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Abstract
In China, social service contracting is a new phenomenon even in the most developed cities and areas. The action that the government contracts with non-government organizations in delivering community service is merely a local initiative under the context of social administration reform. There are scarce theoretical and empirical discussions relevant to social service contracting in Chinese academic community. In the light of this gap, this article draws on literature of social service contracting in developed countries or cities to understand key elements ensuring an effective contracting and impacts of contracting. Available literature on social service contracting in China is used for discussion to understand the development of social service contracting in China. Public and social services contracting in China can be briefly divided into three models: non-competitive contracting model, competitive contracting model and informal contracting model. Factors influencing the implementation of contracting programs in China are concerned with the participation of sufficient NGOs, the roles and attitudes of government agencies and the relationship and the interaction between stakeholders. The contracting programs both have positive and negative impacts on service provision.

The forest is a basic component of the environment, without which human life and not only cannot be conceived, fulfilling the role of its improvement and preservation. The forest is designed to provide a rich range of products with an undisputed economic value to the human. It is not only the woody mass and the other products of the forest, including: game, fish, berries, edible mushrooms, herbs, resin, tanning substances, etc. National forestry Director – Romsilva is a legal person, headquartered in the municipality of Bucharest and operates on economic management and financial autonomy, exercising also public service tasks, with specific forestry and horse Authority accordance with the provisions of the organization and functioning regulation – approved by Government decision. The specific legal basis under which the National Forestry Director-Romsilva operates and is organized, are Law No. 46/2008 (Silvic code) and HG No. 229/2009 on reorganization of the National Forest Registry – Romsilva. National Forestry Director – Romsilva represents a strategic unit at national level through the range of activities it carries out, thanks to its role in the national economy. During the period analyzed (2015-2017) It is noted that the component indicators of the turnover in the natural expression recorded differentiated developments: ascending – The volume of the recovered woody mass and the amount of forest seeds ; Fluctuating – the quantities of berries and truffles and other edible mushrooms, respectively; Descending – Number of forestry and ornamental puffs in forestry nursery.

This paper examines the association between economic development and two measures of public spending on education, namely the 'national effort' (total spending as a percentage of GDP) and 'budget share' (total spending as a percentage of total government spending). Using data for a large sample of countries from 1989 to 2015, we illustrate a novel application of Wagner's law. We compare mean levels of national effort and budget share measures for economically and politically distinct groups of countries. We find that the signs of the associations between the level of economic development and the two education spending measures differ. This implies that richer countries have larger public sectors than do poorer countries, consistent with Wagner's Law. The findings are summarized in the form of three inequality propositions about the national effort, budget share and size of government for richer versus poorer countries. In addition, for comparable levels of economic development, democratic countries tend to spend more on education than is the case for their non-democratic counterparts.

AbstractEquity rights offerings are the predominant SEO flotation method in many European and Asian countries. Several previous studies focus on rights offerings, but these studies often measure solely the announcement effects of these offerings and pay little attention to the discount. This study seeks to close this gap, explain the discounts on such rights offerings, and determine the drivers of offering discounts with a focus on cultural effects regarding the level of uncertainty avoidance. Based on the existing literature, we develop several hypotheses and find supporting evidence for these hypotheses in our data. Our main finding is that the most important factors for explaining the discount on an equity rights offer are the level of uncertainty avoidance, the quality of a firm, and the level of uncertainty about firm value.