China's alternative remittance system: channels and size of "hot money" flows
In: Crime, law and social change: an interdisciplinary journal, Band 57, Heft 3, S. 221-237
ISSN: 1573-0751
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In: Crime, law and social change: an interdisciplinary journal, Band 57, Heft 3, S. 221-237
ISSN: 1573-0751
In: CESifo Working Paper Series No. 3754
SSRN
Working paper
In: Qualitative sociology, Band 35, Heft 1, S. 47-64
ISSN: 1573-7837
In: Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, Band 35, S. 363
SSRN
In: Paradigms: a research journal of commerce, economics, and social sciences, Band 4, Heft 1, S. 01-23
ISSN: 2410-0854
In: Journal of economic dynamics & control, Band 34, Heft 4, S. 765-779
ISSN: 0165-1889
State school finance formulas moved from tax-driven to student needs, while local community taxation requirements remain. However, no study has examined links between student needs risk factors affecting educational opportunity and local taxation choices. Using regression analyses, this study asked: Are local school district taxation levies related to community, family and economic factors? Using eleven years of financial data to examine Missouri's 1993 tax-rate driven formula this study shows community and family risk factors are related to taxation. Some groups that had prior effects on taxation lost this ability under a tax-rate driven formula. As a result, a state's fixed taxation requirement without regard for local risk can potentially harm constitutionally protected educational opportunity, particularly in new student needs formulas that move away from equalizing local taxation and wealth.
BASE
Many of the services supplied by nature are externalities. Economic theory suggests that some form of subsidy or contracting between the beneficiaries and the providers could result in an optimal supply of environmental services. Moreover, if the poor own resources that give them a comparative advantage in the supply of environmental services, then payments for environmental services (PES) can improve environmental and poverty outcomes. While the theory is relatively straightforward, the practice is not, particularly in developing countries where institutions are weak. This article reviews the empirical literature on PES additionality by asking, "Do payments deliver environmental services, everything else being equal, or, at least, the land-use changes believed to generate environmental services?" We examine both qualitative case studies and rigorous econometric quasi-experimental analyses. We find that government-coordinated PES have caused modest or no reversal of deforestation. Case studies of smaller-scale, user-financed PES schemes claim more substantial impacts, but few of these studies eliminate rival explanations for the positive effects. We conclude by discussing how the dearth of evidence about PES impacts, and unanswered questions about institutional preconditions and motivational "crowding out," limit the prospects for using international carbon payments to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation.
BASE
In: SOEPpaper No. 92
SSRN
Working paper
In: Peace research abstracts journal, Band 44, Heft 3, S. 3
ISSN: 0031-3599
In: NBER Working Paper No. w11166
SSRN
Working paper
In: Arms control today, Band 34, Heft 2, S. 14-21
ISSN: 0196-125X
World Affairs Online
In: Journal of policy modeling: JPMOD ; a social science forum of world issues, Band 24, Heft 2, S. 103-117
ISSN: 0161-8938
In: History of political economy, Band 33, Heft Suppl_1, S. 137-161
ISSN: 1527-1919
In: Pacific affairs: an international review of Asia and the Pacific, Band 74, Heft 4, S. 589
ISSN: 1715-3379