

AbstractCommunity‐based development practices have been seen as the prevailing paradigm for rural development. Rural community development practices are employed especially through local non‐governmental organisations, such as village associations, to ensure that rural communities are vital and attractive places to live. In this article, we explore how community development practices affect and shape rural places. The data were collected in three Finnish villages that each have an active village association and that have adopted community development practices as their method of keeping their village viable. According to the results of our study, the impacts of community practices on rural places can be classified in terms of three interconnected phenomena: the strengthening of entrepreneurial culture, the increase of networking and institutionalisation, which refers here to processes by which rural communities become incorporated in formal rural governance programmes. All of these phenomena indicate that community actions have become more goal‐oriented and emphasise the responsibility of community agency in developing rural areas.

Abstract
In 2015, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Poland introduced the Polish strategic plan for radiotherapy development and investment. Given that radiotherapy utilisation depends on the distance a patient must travel to undergo the treatment, the main goal of the plan was to increase equitable access to radiotherapy in Poland by establishing new facilities in new locations by 2025. This study constitutes the first step towards an economic evaluation of this plan by adopting spatial interaction models to project the expected increase in the demand for radiotherapy (3%). Moreover, it adds to the current research on the relation between distance and demand for healthcare services in the following ways. First, it flags the importance of using spatial econometrics to healthcare utilisation studies in the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Furthermore, it proposes a quantitative method for assessing the expected impact of establishing new facilities on utilisation. Finally, it formally confirms the dependence between radiotherapy utilisation and distance in Poland, which has been previously shown to exist in other countries.

Abstract
The company's success depends on many factors. One of them is the ability to meet the customers' expectations and adjust to the needs reported by market. Mathematical methods and tools are helpful in assessing demand. Forecasts should take into account all factors shaping the demand for goods and services, but they are often difficult to define, not only because of their large number, but also due to the impact of individual variables, which is difficult to determine. In many cases, the number of placed orders strongly depends on the time at which they are submitted. The needs can vary according to the time of day, week and year. Then we are dealing with the so-called seasonality, the inclusion of which is very important in the company and enables to better adapt its activity to the customers' requirements.
This article describes the seasonality of demand in a company providing domestic and road transport services with high-tonnage vehicles. The validity of such analyses and potential benefits were indicated.