Suchergebnisse

Тюрки, в том числе и их предки протюрки уже в Древности и Средневековье имели свои государства, накопили значительный политико-административный опыт по руководству и управлению страной. Их деятельность в этом направлении, обусловленная исторической реальностью, в той или иной степени отображена и в письменной литературе, в частности в рунических надписях, в сочинениях Юсуфа Баласагуни, Югнеки, Кул Гали и других авторов. Эта традиция была продолжена мастерами пера Улуса Джучи. Кроме того, они успешно усваивали интеллектуальные достижения Мусульманского Востока и через него некоторые духовные ценности греко-римской античности, особенно философско-нравственные мысли Платона и Аристотеля. Как известно, Золотая Орда в течение своего двухвекового существования оставила глубокий след в истории государственности и духовной жизни народов Евразии, частично и Северной Африки (Мамлюкский Египет). В дошедшей до нас письменной литературе Улуса Джучи нашли отражение различные проблемы общественной и духовной жизни. Среди них важнейшее место занимают вопросы связанные с правителем, его взаимоотношениями с подданными, а также проблемы создания такого общества, где царствуют «благоденствие», «счастье», «справедливость». Эти вопросы освещаются профессором Х.Ю. Миннегуловым на основе анализа сочинений ведущих тюрко-татарских писателей и поэтов Золотой Орды, как Рабгузи, Кутб, Хорезми, Махмуд Булгари, Хисам Кятиб, Саиф Сараи, Ахмед Ургенджи и др. Автор статьи подчеркивает, что почти все мастера пера хотели видеть в властелине идеального, совершенного человека» («камил инсан») во всех отношениях, особенно справедливого, образованного, нравственно воспитанного человека. По их мнению, не народ, а государь (как «пастух» («чубан»), как лекарь») должен служить подданным. В некоторых произведениях («Кыйссас ал-анбия», 1310; «Нахдж ал-фарадис», 1358) предпочтение отдается не просто властелинам, а пророкам правителям. А в поэме «Джумджума султан» (1369) поэта-суфия Хисама Кятиба вообще осуждается и даже в определенной мере отрицается «султанская власть». Писатели Золотой Орды призывают властелинов больше всего прислушиваться к мнению ученых, религиозных деятелей, напоминают им о быстротечности жизни, неумолимости смерти, о необходимости оставить после себя «доброе имя».Already in ancient and medieval times, the Turks and their ancestors Proto-Turks established their own states and accumulated considerable political and administrative experience in the management and administration of their own countries. Their activities in this field was conditioned by the historical reality. They have also been displayed, in varying degrees, in the written literature, in particular: in runic inscriptions and the writings of Yusuf Balasaguni, Yugneki, Kul Gali and other authors. As is known, during two centuries of its existence, the Golden Horde left a deep mark in the statehood history and spiritual life of the peoples of Eurasia and even of the Northern Africa (Mamluk Egypt). Various problems of social and spiritual life are reflected in the preserved written literature of the Jochid ulus. Issues related to the ruler and his relationship with his subjects occupy an important place among these problems, as well as the problem of creating such a society, which would be reigned by "prosperity", "happiness" and "justice". Professor Kh.Yu. Minnegulov examines these questions by analyzing the works of such leading Turkish-Tatar writers and poets of the Golden Horde as: Rabguzi, Qutb, Khwarizmi, Mahmud Bulgari, Hisam Kyatib, Saif Sarayi, Ahmed Urgendzhi and others. The author points out that almost all the masters of the pen wanted the Lord being the ideal, perfect man ("Kamil Insan") in every respect, especially fair, educated, morally mannered person. In their opinion, not the people but the sovereign should serve his subjects as a "shepherd" ("chuban") and a "healer". Some writings do not give preference to ordinary rulers, but to the reigning prophets ("Kyyssas al-Anbiya", 1310; "Nahj al-Faradis", 1358). In turn, in his poem "Jumjuma Sultan" (1369), the Sufi poet Hisam Kyatib even condemns and denies, to a certain extent, the "sultan's power". The writers urge the Golden Horde rulers to mostly listen to the views of scholars and religious leaders and remind them of the transience of life, implacability of death, as well as of the need to leave behind a "good name".

Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) is a historical personality. His importance does not diminish with time. The myth of Jankus was created during his life, monuments for him were erected, streets and organisations were named after him. Jankus still makes a significant influence because his interests coincided and coincide with the vital interests of the Lithuanian nation and state. He played an important role in the history of Lithuanian publishing. He established a multifunctional publishing, printing and trading enterprise in Lithuania Minor governed by Prussia. The enterprise was active in 1889−1923. It was mainly oriented towards publishing and production of Lithuanian publications in Latin script prohibited by Tsarist government, and smuggling it to Great Lithuania. It published 400 books and 27 periodicals in the Lithuanian, German, Polish and Byelorussian languages. There were two priorities in Jankus' activity: commercial and idealist. The first ensured existence of the enterprise and the family; the second allowed him to implement spiritual, educational and political goals. One of the achievements by Jankus' enterprise was the productivity of his publishing work, a variety of publications as well as their orientation towards secular and polemic issues. This was an important innovation within Lithuanian publishing, formed by Jankus' orientation towards maturing the national movement, co-operation with the majority of the nation, rapidly evolving social and political powers. Jankus' historical role is also associated with the innovative experiments in publishing (he tried to produce satirical, daily, and evening periodicals), with expansion of publishing relations between Lithuanian national-revolutionary movement and similar movements in neighbouring countries. A number of Lithuanian young people acquired the qualifications in typography in Jankus' enterprise. Some of them became initiators and professionals of publishing business in Great Lithuania after the ban on Lithuanian press had been lifted in 1904. At present, the heritage published by Jankus is increasing in value. Almost all books, brochures, periodical and small publications published by him belong to the category of rarities. The search and retrieval of this published heritage is continuing, therefore, we still do not know the precise number of publications produced by Jankus. ; Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros ir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: domas.kaunas@kf.vu.ltMartynas Jankus (1858–1946) – istorinė asmenybė. Jo įvaizdis ir aktualumas laiko tėkmėje kinta mažai. Dar M. Jankui esant gyvam buvo sukurtas jo mitas, kurti ir statyti monumentai, jo vardu vadintos gatvės ir organizacijos. M. Jankus daro didelį poveikį nūdienai, nes jo interesai atitiko ir dabar atitinka gyvybiškus lietuvių tautos ir Lietuvos valstybės interesus. Svarbus jo vaidmuo lietuvių spaudos istorijoje.M. Jankaus daugiafunkcė spaudos leidybos, gamybos ir prekybos įmonė 1889−1923 m. veikė Prūsijos valdomoje Mažojoje Lietuvoje, tačiau daugiausia buvo orientuota į caro valdžios draudžiamos Didžiosios Lietuvos lietuviškos spaudos lotynišku raidynu leidimą, gamybą ir nelegalų gabenimą į Rusijos imperiją. Iš viso joje pasirodė apie 400 knygų ir 27 periodiniai leidiniai lietuvių, vokiečių, lenkų ir baltarusių kalbomis. M. Jankaus veikloje vyravo du prioritetai: komercinis ir idėjinis. Pirmasis užtikrino įmonės ir šeimos egzistavimą, antrasis leido įgyvendinti dvasinius, šviečiamuosius ir politinius siekius. M. Jankaus laimėjimu laikytinas spaudos darbo produktyvumas ir leidinių įvairovė, jų pasaulietiškumas ir polemiškumas. Šią lietuvių spaudos naujovę formavo M. Jankaus orientacija į bręstantį tautinį sąjūdį ir bendradarbiavimą su didžiąja tautos dalimi, į XIX–XX amžiaus sąvartoje veržliai kylančias socialines ir politines jėgas. Lietuvių spaudos istorijon M. Jankus patenka dėl inovacijų (satyrinio, dienraštinio, vakarinio periodinio leidinio bandymų), spaudos ryšių plėtros tarp lietuvių ir kaimyninių šalių tautinių ir revoliucinių sąjūdžių. M. Jankaus įmonėje poligrafininko kvalifikaciją įgijo nemaža lietuvių jaunuolių. Kai kurie jų po 1904 m. panaikinto lietuviškos spaudos draudimo tapo Didžiosios Lietuvos spaudos verslo pradininkais ir profesionalais. Dabarties laikais nuolat didėja M. Jankaus spaudos paveldo vertė. Beveik visos jo spausdintos knygos, brošiūros, periodiniai ir smulkieji leidiniai priskiriami retenybių kategorijai. Šio spaudos paveldo paieška ir atradimai tęsiasi, todėl mes vis dar nežinome tikslaus M. Jankaus leidinių skaičiaus.

Public diplomacy presents a unique challenge to the Syrian Arab Republic, whose public image in the international arena has been tarnished in a post-9/11 climate where 'Middle East' is all too often synonymous in Western media with 'lslamist extremism', 'radicalism', 'intolerance'. Attempts by the Syrian government and its embassies overseas to counter negative perceptions have largely centered on one of Syria's key strengths: its significant cultural and historical tradition. To this end, Syria has been promoted as a 'Cradle of Civilisation', with emphasis placed on its scenic landscapes, as well as historical and archaeological landmarks. While this has been important in advancing a more positive image of Syria in the international domain, there is scope to build on these efforts in order to further Syria's interests overseas. This paper examines one aspect of Syrian society that defies existing negative perceptions: its thriving Christian population. It raises the question: can the religious tolerance enjoyed by Syrian Christians under a secular framework of government be used as a public diplomacy tool to enhance Syria's international reputation? Syrian Christians constitute roughly 10 per cent of a country characterised by significant religious and ethnic diversity. Along with Sunni Muslims that represent the majority of Syria (74 per cent), Christians live alongside Shi'i Muslims (16 per cent) and a very small Jewish population. The majority of Christians are ethnically Syrian; however, a number have immigrated to Syria escaping religious persecution from neighbouring countries, including Iraq and Turkey. Christians appear to enjoy a high degree of religious freedom under the secular Syrian government, unusual for a country in a region often marred by religious conflict. The Syrian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, and does not specify a state religion (though it does specify that the president be Muslim). Christians are well-respected and are well-represented in liberal professions, are not precluded from public worship, and Catholics are governed by a separate legal system in relation to family law matters. Overall, then, Christians occupy a significant social and legal position in modern Syrian society. Part of this is due to Syria's significant Christian heritage, and the importance of Christianity to Syria's historical development. Syria's Christian heritage has been used in the government's public diplomacy campaigns as part of its efforts to promote Syria's significance to world history. Three main aspects of Syria's history have regularly featured in public diplomacy campaigns: that Syria is the only country where Aramaic is still spoken, that St. Paul was converted 'on the road to Damascus', and that it is home to the first alphabet (Ugarit). Clearly, Christianity plays an important role in Syria's national identity, and there are clear signs that it is already starring in its cultural public diplomacy campaign. However, greater emphasis can be played on the modern picture of Syria as an 'Island of Religious Tolerance' rather than the historical image of 'Cradle of Civilisation'. This paper examines the utility of such an approach, with particular focus on the Syrian Embassy in Australia as representative of the Syrian government overall. It examines the Embassy's existing efforts at cultural diplomacy, and ultimately concludes that greater steps should be taken to emphasise Syrian Christians as evidence of religious tolerance. This would help to raise Syria's international profile by distinguishing it from other countries in the Middle East and providing a platform from which Syria can engage with Australia. Ultimately, several recommendations are made about how such an approach could be best achieved. While not exhaustive by any means, they provide strategies to use the equality between Syrian Christians and Muslims as a public diplomacy tool, including: • Attracting more journalists to Syria to write and report on the region, with the aim of providing a more accurate picture of modern Syrian society, especially in relation to Christians. • The possibility of establishing greater ties between the Embassy and Australia's Christian community, in particular heads of religious institutions. • Encouraging tourism by promoting Syria as a safe tourist destination due to the government's general practice of religious tolerance.

Operation and development of the sugar industry of the Russian Empire in the XIX century envisaged realization of flxible economic, agricultural, domestic, foreign, state, public policy of authorities. Study of flw and the effects of political processes in the fild of sugar industry allow us to understand how was the policy of the then ruling government effective, competent, balanced and professional and how were effective power solutions. The subject of the work is exactly the patterns and consequences of economic, agricultural, domestic, foreign, public power and public policy of the Russian Empire in the XIX century. in the sugar industry. Aforesaid defies research topic, namely «The policy of the Russian Empire from the beginning of the XIX century. to 1895 in respect of the sugar industry: patterns and consequences. « The aim is to study the totality of activities of political life subjects of the Russian empire XIX century, their impact on the object of study - the sugar industry through political and economic instruments [duties, excise taxes, tariffs] to achieve political and economic goals. The historical method used in political science to study political phenomena in their sequential development time, revealing logical relationships past, present and future allows you to explore patterns and categories of economic, agricultural, domestic, foreign, public power and public policy of the Russian Empire in the XIX century in the sugar industry, enables deep and thoroughly understand the subject, describe the level of development policy for the sugar industry, allows us to establish a comprehensive description of the political reality of that time. Fighting liberal, neo-liberal, socialist, social democratic, conservative and neoconservative doctrines in the XXI century determines the relevance of the study, when similar processes occurred in the political life of Russian empire XIX century in direct at the sugar industry. As the result of research is the allocation of three chronological periods, when government policy regarding sugar industry signifiantly changed from rigid to moderately protectionist, protectionist and liberal, due to political and economic factors of the time. The practical value of the work is the opportunity to make a critical analysis of the crisis in the sugar industry for about a century ago, which took place in the Ukrainian lands, development of specifi recommendations, improving the Ukrainian state policy on betterment of the industry today. Supporters of the command-administrative policy, statism and protectionism actively popularize the idea that the Liberal government policy of the Russian Empire on the sugar industry hampered its development in the study period. This opinion represents the best in Soviet historiography. Liberal politics, on the contrary, considering the upgrowth dynamics and political reality, stimulated the development of sugar industry. ; При наличии жесткой конкуренции иностранного производителя с более дешевой себестоимостью сырья и производства, необходимым условием для динамичного становления, развития и функционирования сахарной промышленности Российской империи в XIX в. стала гибкая экономическая, аграрная, внутренняя, внешняя, общественная и государственная политика, субъективным выразителем которой является власть. Политика в отношении отрасли должна учитывать политические, экономические, социальные реалии, меняться, использовать различные модели и масштабы вмешательства государства в международную и внутреннюю экономику, балансировать от жесткого протекционизма к свободной торговле, от национал-консервативной политики к либеральной. Гибкость политики позволило в XIX в. адекватно реагировать на изменения и обеспечить эффективное функционирование промышленности в указанный период ; При наявності жорсткої конкуренції іноземного виробника з більш дешевою собівартістю сировини і виробництва необхідною умовою для динамічного становлення, розвитку і функціонування цукрової промисловості Російської імперії в XIX ст. стала гнучка політика в економічній, аграрній, внутрішній, зовнішній, суспільній та державній сферах, суб'єктивним виразником якої була влада. Політика стосовно галузі повинна була враховувати політичні, економічні, соціальні реалії, змінюватися, використовувати різні моделі масштабів втручання держави в міжнародну і внутрішню економіку, від жорсткого протекціонізму до вільної торгівлі, від націонал-консервативної політики до ліберальної. Гнучкість політики дозволило адекватно реагувати на часові зміни і забезпечити ефективне функціонування промисловості в зазначений період

Textbook is the handbook used by teachers in teaching. In addition, the text book is also used by students as a supporting book in learning activities both in school and outside of school. Textbooks basically have a very important role for teachers and students in the learning process. But in reality, many textbooks are found that do not meet the requirements of many textbooks used in the Senior High School Level. The researchers took several textbooks compared to the completeness of the material. This research examines the differences of the structure and content of the description text book material of the History learning of Senior High school class X in the process picture changes, facts, concepts and principles in the history of motion. The type of research was a library research, collection techniques and conducting a review of the study of books, literature, records and reports that are related to the problem being solved. Data were taken from the existing instruments in the history textbooks. The results show that the components of change in motion events based on facts concepts and principles includes four components, namely changes in the beginning, development, backward and finished. Completeness of the materials at the eleventh grade history textbook in this research material examined the influence of religion and Hindu-Buddhist culture in Indonesia and the influence of the religion and culture of Islam in Indonesia. From the analysis, it is shown that each textbook has some differences in the completeness of the material on Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. The book outlines eight royal grants, Yudhisthira, Earth Literacy and Platinum each of the seven kingdoms. While the analysis for the development of each book has its advantages and disadvantages, there is a book which describes the initial process completely and there is not. To evolve from the four aspects of political, social, economic and cultural, one book with another book also has its advantages and disadvantages, so that the backward and end process. ; Buku pelajaran atau buku teks merupakan buku pegangan yang digunakan oleh guru dalam mengajar, selain itu buku teks juga digunakan oleh siswa sebagai buku penunjang kegiatan pembelajaran baik di sekolah maupun di luar sekolah. Buku teks pada dasarnya memiliki peranan yang sangat penting bagi guru dan siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar. Namun dalam kenyataannya banyak ditemukan buku teks yang belum memenuhi persyaratan tersebut dari sekian banyak buku teks yang digunakan di Sekolah Menengah Tingkat Atas, peneliti mengambil beberapa buku teks yang dibandingkan kelengkapan materinya. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana perbedaan struktur isi dan uraian materi buku teks pembelajaran Sejarah SMA kelas XI dalam gambaran proses perubahan, fakta, konsep dan prinsip dalam gerak sejarah. Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka yaitu teknik pengumpulan data dan mengadakan studi penelaahan terhadap buku-buku, literatur-literatur, catatan-catatan dan laporan yang ada hubungannya dengan masalah yang dipecahkan. Data diambil dari instrument yang ada pada buku teks sejarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komponen-komponen gerak perubahan peristiwa berdasarkan fakta konsep dan prinsip meliputi 4 komponen perubahan yaitu awal, perkembangan, mundur dan habis. Kelengkapan materi pada buku teks sejarah kelas XI dalam penelitian ini materi yang dikaji adalah pengaruh perkembangan agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Budha di Indonesia dan pengaruh perkembangan agama dan kebudayaan Islam di Indonesia. Dari hasil analisis tergambar bahwa masing-masing buku teks terdapat beberapa perbedaan dalam kelengkapan materi pada kerajaan Hindu dan Budha, buku Erlangga menguraikan 8 kerajaan, Yudistira, Bumi Aksara dan Platinum masing-masing 7 kerajaan. Sedangkan analisis untuk proses perkembangan masing-masing buku memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan, ada buku yang menguraikan proses awal secara lengkap ada yang tidak, untuk berkembang dari 4 aspek kehidupan politik, sosial, ekonomi dan budaya buku yang satu dengan buku yang lain juga memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan bagitu juga dengan proses mundur dan berakhir.

El artículo expone, apoyándose en una extensa documentación gráfica original e inédita, la trayectoria y arquitectura del pabellón de Suecia diseñado por Peder Clason para la Exposición Internacional de Barcelona de 1929. Como refleja el siguiente esquema, el pabellón transita por una serie de emplazamientos en los que se adapta a exigencias programáticas diversas, hasta su posicionamiento final en Bergada. 1929-1930. Pabellón de Suecia en la exposición Universal de Barcelona 1929, Montjuic, Barcelona. Arquitecto Peder Clason. 1931-1939. Colonia Escolar Permanente, Pla de Alemany, Berga. Arquitecto Josep Goday. 1939-hasta la década de los años '60. Acuartelamiento militar del Batallón de Cazadores de Montaña Cataluña IV. 1998-2008. Sala de conferencias, exposiciones y archivo comarcal del Bergada. ; Based on original, unpublished graphic documents, this article describes the history and architecture of the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition's Swedish Pavilion. The building's decades-long evolution began on Montjuïc Hill, the site of the Exhibition, where it was built by Swedish architect Peder Clason. Its unique watchtower showcased the architect's zeal for modernity. The tower's design broke new ground and involved the use of Swedish materials and woodworking techniques. Shortly thereafter, Barcelona City Council's Culture Delegation issued a tender open to all mountain municipalities in Catalonia at least 500 meters above sea level with developed land available that was suitable for building the Swedish Pavilion. The aim was to establish a permanent school for 300 students in the Pavilion. The Permanent School of Berga was designed by architect Josep Goday and included the Swedish Pavilion, which was adapted to create eight classrooms, as well as additional rooms, a library and a large meeting space to be used as an auditorium, theater and lecture hall. On February 2, 1939, in the final stages of the Spanish Civil War, General Francisco Franco's troops occupied the city of Berga and the Permanent Educational Community. The facility was converted into a military hospital, then used as a barracks for the Fourth Catalan Mountain Hunters' Battalion and remained occupied for the next fifty years. In the late 1980s, the Berga military barracks lost its strategic value as a garrison and the Spanish Ministry of Defense decided to dismantle its facilities there. The Berga Town Council seized the opportunity to strike up negotiations with the Defense Ministry in Madrid in the hopes of recovering for city use the land in the Pla del Alemany area and all its facilities. Negotiations on the agreement to transfer the property from the Ministry to the Berga City Council started in the last quarter of 1993 and the agreement was signed in the first quarter of 1994. Once the agreement was signed, the Berga City Council decided to completely overhaul the area and furnish it with the administrative, social, cultural and educational facilities the city needed, in addition to a residential zone in the section of the property adjacent to the city. It was against this backdrop, a year before the agreement was signed, that a young, recently graduated, Berga-born building engineer, Josep Camps i Boixadera, submitted his Final Year Project for the university to the city council, which consisted of plans to rebuild the old Swedish Pavilion and transform it into the auditorium of a small regional university. Josep Camps alone should therefore be credited with the idea of rebuilding the Pavilion. As a result of this and other favorable circumstances, the city council took the initiative to recover and rebuild the Pavilion designed by Peder Clason for the 1929 International Exhibition in Barcelona. The Pavilion was to remain on the Pla de Alemany premises in Berga, but would once again be given a new purpose: it would be fitted with lecture rooms and exhibition spaces. This meant that although the building's external dimensions and features would remain the same, the new interior would not be an exact copy of Clason's original designs.

Transition and post-transition transformation processes in the City of Zagreb and its settlement network are remarkably different in the two, theoretically divided, transition decades (1990-2000 and from 2000 onwards). Urban changes in the second transition period have resulted in more significant and far-reaching consequences for the development and appearance of Zagreb and its surroundings. They are clearly visible, for example, in the housing segment, in intense residential construction and the quality of living in new housing estates in the City of Zagreb, but also in each of the towns surveyed within the City network: Velika Gorica, Samobor and Zaprešić. Urban changes have considerably affected the towns and shaped their appearance, physical development and identity. New housing estates (often on the outskirts of towns) or blocks of flats within the existing estates have sprung up without control, with little or no preparation, inconsistent with urban and spatial plans. The City of Zagreb and its outskirts have changed the most. The City authorities have adopted a partial, market-oriented planning concept with no broader picture in mind and no comprehensive urban development plan for the City of Zagreb. This approach has substantially impacted the citizens' quality of living. The aim of the paper is to examine the quality of living in the above-mentioned locations through fieldwork. The paper presents the research done in spring 2014 on a targeted sample of 308 households (N=308) in new housing estates or new blocks of flats/houses within the existing estates in the City of Zagreb and three satellite towns. The obtained data analysis shows that although the housing estates are new, the quality of living in them is not satisfactory. The comparison of results from 2004 with the latest from 2014 reveals that the quality of living has not improved but stagnated, some signs pointing to decline. This paper is a theoretical and methodological introduction to the ones which will follow and present complete research results on the quality of living in all examined segments and locations. Thus we continue a long tradition of research on settlement networks and the quality of living started at the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb in the 1970s. (IN CROATIAN: Tranzicijska i posttranzicijska transformacija Zagreba i njegove urbane mreže naselja, s obzirom na teorijsku podjelu na prvo i drugo desetljeće tranzicije pokazala je da postoje značajne razlike unutar ta dva desetljeća. Urbanizacijske promjene imale su dalekosežnije posljedice na razvoj i izgled grada Zagreba i njegovog okolnog prostora u drugom razdoblju tranzicije, nakon 2000-e. Najvidljivije su, primjerice, u segmentu stanovanja, odnosno intenzivnoj stanogradnji i kvaliteti života stanovnika u novoizgrađenim naseljima kako u gradu Zagrebu tako i ostalim istraživanim gradovima u mreži, Velikoj Gorici, Samoboru i Zaprešiću. Nastale promjene dovele su do značajnih posljedica u izgledu, izgrađenosti i poimanju identiteta gradova. Nova i često rubna naselja, te nove stambene lokacije, nastajale su najčešće stihijski i neplanirano, odnosno u neskladu s procesima urbanističkog i prostornog planiranja. Najvidljivije promjene nastale su u prostoru grada Zagreba i njegovim tzv. rubovima (periferiji). Gradska politika prihvatila je tržišni i parcijalni koncept planiranja u kojem se ne slijedi cjeloviti pristup razvoju grada što se ponajviše odražava na kvalitetu života građana samih. Osnovni cilj rada stoga je bio ispitati putem terenskog istraživanja stvarno stanje spomenutih lokacija i razinu njihove kvalitete stanovanja. U radu se zatim donosi analiza istraživanja provedenog u proljeće 2014. g. na ciljano odabranom uzorku novostambenih naselja i lokacija od 308 kućanstava (N=308) u zagrebačkoj mreži naselja (Zagrebu i tri grada satelita). Interpretirani podaci pokazuju da iako se radi o novostambenim naseljima i lokacijama njihova kvaliteta života nije na zavidnoj i zadovoljavajućoj razini. Rezultati pokazuju da kvaliteta stanovanja nije doživjela poboljšanja uspoređujući rezultate iz 2004. g. s zadnjima iz 2014., već stagnaciju, a po nekim pokazateljima i pogoršanje. Rad je istovremeno teorijski i metodološki uvod u sljedeće planirane radove čija je svrha predstaviti cjelinu kvalitete života i svih istraživanih elemenata u spomenutim naseljima. Također se radom nastojalo predstaviti dosadašnju dugu istraživačku tradiciju tematike umreženosti prostora i kvalitete života stvorene u IDIZ-u još od 1970-ih godina.)

Based on original, unpublished graphic documents, this article describes the history and architecture of the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition's Swedish Pavilion. The building's decades-long evolution began on Montjuïc Hill, the site of the Exhibition, where it was built by Swedish architect Peder Clason. Its unique watchtower showcased the architect's zeal for modernity. The tower's design broke new ground and involved the use of Swedish materials and woodworking techniques. Shortly thereafter, Barcelona City Council's Culture Delegation issued a tender open to all mountain municipalities in Catalonia at least 500 meters above sea level with developed land available that was suitable for building the Swedish Pavilion. The aim was to establish a permanent school for 300 students in the Pavilion. The Permanent School of Berga was designed by architect Josep Goday and included the Swedish Pavilion, which was adapted to create eight classrooms, as well as additional rooms, a library and a large meeting space to be used as an auditorium, theater and lecture hall. On February 2, 1939, in the final stages of the Spanish Civil War, General Francisco Franco's troops occupied the city of Berga and the Permanent Educational Community. The facility was converted into a military hospital, then used as a barracks for the Fourth Catalan Mountain Hunters' Battalion and remained occupied for the next fifty years. In the late 1980s, the Berga military barracks lost its strategic value as a garrison and the Spanish Ministry of Defense decided to dismantle its facilities there. The Berga Town Council seized the opportunity to strike up negotiations with the Defense Ministry in Madrid in the hopes of recovering for city use the land in the Pla del Alemany area and all its facilities. Negotiations on the agreement to transfer the property from the Ministry to the Berga City Council started in the last quarter of 1993 and the agreement was signed in the first quarter of 1994. Once the agreement was signed, the Berga City Council decided to completely overhaul the area and furnish it with the administrative, social, cultural and educational facilities the city needed, in addition to a residential zone in the section of the property adjacent to the city. It was against this backdrop, a year before the agreement was signed, that a young, recently graduated, Berga-born building engineer, Josep Camps i Boixadera, submitted his Final Year Project for the university to the city council, which consisted of plans to rebuild the old Swedish Pavilion and transform it into the auditorium of a small regional university. Josep Camps alone should therefore be credited with the idea of rebuilding the Pavilion. As a result of this and other favorable circumstances, the city council took the initiative to recover and rebuild the Pavilion designed by Peder Clason for the 1929 International Exhibition in Barcelona. The Pavilion was to remain on the Pla de Alemany premises in Berga, but would once again be given a new purpose: it would be fitted with lecture rooms and exhibition spaces. This meant that although the building's external dimensions and features would remain the same, the new interior would not be an exact copy of Clason's original designs. ; El artículo expone, apoyándose en una extensa documentación gráfica original e inédita, la trayectoria y arquitectura del pabellón de Suecia diseñado por Peder Clason para la Exposición Internacional de Barcelona de 1929. Como refleja el siguiente esquema, el pabellón transita por una serie de emplazamientos en los que se adapta a exigencias programáticas diversas, hasta su posicionamiento final en Bergada. 1929-1930. Pabellón de Suecia en la exposición Universal de Barcelona 1929, Montjuic, Barcelona. Arquitecto Peder Clason. 1931-1939. Colonia Escolar Permanente, Pla de Alemany, Berga. Arquitecto Josep Goday. 1939-hasta la década de los años '60. Acuartelamiento militar del Batallón de Cazadores de Montaña Cataluña IV. 1998-2008. Sala de conferencias, exposiciones y archivo comarcal del Bergada. Arquitecto Gerardo García-Ventosa, Arquitecto Técnico Josep Camps i Boixareda. Colaborador documental Arquitecto Göran Westman.

Наличие отдельного предмета прокурорского надзора за исполнением и отбыванием мер принудительной изоляции от общества, назначенных в качестве уголовного наказания, его замены или в интересах правосудия по уголовным делам, позволяет выделить в рамках соответствующей отрасли прокурорского надзора самостоятельное направление пенитенциарный надзор прокуратуры. Его предметом охватывается наблюдение за законностью деятельности администраций исправительных органов, учреждений и мест принудительной изоляции от общества, связанной с исполнением и отбыванием уголовных наказаний, предполагающих принудительную изоляцию от общества, а также иных мер принудительной изоляции от общества, назначаемых в уголовно-процессуальном порядке. Этот вид надзора имеет более узкий предмет и пределы по сравнению с отраслевыми. По кругу нормативно-правовых актов он ограничивается наблюдением за исполнением и соблюдением законодательства РФ (законов и подзаконных нормативно-правовых актов, включая ведомственные), регулирующим исполнение и отбывание указанных мер, по кругу правоотношений уголовно-процессуальными, уголовными и уголовно-исполнительными правоотношениями, возникающими в ходе деятельности администраций в связи с исполнением мер принудительной изоляции, а также различными правоотношениями, участником которых являются лица, отбывающие данные меры, в ходе пребывания в местах принудительной изоляции от общества. ; Penitentiary supervision of the prosecutor's office involves penitentiary surveillance over legality of such penitentiary measures that imply compulsory isolation from the community to ensure the interests of criminal procedure and criminal penalties enforcement as well as separate measures of an enforcement character imposed instead of criminal penalties. A unified directionality at the limitation of basic constitutional (natural) human rights, close connection with imprisonment as a main type of criminal punishment, a similar mechanism of execution and service of sentences enable us to create a unified form of public surveillance (supervision) over their realization at the national level prosecutor's supervision over legality of compulsory isolation from the community or penitentiary supervision. In spite of the fact that native prosecutor's office supervises over legality of execution of all known to our national law types of isolation from the community, this type of supervision includes only prosecutor's surveillance over legality of the measures of compulsory isolation imposed in the criminal procedural order and carried out by Federal Penal Enforcement Service of Russia, Russian Federation Ministry of Interior and Federal Security Service of Russia. Prosecutor's supervision over other forms and types of compulsory isolation is exercised within the frame of other branches of prosecutor's supervision. Exclusion of administrative and other non-legal isolation from the subject of supervision can be explained by different conditions, order of execution and less severe conditions of imprisonment: a comparatively low degree of punitive treatment, a short term of application and absence of severe restrictions of social and biological needs. Penitentiary supervision of the prosecutor's office retains all basic features of the prosecutor's supervision over law enforcement by the administrations of bodies and offices executing criminal punishments and measures of a compulsory character imposed by the court. This supervision has an initiative and complex character and enables a prosecutor to restore legality by prosecutorial means at his sole discretion, complex legal procedures not being initiated. The range of legal possibilities includes common supervisory legal means which are used taking into account the specificity of a supervised community (Article 22, 26 of the Law on the Prosecutor's Office) and special ones provided by the Law on the Prosecutor's Offices (Article 33) and federal legislation (e.g. Article 22,24,77.1 and others of the Criminal Correctional Code of the Russian Federation, Article 7,10 and others of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation " On the confinement of suspects and accused"). The main differentiation of penitentiary supervision from a prosecutor's one is in the more precise subject of supervision that includes the surveillance over legality of the activity of administrations of correctional institutions i.e. legality connected with the enforcement of measures of compulsory isolation from the community.

Проанализированы понятия пределов осуществления жилищных прав и их правовых ограничений. Обращено внимание на важную роль правовых ограничений для установления пределов осуществления жилищных прав и необходимости их четкой регламентации в связи с высокой социальной значимостью объекта данных прав жилья. Отмечено, что осуществление субъективного жилищного права всегда должно быть в определенных пределах, которые в предусмотренных законодательством случаях могут детализовуватись установленными ограничениями. ; Problem setting. Negligence of legal provisions, which regulate the limits of implementation of housing rights, creates the imbalance in material or executory matters concerning the housing accommodations and does not assist the applicable legal protection of these rights both for the person who abuses one's rights by going beyond the bounds of their implementation (whereas according to the applicable legislation there will be legal consequences after the abuse of the rights), and for the person whose rights and interests have been violated by such nonlegal implementation of the rights of authorized person. Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of the implementation of the limits of legal rights and restrictions was investigated by V.P. Hrybanov, V. Kamyshanskyi, Ye.O. Michurin, M.O. Stefanchuk, O.V. Rozghon. The implementation of housing rights was investigated by M.K. Haliantych, I. Ivashova, I.V. Mishchenko. The given work is aimed at the investigation of the problem of statutory restrictions and limits of the housing rights' implementation in an integrated manner, and also to reveal the peculiarities of their specific features in housing legal relations. Actuality of the theme is related to the high social significance of the housing accommodations as an object of the housing relations and to the necessity of implementation by the authorized person of one's housing rights in a balance with the rights and legal interests of other persons and also public interests. Paper objective The aim of the given work is to find out the essence of the problem concerning the limits of the housing rights' implementation and the impact of the statutory restrictions on them. Paper main body. "Legal right has some limits both in its content and in the nature of its implementation" [1, p.16] that provides the possibility to outline the limits of the right implementation as a separate concept, which is different from the understanding of limits of legal right. For a long time the investigation of the problem concerning the limits of implementation of legal right has been associated with the purpose of law [2, p.31; 3, p.82], and the limits of implementation of legal right were understood as a measure of specific type of behavior within the framework of the authorized general type of behavior, which is being determined by the limits of the legal right itself [1, p.20]. Absolute right can turn into abuse of power, so its restriction is an objective condition for the existence of the whole society. At the same time, not every legal right is restricted, but the possibilities for the implementation of separate rights are [7, p.56]. If the law assumes restrictions, they set limits on the implementation of housing rights. We assume that the establishment of the limits of the housing rights' implementation is not their statutory restriction, but the assurance of the implementation of one's rights by all the entities of the housing relations on the basis of equality. Establishment of the housing rights' restrictions should be socially justified and should not concede the abuse of the right by the authorized persons. Conclusions of the research. Therefore, in view of the aforesaid, under the limits of the housing rights' implementation we suggest to understand the range of those opportunities arising from the boundaries of the legal right itself and its intended purpose, and which are limited by the opportunities of implementation of one's rights by other entities of housing relations and their legal housing interests, taking into account statutory restrictions of housing rights and encumbrances of the housing accommodation if available.

Представленный материал является продолжением и развитием идей, изложенных в статье М.А. Вахрушиной «Проблемы и перспективы развития российского управленческого учета». В предшествующей статье была высказана мысль о необходимости создания в России саморегулируемой организации института управленческого учета. При отсутствии такого института Минэкономразвития России могло бы взять на себя организационную роль в решении назревших первоочередных задач, среди которых выработка подходов к организации управленческого учета в учреждениях бюджетной сферы, находящейся сегодня в стадии реформирования. В данной статье обосновывается необходимость внедрения системы управленческого учета в медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждениях для информационного обеспечения принятия управленческих решений и создания стандарта по организации системы управленческого учета в медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждениях. Основная цель такого стандарта оказание данным учреждениям методологической помощи по созданию системы управленческого учета. В статье раскрыты особенности реформирования деятельности медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждений, представлены результаты анализа международной практики финансирования деятельности и учета затрат государственный медицинских организаций, сделан вывод о необходимости внедрения системы управленческого учета в медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждениях. С учетом международной практики выделены составляющие управленческого учета деятельности медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждений сбор и анализ необходимых данных для принятия управленческих решений, опережающая разработка рекомендаций для развития учреждения, предусматривающих различные сценарии развития, отражающих причинно-следственные связи между возможными проектами воплощения стратегии и результатами, презентация рекомендаций в области развития учреждения, позволяющая выбрать оптимальное управленческое решение на всех уровнях управления. Предложено современное толкование управленческого учета, отвечающее международным тенденциям его развития, определены основные подсистемы управленческого учета медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждений, а именно подсистемы учета затрат и калькулирования себестоимости услуг, оценочных финансовых и нефинансовых показателей деятельности, оперативных и стратегических бюджетов, управленческих отчетов, управленческого контроля. Сформулированы и аргументированы возможные задачи и этапы внедрения системы управленческого учета в медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждениях, раскрыто их содержание. Предложена структура стандарта по организации системы управленческого учета в медицинских государственных (муниципальных) учреждениях. ; The presented material is a continuation and development of the ideas set out in the article by M.A. Vakhrushina "Problems and prospects for Russian management accounting development" (published in the journal "International accounting", no. 33, 2014). M.A. Vakhrushina expressed the idea about the need for creating a Russian self-regulatory organization, i.e. a management accounting institution. In the absence of such an institution, the Ministry of Economic and Social Development of the Russian Federation could undertake an organizational role in addressing urgent priorities, including developing approaches to management accounting arrangement in the institutions of the public sector, which is in the process of reform. The article explains the need to implement a system of management accounting in medical State (municipal) institutions to provide information support to management decision-making process and create a standard for arranging the management accounting system in medical State (municipal) institutions. The main purpose of the standard is to provide methodological support to such institutions with regard to establishing a system of management accounting. The article discusses the specifics of reforming medical State (municipal) institutions, presents the results of the analysis of international practice of funding and cost accounting of State medical organizations, and makes a conclusion about the need to implement a management accounting system in medical State (municipal) institutions. Based on the international practice the authors identify the components of management accounting in operations of medical State (municipal) institutions. They include collection and analysis of necessary data for management decision-making, proactive elaboration of recommendations that provide for different scenarios of development and reflect cause-and-effect relations between possible projects for strategy implementation and outcomes, presentation of recommendations on development that would enable to select the best management decision at all levels of government. The authors offer modern interpretation of management accounting, which corresponds to international development trends and identify the main subsystems of management accounting for medical State (municipal) institutions, namely, the subsystems of cost accounting and service cost calculation, financial and non-financial estimates of performance, operational and strategic budgets, management reporting and management control. The authors have formulated and substantiated possible tasks and stages of management accounting system implementation in medical State (municipal) institutions and described them. The authors also have offered a structure of standard for arranging the management accounting system in medical State (municipal) institutions.

Кластеризация является актуальной и объективной тенденцией развития организационно-экономических форм хозяйствования. На федеральном и территориальном уровнях формируются кластеры в отраслях и сферах по приоритетным направлениям социально-экономического развития, к которым отнесена сфера услуг. В статье выделены наиболее распространенные кластеры в сфере услуг туристско-рекреационный, транспортно-логистический, информационно-технологический кластеры. Представлены принципы формирования территориального кластера сферы услуг, дано его определение. Раскрыта сущность услуги как экономической категории с позиций ситуационного, функционального и системного подходов. На основе анализа классификации услуг согласно классификатора ООН, Общероссийского классификатора услуг (ОКУН) для населения, Международной классификации товаров и услуг (МКТУ 10), Общероссийского классификатора продукции по видам экономической деятельности (ОКПД2) ОК 034-2014 (КПЕС 2008) представлены схема формирования и классификация территориального кластера сферы услуг по видам экономической деятельности и группам услуг. Определены специфические особенности территориального кластера сферы услуг: это кластер, функционирующий в рамках ряда видов экономической деятельности, включающий конкурирующие организации; неинституализированный кластер, так как не имеет единого центра управления; преимущественно локализованный территориальный кластер; многочисленный кластер по составу его участников; инновационный кластер, так как связан с перспективными направлениями развития экономики; долгосрочный кластер, так как строится на принципах использования экономического потенциала определенной территории; инициативный кластер, создаваемый по инициативе хозяйствующих субъектов определенной территории; работающий кластер с позиций реализации одних видов экономической деятельности и услуг и потенциальный с позиций развития новых видов экономической деятельности; связанный с развитием экономики знаний. Определено назначение представленных структурных схем и классификации территориального кластера сферы услуг в использовании в качестве основы для формирования стратегии развития профильных профессиональных образовательных услуг при совместном участии образовательных организаций, заинтересованных хозяйствующих субъектов, государственных и общественных органов. ; Clustering is an important and objective tendency of development of organizational and economic management forms. The clusters are formed at the federal and territorial levels in branches and industries in the priority directions of social and economic development where the services sector is referred to. The most common clusters in the service sector are described in the article tourism-recreation, transport and logistics, and information technology cluster. The article presents the principles of territorial cluster in the service sector and gives definition to the cluster. The author considers the essence of service as an economic category from the point of view of situational, functional, and system approaches. The formation scheme of a territorial cluster of the services sector and its classification based on types of economic activity and groups of services are presented as a result of service classification analysis according to the qualifier of the UN, the Russian qualifier of services for the population, the International classification of goods and services, and the Russian classification of products by economic activities RC 034-2014. Specific features of a territorial cluster in the service sector are defined: it is the cluster functioning within a number of types of economic activity and including competing organizations; it is a non-institutionalized cluster, as it has not got a common control center; it is a mainly localized territorial cluster, a numerous cluster by the structure of its participants; it is an innovative cluster connected with the perspective directions of economic development; it is a long-term cluster built according to the principles of use of economic capacity of a certain territory; it is an initiative cluster created at the initiative of economic entities of a certain territory; it is the working cluster from positions of economic activity and services realization, and a potential one from positions of development of new types of economic activity; it is connected with the development of economics knowledge. The author defines the function of the presented block diagrams and classification of a territorial cluster of the service sector as a basis for formation of development strategy of the profile professional educational services with joint participation of educational organizations, economic entities that are interested in them, governmental and public authorities.

Some ideas for enhance the implementation of ICT's in the process of learning. -- SUMMARY: The role played by the TIC´S in the teaching of law is unavoidable. Not only does it make easier the access to a bigger amount of information, but also it increases the skills and potentialities of the participants, paving the way to the absolute development of the individual and the improvement of his level of life as a citizen. The outstanding features that should be analyzed in order to enhance the implementation of the TIC'S can be defined as follows: 1 - The importance of creating in the educational planification strategies to promote the vertical and horizontal instrumentation of the TIC'S. 2 - To attach great importance to the encouragement and circulation of the use of the many existent portals of information already in use in the government field as in the wide range of possibilities offered by the strategies of access to information designed by the areas not dependent on the government. 3 - The significance of achieving a responsability from all the institutional participants who interact with the educational process (competent specific authorities and departments, students' and graduates' departments) so as to increase the existent resources of the TIC'S and promote the publication of the use of all these existent resources about this particular matter (computers, and Wi Fi nets available to lecturers and students, remote and in person access to the library catalogues and newspaper archives, use of the multimedia room, and so on). Nevertheless, TIC´S are just an instrument and not a purpose themselves. They can't replace the fundamental objectives of the learning of law (getting to know the social and economic environment upon which the law will have to act and understanding and applying the legal institutions and, above all, finding the right ways that allow the lawyers representing the parties of a case to apply the correct strategies in court and His Honour to pass a fair Sentence). ; Fil: Suárez, Enrique Luis. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Cátedra Elementos de Derecho Administrativo. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Fil: Suárez, Enrique Luis. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Cátedra Contratos Civiles, Comerciales y de Consumo. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Facultad de Derecho ; III Jornadas de Enseñanza del Derecho desarrolladas durante el mes de septiembre de 2013. -- Sección Implementación de TIC's en la Enseñanza del Derecho. -- RESUMEN: Resulta insoslayable el papel que juegan las TIC´s en la enseñanza del Derecho, no solo facilitando el acceso a una mayor información, sino a incrementar las capacidades y potencialidades de los participantes, propendiendo al desarrollo integral de la persona y al mejoramiento de su calidad de vida como ciudadano. Entre los aspectos que merecen una reflexión en pos de fortalecer la implementación de las TIC´s deben destacarse: 1- la importancia de idear en la planificación educativa estrategias de fomento de la instrumentalización vertical y horizontal de las TIC´s. 2 - la trascendencia de difundir y fomentar el uso por parte de docentes y estudiantes de los diversos portales informativos existentes, tanto en el ámbito gubernamental como en la gama de posibilidades que brindan las estrategias de acceso de información elaboradas desde el Tercer Sector. 3 - lo significativo de lograr un compromiso de parte de todos los actores institucionales que se relacionan con el proceso educativo (autoridades y dependencias competentes específicas, Centros de Estudiantes y Graduados), a fin de aumentar los recursos disponibles en materia de TIC's y propiciar la difusión del uso de todos los recursos ya existentes sobre el particular (computadoras y redes Wi Fi disponibles para docentes y estudiantes, acceso remoto y presencial a los catálogos de la Biblioteca y Hemeroteca, utilización de la Sala Multimedia, etc.). No obstante, las TIC´s son solo un instrumento y no un fin en sí mismo. No pueden reemplazar los objetivos fundamentales del aprendizaje del Derecho (conocer la realidad sobre la que actuará el Derecho, comprender y aplicar los institutos jurídicos y sobre todo, tomar decisiones frente a casos concretos).

TEZ9351 ; Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2013. ; Kaynakça (s. 93-98) var. ; xiii, 123 s. : tablo ; 29 cm. ; Bu çalışma ""contextual factors"" adı verilen ve literatürde bağlamsal faktörler olarak nitelendirilen etmenler ile ingilizce öğretmenlerinin inançları arasındaki ilişkiyi gözlemlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda ingilizce öğretmenlerinin inanç ve uygulamaları ile en yüksek ilişkiye sahip bağlamsal faktör araştırılmış ve özel ve devlet okullarında çalışmakta olan ingilizce öğretmenleri arasında bağlamsal faktörlerden etkilenme bağlamında anlamlı bir farkın varlığı sorgulanmıŞtır. Literatürde bu amaç için geliŞtirilmiŞ ölçek aranmıŞ ve Lumpe, Haney ve Czerniak (1999) tarafından hazırlanan ve Fen Bilgisi eğitimiyle ilgili bağlamsal faktörlerin öğretmenlerin inançlarının üzerindeki etkilerinin incelendiği anket, içeriğinin tamamiyle değiŞtirilmesi suretiyle kullanılmıŞtır. Anket maddeleri ingilizce öğretmenleri ile ön görüŞme yapılarak ve ilgili literatür taranarak oluŞturulmuŞtur. ieliŞtirilen yeni ölçek pilot çalıŞma amacıyla Türkiye'nin çeŞitli illerinde çalıŞmakta olan 82 Gngilizce öğretmenine uygulanmıŞ ve toplana veri SPSS ile güvenirlik analizine tabi tutulmuŞtur. Yapısal geçerlilik için anket içeriği ile ilgili uzman görüŞüne baŞvurulmuŞ, geçerlilik kısmen sağlanmıŞtır. AraŞtırma, Türkiye'nin çeŞitli illerindeki özel ve devlet okullarında çalıŞmakta olan 210 ingilizce öğretmeninin katılımıyla yapılmıŞtır. Verilerin büyük bir bölümü online olarak sosyal paylaŞım siteleri ve forumlar kullanılarak toplanmıŞtır. Yapılan güvenirlik analizi sonucunda ölçek yüksek oranda güvenilir çıkmıŞ; politika, sınıf, teftiŞ, öğrenci, okul yönetimi ve öğretmen kaynaklı olmak üzere toplam 6 bağlamsal faktör elde edilmiŞtir. Toplanan verilerin güvenirliğini gözlemlemek amacıyla 14 katılımcı ile yaklaŞık yarım saat süren görüŞmeler yapılmıŞ ve toplanan veri anket verileri ile karŞılaŞtırılmıŞtır. SPSS ile yapılan regresyon analizi neticesinde bağlamsal faktörler ile ingilizce öğretmenlerinin inanç ve uygulamaları arasında yüksek düzeyde iliŞki gözlenmiŞ ve uygulanan korelasyon analizine göre öğrenci kaynaklı bağlamsal faktörlerin sözkonusu faktörler arasında öğretmen üzerinde en yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaŞılmıŞtır. Bağımsız örneklem t-testi sonuçlarına göre öğretmen kaynaklı ve okul yönetimi kaynaklı bağlamsal faktörler dıŞında politika, sınıf, teftiŞ, ve öğrenci kaynaklı bağlamsal faktörler açısından özel okul ve devlet okullarında çalıŞmakta olan ingilizce öğretmenleri arasında anlamlı bir fark mevcuttur. ; This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between contextual factors and English language beliefs. In this sense, the contextual factor which is mostly related with English language teachers' beliefs and practices was analyzed and the existence of a meaningful difference between public and private school English teachers in terms of perceived impact of contextual factors was examined. A scale was searched in relevant literature for this purpose and the questionnaire, which was developed by Lumpe, Haney and Czerniak (1999) for the purpose of investigating the effect of contextual factors on science teachers' beliefs, was used by changing its content completely. The questionnaire items were constituted by having pre-interviews with English teachers and reviewing relevant literature. The new scale developed was piloted with 82 public and private school English teachers working in different parts of Turkey and the collected data were subject to reliability analysis with SPSS. The actual study was conducted with the participation of 210 public and private school English teachers working in different parts of Turkey. Most of the data were collected online using social networking sites and English teaching forums. As a result of the reliability analysis, the scale appeared to be highly reliable and six contextual factors were obtained, namely policy, classroom, inspection, student, management, teacher oriented contextual factors. In order to analyse the reliability of the questionnaire data, interviews were conducted with 14 participants lasting roughly half an hour and the collected data were compared with the questionnaire data. As a result of the regression analysis conducted with SPSS, a significant relationship was observed between contextual factors and English language teachers' beliefs and practices. With regard to correlation analysis, it was found out that student oriented contextual factors have the greatest impact on English language teachers. On the basis of independent samples t-test results, except teacher and management oriented contextual factors, meaningful difference was observed between public school and private school English teachers in terms of policy, classroom, inspection, and student oriented contextual factors.

Within MESMA, nine case studies (CS) represent discrete marine European spatial entities, at different spatial scales, where a spatial marine management framework is in place, under development or considered. These CS (described in more details below) are chosen in such a way (MESMA D. 3.1 ) that they encompass the complexity of accommodating the various user functions of the marine landscape in various regions of the European marine waters. While human activities at sea are competing for space, there is also growing awareness of the possible negative effects of these human activities on the marine ecosystem. As such, system specific management options are required, satisfying current and future sectoral needs, while safeguarding the marine ecosystem from further detoriation. This integrated management approach is embedded in the concept of ecosystem based management (EBM). The goal of marine EBM is to maintain marine ecosystems in a healthy, productive and resilient condition, making it possible that they sustain human use and provide the goods and services required by society (McLeod et al. 2005). Therefore EBM is an environmental mangagement approach that recognises the interactions within a marine ecosystem, including humans. Hence, EBM does not consider single issues, species or ecosystems good and services in isolation. Operationalisation of EBM can be done through place-based or spatial management approaches (Lackey 1998), such as marine spatial planning (MSP). MSP is a public process of analysing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities aiming at achieving ecological, economic and social objectives. These objectives are usually formulated through political processes (Douvere et al. 2007, Douvere 2008). Within MESMA, a spatially managed area (SMA) is then defined as "a geographical area within which marine spatial planning initiatives exist in the real world". Marine spatial planning initiatives refer to existing management measures actually in place within a defined area, or in any stage of a process of putting management in place, e.g. plans or recommendations for a particular area. Management can include management for marine protection (e.g. in MPAs), or management for sectoral objectives (e.g. building a wind farm to meet renewable energy objectives). Within MESMA, SMAs can have different spatial scales. A SMA can be a small, specific area that is managed/planned to be managed for one specific purpose, but it can also be a larger area within which lots of plans or 'usage zones' exist. This definition is different from the definition mentioned in the DoW (page 60). The original definition was adapted during a CS leader workshop (2-4 May 2012 in Gent, Belgium) and formally accepted by the MESMA ExB during the ExB meeting in Cork (29-30 May 2012). MSP should result in a marine spatial management plan that will produce the desired future trough explicit decisions about the location and timing of human activities. Ehler & Douvere (2009) consider this spatial management as a beginning toward the the implementation of desired goals and objectives. They describe the spatial management plan as a comprehensive, strategic document that provides the framework and direction for marine spatial management decisions. The plan should identify when, where and how goals and objectives will be met. Zoning (the development of zoning plans) is often an important management measure to implement spatial management plans. The purpose of a zoning plan (Ehler & Douvere 2009) is: To provide protection for biologically and ecologically important habitats, ecosystems, and ecological processes. To seperate conflicting human activities, or to combine compatible activities. To protect the natural values of the marine management area (in MESMA terminology: the SMA) while allowing reasonable human uses of the area. To allocate areas for reasonable human uses while minimising the effects of these human uses on each other, and nature. To preserve some areas of the SMA in their natural state undisturbed by humans except for scientific and educational purposes. ; peer-reviewed