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L'obiettivo di questo capitolo è testare l'ipotesi del magnete del welfare per l'Europa. A tal fine modifichiamo i framework teorici utilizzati in letteratura introducendo due nuove ipotesi: a) la funzione di utilità dell'elettore mediano dipende dai servizi di welfare, intesi come l'output della spesa pubblica, non dal reddito del percettore dei trasferimenti sociali o dall'ammontare della spesa; b) le preferenze dell'elettore mediano dipendono dalla sua posizione nella distribuzione del reddito; e c) l'ammontare complessivo dei servizi di welfare forniti può differire dall'ammontare necessario al loro finanziamento, a causa di inefficienze nel processo di trasferimento. Su questa base testiamo l'ipotesi del magnete del welfare per 22 paesi europei, stimando una funzione di reazione che corrisponde alla forma generalmente adottata in letteratura, ma usando variabili ispirate dal nostro modello. Troviamo evidenza dell'esistenza di spillover internazionali positivi, il che suggerisce l'esistenza di una distorsione al ribasso nella scelta del livello di protezione sociale. I risultati indicano anche che il livello di protezione sociale dipende dal PIL, dalle preferenze verso la redistribuzione dei residenti e dal loro peso nella popolazione, rispetto a quello dei migranti, e dall'efficienza della spesa sociale.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Philosophical Papers on 22 May 2019, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/05568641.2019.1585200 . ; The notion of world government is anathema to most political theorists. This is the case due to the arguments that a world government is infeasible, undesirable and unnecessary. This threefold argument is partly predicated on the assumption that in world politics the larger a geographical and political entity is, the greater the chance of it becoming unstable, ungovernable and, ultimately, illegitimate. On the one hand, if this assumption is correct, then a world government is likely to be illegitimate. On the other hand, if the assumption is wrong, then it is not far-fetched to consider a world government to be legitimate. Considering a world government that emerges from a global social contract, this paper contends that the legitimacy or illegitimacy of a world government and the extent to which it is legitimate or illegitimate depends on the kind of social contract that produces it and the extent to which it fulfils or fails to fulfil the conditions of the social contract.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Philosophical Papers on 22 May 2019, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/https://doi.org/10.1080/05568641.2019.1585200. ; The notion of world government is anathema to most political theorists. This is the case due to the arguments that a world government is infeasible, undesirable and unnecessary. This threefold argument is partly predicated on the assumption that in world politics the larger a geographical and political entity is, the greater the chance of it becoming unstable, ungovernable and, ultimately, illegitimate. On the one hand, if this assumption is correct, then a world government is likely to be illegitimate. On the other hand, if the assumption is wrong, then it is not far-fetched to consider a world government to be legitimate. Considering a world government that emerges from a global social contract, this paper contends that the legitimacy or illegitimacy of a world government and the extent to which it is legitimate or illegitimate depends on the kind of social contract that produces it and the extent to which it fulfils or fails to fulfil the conditions of the social contract.

We analyzed the activity of video bloggers Anatoly Sharij and Alexander Dubinsky. Their blogs both lead, mainly on the video hosting «YouTube ». However, other social networks are also actively involved. In particular, «Facebook» and channels in the messenger «Telegram». In terms of audience is leading Anatoly Shariy, YouTube channel that, as of September 22, 2019, has about 2.21 million users, while the channel Alexander Dubinsky subscribed to about 350 thousand people. The purpose of writing the work was to consider the phenomenon of the blogosphere as a new phenomenon of journalistic work, to determine the effectiveness and comparison of Anatoly shariy and Alexander Dubinsky's blogs as a tool for forming public opinion, in particular, during political scandals and presidential elections in 2019. The scientific novelty of intelligence is the lack of similar research materials related to the development of modern blogging. The results of the study are of practical importance, as they can be used for further study of the blogosphere. According to our forecasts, the development of blogging and its effectiveness will be even faster. Accordingly, the attention of the audience will be focused on «non-standard forms of journalism» than on the product of traditional media.

The paper focuses on impact of macroeconomic indicators on the development of public debt in Slovakia. The aim of the paper was to identify those macroeconomic indicators which influence the most significantly public debt in Slovakia and to elaborate and verify simple model for public debt prediction. Research was based on the analysis of chosen macroeconomic indicators. Selection of macroeconomic indicators resulted from theoretical knowledge and study of various research papers. Authors used several scientific methods, such as content-causal analysis, comparison, mathematical and statistical methods, including simple linear regression. Macroeconomic indicators, which authors proved to be statistically significant, are GDP growth rate, openness of economy, size of public sector, government bond yields, and unemployment rate. Authors elaborated model of the public debt development in Slovakia by using a simple linear regression model. Regression model was calculated using the data for 1995-2016. Authors confirmed correctness of the model by using data for 2017. Research was limited by the fact, that there are limited data available for analysis (time series of 22 years) because of short existence of independent Slovakia. It will be necessary to continue with the research and to verify correctness of chosen indicators in longer period.

The paper focuses on impact of macroeconomic indicators on the development of public debt in Slovakia. The aim of the paper was to identify those macroeconomic indicators which influence the most significantly public debt in Slovakia and to elaborate and verify simple model for public debt prediction. Research was based on the analysis of chosen macroeconomic indicators. Selection of macroeconomic indicators resulted from theoretical knowledge and study of various research papers. Authors used several scientific methods, such as content-causal analysis, comparison, mathematical and statistical methods, including simple linear regression. Macroeconomic indicators, which authors proved to be statistically significant, are GDP growth rate, openness of economy, size of public sector, government bond yields, and unemployment rate. Authors elaborated model of the public debt development in Slovakia by using a simple linear regression model. Regression model was calculated using the data for 1995-2016. Authors confirmed correctness of the model by using data for 2017. Research was limited by the fact, that there are limited data available for analysis (time series of 22 years) because of short existence of independent Slovakia. It will be necessary to continue with the research and to verify correctness of chosen indicators in longer period.

In order to fight against over-speeding, the government and people in Egypt resorted to the installation of speed humps without adequate studies. On this basis, speed humps became widespread in most of the Egyptian roads in a semi-random way. It has been observed that the pavement condition of the roads has deteriorated in the vicinity of these humps. For impact assessment of speed humps on the pavement condition index (PCI), three roads link Kafr El-Sheikh city with three major towns in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate were selected to conduct PCI survey. The results indicated that the presence of speed humps contributes greatly to reduce the pavement condition index (PCI) values. It should be mentioned that the average reduction in PCI values ranged between 15% and 22% due to the presence of speed humps. Also, the most frequently observed distress on the pavement sections including humps considered for the selected roads was Raveling and Rutting. Accordingly, to avoid the pavement defects at the locations where the speed humps are installed, it is proposed to study the structural section of the road in the vicinity of the speed hump to resist the braking force and speed reduction effect.

International tribunals — African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights — Jurisdiction — Temporal jurisdiction — Date of entry into force of Protocol to African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on Establishment of African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1998 — Continuing nature of alleged violations — Personal jurisdiction — Territorial jurisdiction — Admissibility of application — Exhaustion of local remedies — Provisional measures of protectionHuman rights — Indigenous peoples — Right to freedom from discrimination — Right to life — Freedom of religion — Right to property — Right to culture — Right to disposal of natural resources — Right to development — Kenyan Forest Ministry issuing eviction notice requiring removal of Ogiek community from the Mau Forest Area — Whether Kenya violating Articles 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 17(2) and (3), 21 and 22 of African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1981Treaties — African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1981 — Protocol on Establishment of African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1998 — Jurisdiction of Court — Whether extending to acts occurring before entry into force of ProtocolTreaties — African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1981 — Protocol on Establishment of African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1998 — Order for Provisional Measures — Whether court having prima facie jurisdiction

The purpose of this study is to know how the process of preparation of Position AnalysisYear 2014-2016 environment Riau Province Government. The formulation of the problem in this researchis how the process of preparation of Position Analysis Year 2014-2016 environment Riau ProvinceGovernment. The type of qualitative descriptive research with the number of research informantsamounted to 22 people. The results showed that the preparation stage has been done with a goodprocess and well planned also, from the planning stage, the preparation of the team to the stage ofnotification and delivery of job analysis form that will be filled by each employee in each SKPD. For theimplementation of data collection positions data collection tool used by the preparation team consistsof four ways of filling out a list of questions, Interview, Observation. For the stages of data processinghas been in accordance with existing technical guidelines and guided by the applicable legislation, butin the process of determining the position map is still a mistake and confusion in understanding. At thestage of verification of data so far there is no single SKPD that reaches the perfect word in thepreparation of the analysis of his position with the meaning still requires considerable revision.

Innovation on Information Communication and Technology (ICT) are not suddenly accepted and directly used by individuals in work and workplace, even some individuals refuse to work using adoption ICTs. Therefore this research needs to be done to reveal what factors influence this attitude. This article aims to analysis variables or factors such as performance expectancy (PE) as X1, effort expectancy (EE) as X2, social influence (SI) as X3 and facilitating condition (FC) as X4 that contribute to the behavioral intention (BI) as Y of individual in accepted or rejected innovation based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model perspective. The method was applied factor analysis. A technique of collecting data using the checklist of questionnaire instrument, with total the population of 85 people, then according to tables of Isaac and Michael obtained the sample of 68 respondents who came from the Government Employees in the Disdikpora Dharmasraya Regency. The data were analyzed with the software tools of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The data collection time starts from November to December 2018. We found that X1, X2, X3, and X4 have significant effects on user acceptation based on UTAUT model.

Can agricultural extension policies be improved by leveraging the power of peer influence? In this study, we evaluate the performance of the French Ecophyto plan aimed at reducing pesticide use, focusing on its flagship scheme, which has provided technical assistance to 3,000 volunteer pilot farms enrolled as peer groups since 2011. We use panel data collected from a representative sample of vineyards, known to be among the heaviest consumers of pesticides. We apply a variety of quasi-experimental approaches to estimate the impact of program participation on pesticide use and crop yields of enrolled vineyards. We find that participants have used 8 to 22 percent lesser pesticides than they would have used in the absence of the program. Moreover, we find that this change of practices resulted in a decrease in yields for only a fraction of enrolled peer farms, while others appear to have maintained their yields. Altogether these results suggest that providing technical assistance to peer groups can be effective in significantly reducing pesticide use in France, and presumably in developed countries more generally, for a cost per hectare that is not greater than that of the average European agri-environmental scheme.

The current shutdown of the U.S. federal government is the longest in its history. It began on December 22, 2018, and at the time of writing (at 28 days), there is no end in sight. The two branches' disagreement lies ostensibly with border security. President Trump has demanded at least $5 billion to pay for a concrete, sea-to-sea border wall with Mexico. Democrats have offered a compromise of $1.6 billion towards border security, which Trump has rejected. Yet the disagreement is, to some extent, beside the point; the constitutional implications are also pressing. The present government shutdown represents a new step forward to the precipice on which Trump is taking America's constitutional democracy, which makes it distinctive for reasons not just of duration. First, this shutdown occurs alongside major regressions in America's constitutional democracy, as Trump continues to reject norms of mutual tolerance and restraint already in jeopardy prior to his appointment. Second, even if the shutdown may be thought to involve intransigent Democrats as well as an intransigent Trump, it is not symmetrical. And finally, the shutdown of government is now bound up in a shrewd escalation by Trump of the constitutional stakes.

En 1910, paraît pour la première fois en Syrie une revue fondée par une femme et destinée aux femmes : al- 'Arous (la Mariée). Comme le précise sa fondatrice Marie Ajami, une jeune fille damascène âgée de 22 ans, il s'agit d'une revue « scientifique, littéraire, humoristique et culturelle ». La fondation d 'al- 'Arous fait partie d'une activité primordiale qui marquera toute l'existence de Marie : sa lutte pour l'émancipation et l'éducation des femmes de son pays ainsi que pour la libération de la nation arabe, de « l'occupant » ottoman d'abord, français ensuite. Deux combats liés entre eux puisque la décadence politique de la Syrie est due, selon elle, à l'absence du rôle des femmes. « L'honneur a été donné aux femmes pour qu'elles embellissent la terre des fleurs du ciel », est la phrase emblématique de la revue, inscrite sur sa page de garde, qui chante la femme et la tâche qui lui est confiée. Cette phrase suggère également une autre activité à laquelle s'adonne Marie, celle de la prose et de la poésie : Raftqat al-harf, la Compagne des lettres, sera-t-elle d'ailleurs appelée par son ami le sociologue Qazem Daghistani (Daghistani 1966 : 33-36 ; Dakhli 2009 : 212)

Published: 22 February 2018 ; Party switching can pose a severe threat to party unity and deepen internal party division. To date, research on party switching has either focused on the individual motivations for changing party or on the effects of macro-level settings. The role of party-level variables, however, has received surprisingly little attention in the literature. In particular the impact of ideology has rarely been assessed. This article tests whether specific aspects related to parties' ideology (i.e. extremism, isolation, authoritarianism, programmatic clarity and stability) are linked to different levels of defection. For this purpose I rely on an original database on party switching in 12 Western European countries from 1999 to 2015, supplemented with variables from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey. The results of multilevel negative binomial analyses show that indeed ideology and its various components have a substantial impact on the scope of switching. For instance, parties promoting authoritarian values suffer from a higher number of defectors. Moreover, parties with more unstable labels seem to be more subject to switching. This article improves our understanding of how party ideology is related to party unity and, more generally, to legislative dynamics.

This paper proposes a method to detect towns having a peculiarity, which is a statistical outlier from a statistical table. A statistic often contains data that are peculiar and are also known as outliers which are followed as large residuals in regression models. The detection of outliers in statistical tables was studied. The table has 22 explanatory variables, one response variable and 1947 records which can clarify their efficient causes or mixed effects. This information have greatly helped local governments with their policy and improvement of each region, for example; infrastructures, public services, and subsidies or grants. Although many studies have been made on grouping records or building a predictive model to overcome outliers, little attention has been given to find outliers. Many of those studies require a model's parameter tuning and learning, or a description of a fitting function. Furthermore, for municipal officers to find outliers, it would be desirable to be able to analyze readily Free Software R without programming. Therefore, we propose a method to detect outlier from a statistical table by using three regression models which do not require learning and parameter adjustment provided by R.