Studies of the fragmentation of jets into charged particles in heavy-ion collisions can provide information about the mechanism of jet quenching by the hot and dense QCD matter created in such collisions, the quark-gluon plasma. This paper presents a measurement of the angular distribution of charged particles around the jet axis in root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV Pb + Pb and pp collisions, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The Pb + Pb and pp data sets have integrated luminosities of 0.49 nb(-1) and 25 pb(-1), respectively. The measurement is performed for jets reconstructed with the anti-k(t) algorithm with radius parameter R = 0.4 and is extended to an angular distance of r = 0.8 from the jet axis. Results are presented as a function of Pb + Pb collision centrality and distance from the jet axis for charged particles with transverse momenta in the 1- to 63-GeV range, matched to jets with transverse momenta in the 126- to 316-GeV range and an absolute value of jet rapidity of less than 1.7. Modifications to the measured distributions are quantified by taking a ratio to the measurements in pp collisions. Yields of charged particles with transverse momenta below 4 GeV are observed to be increasingly enhanced as a function of angular distance from the jet axis, reaching a maximum at r = 0.6. Charged particles with transverse momenta above 4 GeV have an enhanced yield in Pb + Pb collisions in the jet core for angular distances up to r = 0.05 from the jet axis, with a suppression at larger distances. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalFundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT); MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; COST, European Union; ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissement d' Avenir Labex, ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Investissement d' Avenir Idex, ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos programme - EU-ESF, Greece; Thales programme - EU-ESF, Greece; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF, Greece; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. 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In the article the current state of the system of higher medical education in Ukraine is analyzed. The necessity of professional training in higher medical educational institutions in Ukraine is grounded. The importance of professional level improvement of health care representatives in the context of the health care system's reformation of Ukraine is determined. It has been discovered that over recent years there has been a change in educational paradigms from analytical to synthetic, mostly aimed at system solutions, – informatization of education. The author points out that the university education implements the processes of synthesis of new information due to the active work of the bearer– the pedagogue or the lecturer. It is noted that the pedagogical process is focused on the self-education of a future specialist; the use of information and communication technologies is also important, it will simplify the development, replication and use of teaching materials, and ultimately improve the quality of education. That is why the training of general practice doctors – family doctors – requires updating of programme and methodological teaching resources to adapt specialists for work at primary level, in rural areas, providing the appropriate level of knowledge and practical skills and abilities not only for the provision of emergency assistance, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, but also for preventive health care, in particular sanitary and educational and anti-epidemic work.It is determined that changes in medical education are fully integrated into the logic of higher education reformation, beginning from 2014 with the adoption of the new law "On Higher Education». The initiated reform is being built around the idea of expanding university autonomy. Despite the fact that broad autonomy is an integral part of modern successful higher educational systems, it does not exclude external quality control. This issue is especially important for so-called «regulated professions" – those whose work provides for particularly high level of responsibility for safety and health of people. These include lawyers, pilots, doctors, and in some countries, access to the profession of teacher, architect, etc., is also regulated. Regulated profession status implies that access to it is only possible through compliance with mandatory requirements for the level of education, preparation of special examinations, obtaining a license or membership in a professional association. Discussions about the introduction of «regulated profession» concept in the legislation are only ongoing, but de facto the certain part of professions has special regulation already. Educational legislation also provides that for certain professions the state may conduct an independent assessment of educational results in the form of a single state qualification examination. Science is international, medicine is developing all over the world, and the most up-to-date scientific articles, the best studies are published today in English. Therefore, without its understanding, the probability that a medical student will read new books, receive relevant knowledge, is very low. Future Ukrainian doctors will know the international language of modern science, and the incentive for this will be a mandatory English test. Not only university education is important for the medical profession, but also a constant increase of the professional level for already working doctors. Still, this requirement is formally provided by the system of "advanced training" in the form of pre-certification cycles in institutions of postgraduate education, every five years. The new Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine resolution, initiated by the Ministry of Education and Science, changes the system of one-time (and, frankly, rather formal) training and creates the preconditions for the comprehensive system of continuous professional development. According to the new model, there should be a monopolization of education – now the choice of place or organization is given to the doctor, recognized: education received abroad, participation in professional seminars and conferences, online courses, workshops held in Ukraine by international organizations and professional associations. ; У статті проаналізовано сучасний стан системи вищої медичної освіти в Україні. Обґрунтовано необхідність професійної підготовки кадрів у вищих медичних навчальних закладів в Україні. Визначено актуальність підвищення рівня професіоналізму представників сфери охорони здоров'я у контексті реформування системи охорони здоров'я України. Виявлено, що протягом останніх років відбулася зміна навчальних парадигм із аналітичної на синтетичну, здебільшого направлену на системні рішення – інформатизацію освіти. Автор указує, що ЗВО реалізує процеси синтезу нової інформації завдяки активній роботі носія – педагога або викладача. Зазначено, що педагогічний процес має акцент на самоосвіті майбутнього фахівця, важливим також є застосування інформаційно-комунікативних технологій, що дозволить спростити розробку, тиражування і використання дидактичних матеріалів, а в кінцевому результаті – підвищити якість освіти. Саме тому підготовка лікарів загальної практики – сімейних лікарів потребує оновлення програмних та навчально-методичних ресурсів з метою адаптації спеціалістів для роботи у первинній ланці, у сільській місцевості, забезпечуючи відповідний рівень знань та практичних навичок і умінь не тільки з надання невідкладної допомоги, внутрішньої медицини, хірургії, акушерства та гінекології, але й з питань профілактичної медицини, зокрема санітарно-освітньої та протиепідемічної роботи.
An existential-dialogical philosophy of education, mainly represented by O. Bollnow (modern «optimistic», «positive existentialism»), underlines the meaning and background of the pedagogical relationship in interpersonal relationships, the relationship between I and You. In its initial philosophical positions, it is based on the «philosophy of life» and mainly on existentialism both in the «classical» and «optimistic» versions. Supporters of this direction tend to discard the technocratic concepts which substitute for the process of education with the manipulation of person. Based on the thesis of uniqueness, the uniqueness of the individual, which is revealed in extreme situations, the supporters of this approach do not recognize the dominant role of the social environment in the formation of man. The environment, in their view, can only cause enormous damage to its moral self-development, since social institutions are aimed at the unification of personality and its behavior. Moral education, on the contrary, is intended to reveal the individual qualities and abilities of the individual, which will help to preserve the moral essence of the individual in the processes of knowledge acquisition, development of intelligence and in the education system. In the formation of a unique personality, the followers of irrationalism see an obstacle to totalitarian manifestations and dangers. In their opinion, the formation of a uniqueness, unique personality is nothing more than a process of self-development and self-education, which involves overcoming in human behavior «mass» trends, because the real education and education could not have their object exclusively in mass area. They see the tasks of education and upbringing as taking a unique personality away from the mass, «collectivist society» as a source of «false existence». But the closure of the process of education/upbringing on a separate subject, its isolation from social ties and relations dramatically limits the real possibility of forming an active personality, although the adherents of this approach proclaim this one of the main goals of education. In addition, the self-isolation of the individual increases its alienation in the world, making it increasingly vulnerable to the anti-human tendencies of global society. ; Екзистенційно-діалогічна філософія освіти, представлена насамперед О.Больновом (сучасний «оптимістичний», «позитивний екзистенціалізм»), вбачає сенс і засновки педагогічних відносин у міжособистісних зв'язках, у взаємозв'язку Я і Ти. У своїх висхідних філософських позиціях вона спирається на «філософію життя» і, головним чином, – на екзистенціалізм як у класичному, так і в «оптимістичному» його варіанті. Прихильники цього напряму прагнуть відкинути технократичні концепції, які підміняють процес виховання маніпулюванням особою. Виходячи з тези про неповторність, унікальність особистості, що розкривається в граничних ситуаціях, прихильники цього підходу не визнають цілком домінуючої ролі соціального середовища у формуванні людини. Середовище, на їхню думку, може лише завдати колосального збитку її етичному самозростанню, оскільки соціальні інститути націлені на уніфікацію особистості та її поведінки. Етичне ж виховання, навпаки, покликане розкрити індивідуальні якості і здібності особистості, що сприятиме збереженню моральнісної сутності особистості у процесах набуття знань, розвитку інтелекту та в системі освіти. У формуванні унікальної особистості послідовники ірраціоналізму вбачають перешкоду тоталітарним виявам та небезпекам. На їхню думку, формування неповторної, унікальної особистості є не що інше, як процес саморозвитку і самовиховання, який припускає подолання у поведінці людини «масовізаційних» тенденцій, бо справжні виховання і освіта не можуть мати своїм об'єктом виключно маси. Завдання освіти і виховання вони вбачають у тому, щоб відвести унікальну особистість від масового, «колективістського суспільства» як джерела «несправжнього буття». Але замикання процесу освіти/виховання на окремому суб'єкті, ізоляція його від соціальних зв'язків і відносин різко обмежує реальні можливості формування активної особистості, хоча прихильники такого підходу проголошують це однією з головних цілей виховання. Крім того, самоізоляція особистості посилює її відчуженість у світі, робить її усе більш беззахисною перед лицем антигуманних тенденцій глобального суспільства. Посилання Зінченко В.В. (2016). Інтернаціоналізація системи освіти і реформи менеджменту вищої освіти: німецька модель. Освітологічний дискурс, 3 (15), 74-96. Зінченко В.В. (2015). Моделі філософії освіти в інтернаціональних формах менеджменту освіти. Специфіка континентальної європейської освітньо-наукової системи. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 2 (17), 153-181. Bloch, E. (1993). Das Prinzip Hoffnung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Bloch, E. (1987). Subjekt-Objekt. Erläuterung zu Hegel. Frankfurt am Main: Surkamp Verlag. Bollnow, О.F. (1947). Einfache Sittlichkeit. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Bollnow, О. F. (1965). Franzosischer Existenzialismus. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. Bollnow, O.F. (1966). Kriese und neuer Anfang. Beiträge zur Pädagogische Anthropologie. Heidelberg: Quelle &Meyer. Bollnow, O.F. (1962). Maß und Vermessenheit des Menschen. Göttingen: Vandehoech & Ruprecht. Bollnow, О.F. (1979). Neue Geborgenheit. Das Problem einer Überwindung des Existenzialismus. Stuttgart, Köln: Kohlhammer. Bollnow, О.F. (1982). Studien zur Hermeneutik (Zwei Bande). Band 1: Zur Philosophie der Geisteswissenschaften. München: K. Alber. Göbler, Н.P., Lessing, Н.U. (1983). Otto Friedrich Bollnow im Gespräch. Freiburg/München: Schweizer Verlag. Marcuse, H. (1993). Kritik der reinen Toleranz. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp Verlag. Motschmann, К. (2001). Herrschaft der Minderheit. Die verratene Basis. München: Wirtschaftsverlan Langen/Müller/Herbig. Morita, T. (1983). Zur Bollnow – Reception in Japan. Padagogische Rundschau, 6 (37), 623-627. Sintschenko, V. (2017). Globale Transformationen der Gegenwart, Band 1/Глобальные трансформации современности, т.1. Systemischen globale Transformation/Системные глобальные трансформации. Saarbrücken: Palmarium Academic Publishing.
Altres ajuts: This work was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health (RO1AI46995 to P.G.) and the Wellcome Trust (WT104748MA to P.G.). This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research under contract no. HHSN261200800001E (to M.C.). The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, Frederick National Lab, Center for Cancer Research. The MACS is funded primarily by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U01-AI35042 (Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Joseph Margolick, rincipal investigator [PI]), U01-AI35039 (Northwestern University; Steven Wolinsky, PI), U01-AI35040 (University of California, Los Angeles; Roger Detels and Oto Martinez, multiple principal investigators [MPI]), U01-AI35041 (University of Pittsburgh; Charles Rinaldo, PI), and UM1-AI35043 (Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Lisa Jacobson, PI). The SCOPE cohort was supported by the UCSF/Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology CFAR (P30 AI027763) and the CFAR Network of Integrated Systems (R24 AI067039). Additional support was provided by the Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE; AI096109 and A127966) and the amfAR Institute for HIV Cure Research (amfAR 109301). P.B. is a Jenner Investigator. I.W. and P.P. are funded by MRC Programme grant MR/K012037. ; The well-characterized association between HLA-B*27:05 and protection against HIV disease progression has been linked to immunodominant HLA-B*27:05-restricted CD8 + T-cell responses toward the conserved Gag KK10 (residues 263 to 272) and polymerase (Pol) KY9 (residues 901 to 909) epitopes. We studied the impact of the 3 amino acid differences between HLA-B*27:05 and the closely related HLA-B*27:02 on the HIV-specific CD8 + T-cell response hierarchy and on immune control of HIV. Genetic epidemiological data indicate that both HLA-B*27:02 and HLA-B*27:05 are associated with slower disease progression and lower viral loads. The effect of HLA-B*27:02 appeared to be consistently stronger than that of HLA-B*27:05. In contrast to HLA-B*27:05, the immunodominant HIV-specific HLA-B*27:02-restricted CD8 + T-cell response is to a Nef epitope (residues 142 to 150 [VW9]), with Pol KY9 subdominant and Gag KK10 further subdominant. This selection was driven by structural differences in the F pocket, mediated by a polymorphism between these two HLA alleles at position 81. Analysis of autologous virus sequences showed that in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, all three of these CD8 + T-cell responses impose selection pressure on the virus, whereas in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, there is no Nef VW9-mediated selection pressure. These studies demonstrate that HLA-B*27:02 mediates protection against HIV disease progression that is at least as strong as or stronger than that mediated by HLA-B*27:05. In combination with the protective Gag KK10 and Pol KY9 CD8 + T-cell responses that dominate HIV-specific CD8 + T-cell activity in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects, a Nef VW9-specific response is additionally present and immunodominant in HLA-B*27:02-positive subjects, mediated through a polymorphism at residue 81 in the F pocket, that contributes to selection pressure against HIV. IMPORTANCE CD8 + T cells play a central role in successful control of HIV infection and have the potential also to mediate the eradication of viral reservoirs of infection. The principal means by which protective HLA class I molecules, such as HLA-B*27:05 and HLA-B*57:01, slow HIV disease progression is believed to be via the particular HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses restricted by those alleles. We focus here on HLA-B*27:05, one of the best-characterized protective HLA molecules, and the closely related HLA-B*27:02, which differs by only 3 amino acids and which has not been well studied in relation to control of HIV infection. We show that HLA-B*27:02 is also protective against HIV disease progression, but the CD8 + T-cell immunodominance hierarchy of HLA-B*27:02 differs strikingly from that of HLA-B*27:05. These findings indicate that the immunodominant HLA-B*27:02-restricted Nef response adds to protection mediated by the Gag and Pol specificities that dominate anti-HIV CD8 + T-cell activity in HLA-B*27:05-positive subjects.
Julia Roßhart fragt in ihrem Buch nach antiklassistischen Interventionen innerhalb der autonomen Frauen-/Lesbenbewegung der 80er und 90er Jahre in Westdeutschland. Damit greift sie die unlängst wieder populäreren Themen Klasse und Klassismus auf und wirft mit ihrer Frage einen Blick zurück in einen so bisher wenig betrachteten Teil feministischer Bewegungsgeschichte. Dieser Blick zurück ist gekennzeichnet durch eine breite Sichtung von Texten, darunter auch verschriftlichte Gespräche aus Frauen-/Lesbengruppen, und Expertinnengespräche, die sie selbst geführt hat. Ihre Betrachtung hört allerdings nicht bei dem Material auf, das ihr konkret vorliegt. Sie würdigt auch die Interventionen, auf die im Material verwiesen wird. So erarbeitet sie ein Bild der feministischen Auseinandersetzung mit Klassenunterschieden, das über die Untersuchung schriftlich verfasster Kritiken hinausgeht und breit gefächert Material zum Themenfeld einbezieht. Die Urheber*innen der Materialien, die Roßhart in ihrer Arbeit sichtet, befanden sich mit den Themen Klassenherkunft und -erfahrung in einer zweifachen Randposition innerhalb der politischen Linken: Viele Frauen/Lesben haben sich in geschlechterhomogenen Gruppen organisiert, da ihre Belange in anderen Gruppen zum Nebenwiderspruch erklärt worden waren. Die Klassenfrage war dort Primus. Klasse wurde dadurch allerdings in Frauen-/Lesbengruppen häufig nebensächlich (S. 42ff). Das Buch ist in zwölf Kapitel unterteilt, die wiederrum in Unterkapitel untergliedert sind. Eine weitere Unterteilung der Unterkapitel findet dort statt, wo es die im Text besprochenen Perspektiven anbieten. Die Einleitung erläutert Forschungsfrage, Forschungsstand und den Aufbau des Buches. Außerdem dient sie der Begriffsklärung beziehungsweise der Offenlegung der sprachpolitischen Entscheidungen der Autorin. Im Vergleich zu anderen Texten aus den Sozialwissenschaften wird damit bereits in der Einleitung die wichtige Frage nach der Benennungspraxis bestimmter Sachverhalte geklärt. Zwei für das Buch zentrale Begriffe, den der Klasse und den des Klassismus klärt Roßhart in diesem Kapitel jedoch nicht. Dieses Vorgehen liegt in ihrem Forschungsansatz begründet, der nicht den Abgleich mit Begriffen und Theorien, sondern Interventionen gegen Herrschaftsverhältnisse ins Zentrum der Diskussion stellt. Damit rückt der Fokus von der Autorin und ihrem Verständnis von Klasse und Klassismus weg und hin zu dem der Aktivist*innen, die Teil dieser Interventionen waren. Diesen Ansatz, den damit verbundenen Forschungsprozess und den Zugang zu den Gegenständen ihrer Auseinandersetzung erläutert sie im zweiten Kapitel näher. Dabei reflektiert Roßhart, in welchem Verhältnis ihre gesellschaftliche Position und ihre Erfahrungen zu ihrem Forschungsgegenstand stehen und welchen Einfluss das auf ihre Arbeit hat. Ebenso legt die Autorin offen, wie sie ihre Quellen kontextualisiert und welche Funktion diese Kontextualisierung für ihre Arbeit hat. Zuletzt listet sie eine Reihe von Fragen, die sie an die Interventionen stellen will. Dabei geht es einerseits um die Interventionen an sich, also um die Aktionen, die Akteurinnen, den Bewegungskontext und die Themensetzung. Andererseits befragt Roßhart die Interventionen nach ihrem Verhältnis zu Kapitalismuskritik und Ökonomietheorie, nach ihrem Verständnis von Klassismus und anderen dazu interdependenten Herrschaftsverhältnissen wie Rassismus, Antisemitismus und Ableismus und nach einer möglichen Unterscheidung zwischen Klassenherkunft und Klassenerfahrung. Die neun darauffolgenden Analysekapitel werden diesem Programm in großen Teilen gerecht. Davon befassen sich sechs mit Binneninterventionen innerhalb der autonomen Frauen- und Lesbenbewegung in der BRD. Die DDR klammert Roßhart bis auf einige Anmerkungen zu Bestrebungen westdeutscher Gruppen, sich mit Gruppen aus der ehemaligen DDR in den 90er Jahren zu vernetzen, aus. An die sechs Kapitel zu Binnenkritik schließen sich noch weitere drei an: Eines widmet sich feministischen, antiklassistischen Interventionen in Hochschule und Wissenschaft und zwei weitere nehmen Interventionen in den Blick, die in den Niederlanden und den USA ihren Ursprung genommen haben. Die sechs Kapitel mit Bezug auf die BRD befassen sich mit einer großen Bandbreite an Formaten: Angefangen bei einem verschriftlichten Gespräch zwischen zwei Frauen/Lesben mit unterschiedlichen Klassenerfahrungen, das aus einem Aufsatz entnommen wurde, Texte, Umverteilungspraxen und Workshopankündigungen und -dokumentationen von zwei Proll-Lesben-Gruppen aus Berlin; Veröffentlichungen der afro-deutschen Frauenbewegung insbesondere von Audre Lorde, einem Aufsatz von Ilona Bubeck, den Ausgaben der radikalfeministischen Lesbenzeitschrift Ihrsinn und den Protokollen ihrer Redaktionssitzungen bis hin zu einem Artikel einer Berliner Frauenlesbengruppe und ergänzenden Interviews. Dabei wechseln nicht nur die Formate, sondern auch die Perspektiven, die aus den Dokumenten sprechen, und die Formen von und Ansprüche an Wissensbildung. Die Diskussion der Interventionen im Raum Hochschule stellt die hochschulspezifischen, klassistischen Ausschlüsse und die Auseinandersetzungen der Arbeiter*innentöchter mit diesen in den Mittelpunkt. Es handelt sich dabei um den einzigen Exkurs, in dem Roßhart das Bewegungsaußen in ihre Untersuchung einbezieht. Jedoch ist die Betrachtung gerade deshalb aufschlussreich, weil besagte klassistische Ausschlüsse die wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung des Themas im Raum Hochschule bis heute erschweren. Um so interessanter ist, dass die Autorin eine Vielzahl von Forschungsvorhaben, die die Hochschule als klassistisch strukturierten Raum und die Position von Arbeiter*innentöchtern darin thematisieren, in die Sammlung der Interventionen aufnimmt. Es geht also nicht nur um die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Herrschaftsverhältnis und dessen Auswirkung auf Betroffene, sondern konkret um die Schaffung eines wissenschaftlichen Diskurses zu diesem Thema durch Betroffene. Die sich daran anschließende Diskussion des Verhältnisses zwischen Frauenbewegung und Frauenforschung endet mit einer kurzen Besprechung der Tendenzen in der Theorie und der Praxis der Gender Studies an Hochschulen in Bezug auf Klassismus als zugangsbeschränkendem Faktor zum Fach und die dort stattfindende Wissensbildung. Die zwei Exkurse zu Interventionen, die außerhalb des deutschsprachigen Raums stattgefunden haben, nennt Julia Roßhart passenderweise "Denkanstöße". Es handelt sich jeweils um Bücher bzw. Texte, die später ins Deutsche übersetzt wurden. Im niederländischen Bewegungskontext befasst sich die Autorin insbesondere mit Anja Meulenbelts Buch Scheidelinien. Über Sexismus, Rassismus und Klassismus, welches 1985 in den Niederlanden erscheint und drei Jahre später im deutschen Buchhandel verfügbar ist. Für den US-amerikanischen Kontext untersucht Roßhart Aufsätze von bell hooks, die ab den frühen 1990er Jahren auf deutsch zugänglich waren, wobei sie vor allem den Text Schwesterlichkeit: Politische Solidarität unter Frauen im Exkurs analysiert. Spätestens nach der Übersetzung haben diese Interventionen auch Einfluss auf die deutsche Frauen-/Lesbenbewegung genommen. Mit diesem Einfluss befassen sich die Exkurse zum einen durch eine Betrachtung der Rezeption in der BRD. Zum anderen werden hooks und Meulenbelt als Quellen und Textgrundlagen in der Kontextualisierung der einzelnen Interventionen in der BRD besonders häufig referenziert. So werden die historisch zwar gleichzeitigen, aber geographisch getrennten Interventionen immer wieder innerhalb der Arbeit Roßharts miteinander in Verbindung gesetzt. Insgesamt wird das Buch den Erwartungen gerecht, die die Einführungskapitel wecken. Die Ergebnisse der Auseinandersetzung mit den klassen- und herrschaftskritischen Interventionen sind systematisch und detailliert aufbereitet. Auch mit wenig Vorwissen über die Frauen-/Lesbenbewegung der 80/90er Jahre ist der Text durch die stetige Einordnung in den Bewegungskontext gut verständlich und die Lektüre eine Bereicherung. Wie Roßhart selbst feststellt, konzentrieren sich die Interventionen, die sie untersucht hat, in einem mehrheitlich studierten, weißen, nicht-migrantischen Umfeld (S. 510). Im Gegensatz zur Feststellung, dass die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Interventionen in Lesbengruppen ihren Ursprung haben, lässt sich diese Tendenz jedoch nicht durch eine stärkere Betroffenheit von ökonomischen Ungleichheiten erklären. Folgerichtig macht die Autorin in ihrem Fazit darauf aufmerksam, dass es eine differenziertere Auseinandersetzung mit den einzelnen Strömungen innerhalb der Frauen-/Lesbenbewegung geben müsste, um Aussagen über anti-klassistische Eingriffe außerhalb der beschriebenen Gruppe treffen zu können. Auch heute sind Klassenherkunft und Klassismuserfahrung keine populären Themen in der feministischen Debatte. Binnenkritik ist nach wie vor schwierig, da sie in dem Ruf steht zu spalten und nicht etwa die Auseinandersetzung mit den Verhältnissen zu vertiefen. Die Arbeit von Julia Roßhart zeigt aber das Gegenteil. Und so ist das Buch nicht nur ein Blick in die Vergangenheit, sondern lässt sich selbst ebenfalls als Intervention in die feministische Bewegung lesen. Sicherlich bleibt es eine akademische Arbeit und muss sich damit den ebenfalls im Buch thematisierten und kritisierten Gepflogenheiten des wissenschaftlichen Schreibens fügen. Das macht die Arbeit sowohl in ihrem Format wie auch auf einer sprachlichen Ebene für einen nicht-akademischen Bewegungskontext schwer zugänglich. Jedoch kann das auch schwerlich das Ziel eines Buches sein, das in seinem Kern eine Dissertation ist. Dass Hochschule ein klassistisch strukturierter Raum ist und damit auch alles Schreiben und Sprechen in diesem Raum von Klassismus mitgeformt ist, reflektiert Roßhart allerdings, wie bereits ausgeführt, und stellt somit nicht nur Fragen an die Geschichtsschreibung der Bewegungsforschung, sondern auch an die zunehmende Akademisierung des Feminismus und eine problematische Klassenblindheit. Formal sorgt die Abgeschlossenheit der Kapitel, die dazu einladen den Text nicht linear zu lesen, für eine gewisse Redundanz, was jedoch für die Verständlichkeit des Buches kein Hindernis darstellt. Ebenso motiviert ein Verweissystem im Text dazu, im Buch zu blättern und so an andere Stellen im Text zu gelangen – und damit auch an andere Orte und Zeitpunkte in der Frauen-/Lesbenbewegung – die sich mit gleichen oder ähnlichen Themen befassen. Eine lineare Lektüre hingegen ergibt eine Erzählung, die einen kritischen, suchenden Blick auf die Gegenwart erlaubt. Der gleichzeitige Blick auf Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, den der Text einfordert, provoziert auch den Entwurf einer Zukunft, der sich den Klassenverhältnissen annimmt, sowohl in der Praxis als auch in der Theorie. Zusammenfassend lässt sich also sagen, dass Klassenunterschiede im feministischen Bewegungsalltag als Arbeit an Archiven und Dokumenten, sowie als Eingriff in die Bewegungsforschung und den akademischen Feminismus und schließlich als Aufforderung an die Zukunft der feministischen Theorie und Praxis ein sehr lesenswertes Buch ist.
As a result of the antiterrorist operation in our state, there arose the necessity of analysis of influence of processes related to the forced displacement of citizens of Ukraine and increasing crimes in our State. One of the topical problems in modern criminology is the analysis of the relationship between the growth of number of crimes and the phenomenon of internal displacement or, on the contrary, evidence of lack of such communication. At least, it is important to establish the causes of crime internally displaced persons.The problems of studying crimes, committed by internally displaced persons are only beginning to feel the scientists. In particular, the first development of such perspectives available to scholars are such, as V. S. Batergareieva.The aim of the article is the actual definition, according to the author, perspectives on the recent trends of development of science of criminology in Ukraine, in particular, in the study of crimes, committed by internally displaced persons.According to the Unified report on criminal offences of the Prosecutor General's office of Ukraine for January-December 2015 posted: 8 224 murders, 73, acts of torture, 273 756 burglaries, 22, 108 robberies, 7 409 of the acts related to illegal handling of weapons, fighting supplies or explosives. In comparison with the statistics for January-December 2013 and 2014, we have an increasing number of thefts, torture, illegal behaviors with the weapon, fighting supplies or explosives. One of the reasons for the rising number of such crimes may be the phenomenon of internal displacement in Ukraine due to anti-terrorist operations and the occupation of the Crimea. The reasons for the increase in the number of crimes may have such a background phenomenon as: lack of work for internally displaced persons; the lack of adequate housing and living conditions; the stress of adaptation to new realities and the loss of established way of life; the lack of financial support from the state; the lack of quality in social services; increased tension, conflicts between the local population and internally displaced persons. In addition, account should be taken of such factors that lead to such situations as: growing psychological tension, social disorganization, discomfort of living conditions, diverse regional cultures and subcultures, opposing political views and the like.According to the office of the UN high Commissioner for refugees and the State migration service of Ukraine, most internally displaced persons settled in the areas close to their homes, in particular, on the territories of Donetsk and Lugansk regions under the control of the Ukraine.The numerous complaints about the crudity of a policy of Ukrainian officials at the expense of creation of conditions of adaptation of internally displaced persons in new locations. As a result, internally displaced persons do not feel confidence in the future, they cover a disappointment due to the lack of assistance from the state. There are many internally displaced persons, which, again, made the decision to return to occupied territory. However, to determine their exact number is difficult, because many internally displaced persons were not registered, their migration has circular or latent character.Conclusions of the research. 1) as of August 14, 2015 at peaceful part of the territory of Ukraine has moved about 1 438 000 persons – internally displaced persons; 2) the economic, political, social and military situation in the state is ever more complex. Internally displaced persons are very difficult to adapt to the conditions that arose in their lives. Due to the lack of substantial assistance to such persons by the state, the majority of such persons are left alone with their problems. At the same time, official statistics show the growth of homicides doubled, the increase in the number of beatings, the increase in the number of robberies, illegal firearms trafficking on the territory of Ukraine, in which terrorism flourishes. Besides actively committed crimes against principles of national safety. All this indicates the need for studies of the interdependence between the increase in the number of crimes committed on the peaceful territory of Ukraine and the phenomenon of internal displacement ; В статье с позиции криминологической науки раскрывается актуальность проб лематики соотношения увеличения количества совершенных в последние годы в Украине преступлений с процессами внутреннего перемещения лиц вследствие проведения антитеррористической операции на востоке страны и оккупации Автономной Республики Крым. Приводятся аргументы в пользу возможной связи между этими явлениями. ; У статті з позиції кримінологічної науки розкривається актуальність проблематики співвідношення збільшення кількості скоєних за останні роки в Україні злочинів з процесами внутрішнього переміщення осіб внаслідок проведення антитерористичної операції на сході країни та окупації Автономної Республіки Крим. Наводяться аргументи на користь можливого зв'язку між цими явищами.
The article provides theoretical analysis of socialization of teenager in the field of leisure. Attention is focused on the role of leisure for formation of social and psychological characteristics and individual personal qualities within social adjustment. The article outlines the role of traditional social adjustment institutions (family, education system, public and sports organizations), emphasizes significance of spontaneous social adjustment (mass culture: Internet, television) in personal development of teenagers. Interconnection of education and leisure is considered as factor for teenager's socialization.Socio-economic processes and political change in contemporary society necessitate the development of national culture, leisure areas require activation rights. Leisure stimulates the development of creative identity, new social and spiritual needs, promotes removal of psycho-emotional stress, preserve physical and mental health of adolescents.The inability of young people to organize cultural and recreational activities, to regulate their free time hinders its full development, promotes physical and mental overload, forms the basis for distribution of anti-cultural activities deviant behaviors. Under these circumstances the priority is the development of personality of a teenager's ability to manage their lives independently, organize your time according to values and interests, recreational use space as an important area of socialization.The problem of socialization of adolescents in leisure is developed and assessed partly in the context of individual branches of scientific knowledge: cultural, psychological, sociological. In the socio-psychological studies of socialization is defined as the process and outcome of the assimilation and active play individual social experience that is in the process of communication and activities; multifaceted process of assimilation by the human experience of public life, transforming it from a natural substance in public, from individual to individual.Socialization includes mastering the culture of human relations, social norms required for effective interaction with people, mastery of social roles, activities, various forms of communication, the skills of individual and group work. So socialization is considered as a specific formation, the product of social and psychological reflection of social reality, social life and social relations.The most active socialization occurs during adolescence in the process of communicating with their peers in the intimately personal communication, in carrying out their hobbies. The result of socialization of adolescents is to develop a sense of maturity and defend their rights, personal self, the formation of a new world, learning the values and norms of adolescent environment.The main institutions of socialization of adolescents act the family, educational institutions, NGOs, press, radio, television, education. In the life of modern teenagers these traditional institutions of socialization are losing their positions. The reason for this is the massive proliferation of new forms of interaction – electronic media and communication (Internet, television). Thus, in socialization, mostly in their teens, a dominant influence has mass culture.Mass culture is the most effective tool in the promotion of the ideal self-image as cognitive components of self-concept of the individual, a product of spiritual culture to follow.In modern society, the media and communication exercise greater influence on the formation of value orientations of adolescents than the family, the education system, religion, community and sports organizations. Recreational increasing individual self-fulfillment is carried out mainly caused by cultural institutions and the influence of television and the Internet.Along with the media and communication, socialization functions are carried out through communication. In the socio-psychological science communication is considered as the interaction between people, in which there is a psychological contact, manifested in the exchange of information, perception and understanding of the subjects communicate each other.In the space of leisure communication is mainly informal and takes a leading role in the life of a teenager (friendly, family). It affects its formation and development, as moral education is realized mainly in daily communication with other people.In modern conditions education is not just in schools. More diverse forms of education implement cultural institutions (museums, exhibitions), media and communications (press, TV, Internet). In turn, the comprehensive development of young people has impact communication with friends and family. Presented are the main forms of entertainment content all ages and affect their socialization, especially in adolescence. ; В статье осуществлен теоретический анализ проблемы социализации подростков в сфере досуга. Внимание акцентировано на роли досуга как сферы социализации в формировании социально-психологических характеристик и индивидуальных качеств личности в подростковом возрасте. Определена роль традиционных институтов социализации (семьи, системы образования, общественных и спортивных организаций), подчеркнуто значение стихийных условий социализации (массовой культуры: Интернета, телевидения) в личностном развитии подростков. Рассмотрена взаимосвязь образования и досуга в социализации современного подростка. ; У статті здійснено теоретичний аналіз проблеми соціалізації підлітків в сфері дозвілля. Увагу акцентовано на ролі дозвілля як сфери соціалізації у формуванні соціально-психологічних характеристик та індивідуальних якостей особистості в підлітковому віці. Означено роль традиційних інститутів соціалізації (сім'ї, системи освіти, громадських і спортивних організацій), наголошено на значущості стихійних умов соціалізації (масової культури: Інтернету, телебачення) в особистісному розвитку підлітків. Розглянуто взаємозв'язок освіти і дозвілля в соціалізації сучасного підлітка.
Policy background A wide ranging set of reforms is being introduced into the English NHS. The reforms are designed to increase the market-like behaviour of providers of care with a view to improving efficiency, quality and responsiveness of services (DH, 2005; Health and Social Care Act, 2012; 'HSCA 2012') and they span the New Labour government and current Coalition government regimes. The idea behind these reforms is that competition between a wider range of providers will produce the desired results such as improved quality and greater efficiency. At the same time, it is still necessary for providers of care to cooperate with each other in order to deliver high quality care. There are many aspects of care quality where cooperation is needed, such as continuity of care as patients move between organisations, and sharing of knowledge between clinicians. Documents such as the Principles and rules for cooperation and competition (DH, 2010) (and more recently, HSCA 2012) explained how the NHS was required to deal with competition and cooperation simultaneously. The principles included the requirement for 'providers and commissioners to cooperate to deliver seamless and sustainable care to patients' (principle 4), while also prohibiting commissioners and providers from reaching 'agreements which restrict commissioner or patient choice against patients' or taxpayers' interests' (principle 6). Similar principles are enshrined in the HSCA 2012, as supplemented by guidance issued by Monitor. Moreover, a Statutory Instrument was issued under the HSCA 2012 which set out the rules governing procurement of health services by NHS commissioners , indicating that competitive procurement is to be preferred (The National Health Service Procurement Patient Choice and Competition No 2 Regulations 2013). A national panel was established to interpret the principles (the Cooperation and Competition Panel, CCP) and advise the NHS on what behaviours were acceptable. Under the HSCA 2012, Monitor (as the new economic regulator) took over some of the functions of the CCP and along with the national competition authorities (being, since April 2014 the Competition and Markets Authority, and prior to that, The Office of Fair Trading, OFT, and the Competition Commission (CC) has powers to enforce competition law to prevent anti-competitive behaviour. At the same time Monitor is also responsible for promoting co-operation. HSCA 2012, section 66 (2) (e) states that Monitor must have regard to 'the desirability of persons who provide health care services for the purposes of the NHS co-operating with each other in order to improve the quality of health care services provided for those purposes'. It is the role of NHS commissioners (including Clinical Commissioning Groups 'CCGs'), however, to ensure that the appropriate levels of competition and cooperation exist in their local health economies (HSCA, 2012). Need for research While studies have noted that incentives for competition and cooperation exist in healthcare (Goddard and Mannion, 1998; Kurunmaki 1999), few have researched the interaction between the two. Although there is research about the effects of competition in the NHS reforms introduced by New Labour (e.g. Cooper et al, 2010; Gaynor et al, 2011), there remains a need to investigate the way in which local health systems are managed to ensure that cooperative behaviour is appropriately coexisting with competition. Some specific forms of cooperation have been evaluated 5 (such as integrated care organisations, DH 2009, and clinical networks, e.g. Ferlie et al, 2010), but it does not appear that the general manner in which local health systems are being managed to balance competition and cooperation under the current reforms is being investigated. Study of commissioning through competition and cooperation For this reason, PRUComm is undertaking a project to investigate how commissioners in local health systems manage the interplay of competition and cooperation in their local health economies, looking at acute and community health services (CHS). The research questions are: How do commissioners and the organisations they commission from understand the policy and regulatory environment, including incentives for competition and co-operation? In the current environment, which encourages both competition and cooperation, how do commissioning organisations and providers approach their relationships with each other in order to undertake the planning and delivery of care for patients? In particular, how do commissioning organisations use or shape the local provider environment to secure high quality care for patients? This entails examining how CCGs' commissioning strategies take account of the local configuration of providers and the degree to which they seek to use or enhance competition and/or encourage cooperation to improve services. This interim report deals with the first research question concerning commissioners' and providers' respective understandings of the policy and regulatory environment in which they operate.
The transition towards a more sustainable economic system is increasingly seen as an urgency to respond to the social, environmental and economic challenges of our times. Mirroring this increased attention, the scholarly literature on transition and transition management, "degrowth" and sustainable development (e.g., Loorbach, 2007, Boulanger, 2008) has considerably developed across a set of disciplines (sociology, geography, economics, engineering, etc.). The solutions put forth by the different literature streams vary to a large extent and rely on distinct if not opposed ideological foundations, from the radical, anti-consumerist vision of "degrowth" to the much softer and vaguer, reformist trend of "sustainable development". Common to the different literature streams, however, is to mainly focus on two levels of analysis. First, the systemic level receives most attention when it comes to diagnoses of limitations in the extant system and exploration of what alternative – non-growth, post-transition or at least sustainable – systems or economies would look like. This focus on systems is logical given the scope of the expected (r)evolutions to undertake. It is also coherent with the main disciplines involved in this "macro-level" research effort: economics, sociology, political science, philosophy, etc. A second and subsequent level of analysis that has been considered lies at the other extreme of the continuum: the individual. Indeed, as the failures of the extant economic system have been linked to the unrealistic and ideologically oriented vision of the individual as an ever-calculating, utility-maximizing "homo oeconomicus" (Stiglitz, 2009), questions have arisen about the human behavior required to generate or at least participate in the alternative systems conceived at the macro level. Put another way, to what extent and in what sense do we need to change our individual behaviors, in terms of purchasing, working, voting, investing, moving, and acting in general, in order to liberate ourselves from the homo oeconomicus patterns and consider alternative behaviours that, put together, may contribute to alternative systems? This "micro-level" perspective has relied on work in psychology and anthropology in order to (re)discover new avenues for increased reflexivity and conscious action. Between the macro and micro perspectives lie a diversity of "meso" actors consisting of more or less formalized groups of individuals, organizations and institutions such as: public authorities (from local to global), businesses, civil society, educational institutions, etc. Much work has been undertaken on the role of these different types of "meso-actor" in the transition towards alternative economies, but in view of the author of this chapter this has been developed either in a superficial way, mentioning the different actors to engage in these processes, or using "black boxes" that suppose homogeneous sets of actors such as "companies" or "civil society actors". In other words, although several case studies enter into the complexity of one or several of these black boxes, there is lack of clarity and depth in the study of how different types of actors, especially economic actors, may engage in and inspire societal change. In particular, little work makes the connection between how economic organizations function internally, and how they (may) act towards society (e.g., Moore et al., 2009). This chapter does not aim, of course, to fill this knowledge gap on its own. It intends to bring a modest contribution to understanding the role of meso actors and in particular economic organizations by focusing on one specific, under-researched but important actor that is social enterprise. As will be described further, social enterprises are still weakly defined and heterogeneous (Dart, 2004, Defourny and Nyssens, 2010, Huybrechts and Nicholls, 2012). Yet, they share two features that seem of particular interest in the debate mentioned here. First, they do not correspond to a neatly defined organizational category as they precisely lie at the intersection of two spheres that are commonly clearly separated and often opposed to each other: the market and the civil society. Such a "hybrid" nature offers the potential for a specific and original contribution to the debate on alternative economies and systems, insofar as hybridity is synonym for innovation and unconventional thinking, as this chapter aims to show. A second feature of social enterprises is their supposed coherence, at least theoretically, between internal functioning and external contribution. In other words, the new societal solutions that social enterprises offer through their products and services are supposed to be coherent with the solutions experimented within their very organizational structures. Despite their diversity and their obvious limitations, it is thus suggested here that examining social enterprises may offer at least two contributions to the discussion on alternative economies. First, by understanding the potential of hybridity, i.e. combination of distinct institutional patterns, to the reconfiguration of economic systems. Second, by highlighting the link between intra-organizational functioning and societal behavior, in order to show how engaging actors in building alternative economies must involve in one way or another these two dimensions. ; Peer reviewed
Urban segregation represents a significant barrier for achieving social inclusion in cities. To overcome this, it is necessary to implement policies founded upon a better understanding of segregation dynamics. However, a crucial challenge for achieving such understanding lies in the fact that segregation is a complex system. It emerges from local interactions able to produce unexpected and counterintuitive outcomes that cannot be defined a priori. This study adopts an agent-based simulation approach that addresses the complex nature of segregation. It proposes a model named MASUS, Multi-Agent Simulator for Urban Segregation, which provides a virtual laboratory for exploring theoretical issues and policy approaches concerning segregation. The MASUS model was first implemented for São José dos Campos, a medium-sized Brazilian city. Based on the data of this city, the model was parameterized and calibrated. The potential of MASUS is demonstrated through three different sets of simulation experiments. The first compares simulated data with real data, the second tests theories about segregation, and the third explores the impact of anti-segregation policies. The first set of experiments provides a retrospective validation of the model by simulating the segregation dynamics of São José dos Campos during the period 1991-2000. In general, simulated and real data reveal the same trends, a result that demonstrates that the model is able to accurately represent the segregation dynamics of the study area. The second set of experiments aims at demonstrating the potential of the model to explore and test theoretical issues about urban segregation. These experiments explore the impact of two mechanisms on segregation: income inequality and personal preferences. To test the impact of income inequality, scenarios considering different income distributions were simulated and compared. The results show how decreasing levels of income inequality promote the spatial integration of different social groups in the city. Additional tests were conducted to explore how the preferences of high-income families regarding the presence of other income groups could affect segregation patterns. The results reveal that the high levels of segregation were maintained even in a scenario where affluent households did not take into account the income composition of neighborhoods when selecting their residential location. Finally, the third set of experiments provides new insights about the impact of different urban policies on segregation. One experiment tests whether the regularization of clandestine settlements and equitable distribution of infrastructure would affect the segregation trends in the city. The simulated outputs indicate that they had no significant impact on the segregation patterns. Besides this test focusing on a general urban policy, two specific social-mix policy approaches were explored: poverty dispersion and wealth dispersion. The results suggest that policies based on poverty dispersion, which have been adopted in cities in Europe and the United States, are less effective in developing countries, where poor families represent a large share of the population. On the other hand, the policy based on wealth dispersion was able to produce substantial and long-term improvements in the segregation patterns of the city. ; Städtische Segregation als komplexes System : Ein agentenbasierter Simulationsansatz Die städtische Segregation stellt eine bedeutende Barriere für die Erreichung der sozialen Inclusion in den Städten dar. Um diese zu überwinden, ist es notwendig, eine Politik zu betreiben, die die Dynamiken der Segregation besser versteht und berücksichtigt. Eine besondere Herausforderung für ein besseres Verständnis dieser Dynamik ist die Tatsache, dass Segregation ein komplexes System ist. Dieses System entsteht aus lokalen Interaktionen, die zu unerwarteten und nicht eingängigen Ergebnissen führt, die nicht von vornherein bestimmt werden können. Diese Studie wendet einen multi-agenten Simulationsmodel an, das die komplexe Natur der Segregation berücksichtigt. Es schlägt ein Modell mit dem Namen MASUS (Multi-Agent Simulator for Urban Segregation) vor. Dieses bietet ein virtuelles Labor für die Untersuchung der theoretischen Aspekte und Politikansätze der Segregation. Das Modell wurde für São José dos Campos, eine mittelgroße brasilianische Stadt, eingesetzt. Das Modell wurde auf der Grundlage der Daten dieser Stadt parametisiert und kallibriert. Das Potenzial von MASUS wird durch drei verschiedene Arten von Simulationsexperimente dargestellt. Die erste vergleicht simulierte Daten mit realen Daten, die zweite prüft Segregationstheorien, und die dritte untersucht die Auswirkungen von Antisegregationspolitik. Die erste Gruppe von Experimenten liefert eine rückblickende Validierung des Modells durch die Simulation der Segregationsdynamiken von São José dos Campos im Zeitraum 1991-2000. Die simulierten und realen Daten zeigen im Allgemeinen die gleichen Trends. Dies zeigt, dass das Modell in der Lage ist, die Segregationsdynamik im Untersuchungsgebiet korrekt darzustellen. Die zweite Gruppe von Experimenten hat zum Ziel, das Potenzial des Modells hinsichtlich der Untersuchung und Prüfung der theoretischen Aspekte städtischer Segregation darzustellen. Diese Experimente untersuchen die Auswirkung von zwei Mechanismen auf Segregation: Einkommensungleichheit und persönliche Präferenzen. Um die Auswirkungen von Einkommensungleichheit zu prüfen, wurden Szenarien mit unterschiedlichen Einkommensverteilungen simuliert und verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen wie abnehmende Einkommenshöhen die räumliche Integration von verschiedenen sozialen Gruppen in der Stadt fördern. Zusätzliche Tests wurden durchgeführt, um zu untersuchen wie die Präferenzen von Haushalten mit hohen Einkommen im Bezug auf das Vorhandensein anderer Einkommensgruppen die Segregationsmuster beeinflussen könnten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Segregation auf hohem Niveau blieb sogar in einem Szenario wo wohlhabende Haushalte das Einkommensgefüge der Nachbarschaft bei der Wahl ihrer Wohngegend nicht berücksichtigten. Die dritte Gruppe von Experimenten führt zu neuen Einsichten über die Auswirkungen von verschiedenen städtischen politischen Maßnahmen auf die Segregation. Ein Experiment prüft ob die Regulierung von illegalen Siedlungen und die gleichmäßige Verteilung der Infrastruktur die Segregationstrends in der Stadt beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse der Simulation zeigen, dass diese keine signifikante Auswirkung auf die Segregationsmuster haben. Neben diesem Test, der die allgemeine städtische Politik zum Inhalt hat, wurden zwei Ansätze der spezifischen Sozialen-Mix-Politik untersucht: Armutsverteilung und Wohlstandsverteilung. Die Ergebnisse deuten daraufhin, dass eine Politik der Armutsverteilung, die aus europäischen und nordamerikanischen Städten bekannt ist, weniger wirkungsvoll in Entwicklungsländern ist, wo arme Familien einen Großteil der Bevölkerung darstellen. Auf der anderen Seite führte eine Politik der Wohlstandsverteilung zu erheblichen und langfristigen Verbesserungen der Segregationsmuster der Stadt.
Questions frequently arise whether the bilateral trade negotiation approach will help or hinder the achievement of an effective multilateral regime, and what route a particular country should follow to maximize its economic self-interests. Trade negotiations are a topic of growing importance not only in the multilateral but also in the regional and bilateral context. The United States (U.S.), for example, uses all three arenas to push trade liberalization, and the popularity of bilateral and regional trade deals as an alternative to slow negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO) is growing. But so is the anti-free trade sentiment among environmental and social-justice associations. Today, not only the question of bilateral and regional trade agreements as either building or stumbling blocks but also the question how free trade can be fair trade, i.e. how free trade can be designed in a sustainable way is debated. The integration of environmental aspects into free trade agreements (FTAs) illustrates that governments negotiating FTAs have to pursue a double-edged diplomacy in order to serve interests both on the international and domestic level. In this case, this means that governments have to serve both business and environmental groups' interests while at the same time negotiating with another country. The two-level diplomacy is especially challenging in asymmetric negotiations, i.e. negotiations between a smaller and a bigger country. It could be assumed that the smaller nation's bargaining power is generally very low. The case of New Zealand shows that there are other ways to achieve national interests in negotiations such as persuasion and the image of a good global citizen instead of using mere military and economic power. Based on the theoretical concept of two-level diplomacy, this book deals with the question whether domestic consultations on free trade agreements help to further integrate environmental issues into these trade agreements when the government is at the same time negotiating on the international level with the international counterparts. Consultation procedures between the government and interest groups are outlined, environmental issues to be dealt with in the negotiations are worked out and finally determinants for the integration of environmental aspects into trade agreements are identified and analysed. The objective of this study was to give an insight into the domestic dimension of international negotiations and to finally link the domestic level to the international level. This provides policy-makers and interest groups with a better understanding of the complexity of negotiations taking place both on the domestic and international level. Although New Zealand is here treated as a case study, general conclusions regarding internal and external factors influencing the integration of trade and environmental policies can be drawn by comparing three of the country's recent trade agreements: the New Zealand-Thailand FTA, the Trans-Pacific SEP and the WTO Fisheries Negotiations. ; Seit Mitte der 90er Jahre herrscht ein weltweiter Boom an bilateralen und regionalen Freihandelsabkommen.Insbesondere der asiatisch-pazifische Raum verzeichnete seit Ende der 90er Jahr den größten Zuwachs an bilateralen und regionalen Freihandelsabkommen. Dieser rapide Anstieg an Abkommen, die parallel zu WTO-Verhandlungen innerhalb der Doha Runde abgeschlossen wurden, lässt die Frage aufkommen, ob diese bilateralen und regionalen Freihandelsabkommen das multilaterale Handelssystem untergraben oder ihm nützen. Damit verbunden ist auch die Frage, welche Handelsstrategien ein Land verfolgen sollte, um seine wirtschaftlichen Interessen durchzusetzen und seine ökonomischen Gewinne zu maximieren. Obwohl Neuseeland ein starker Verfechter des Multilateralismus war und ist, sah es sich durch die internationalen Entwicklungen gezwungen, seine Handelsstrategie zu überdenken, um weiterhin auf dem globalen Markt wettbewerbsfähig bleiben zu können. Über 20 Prozent des neuseeländischen Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) wird durch Außenhandel erwirtschaftet. Seit Anfang der 90er Jahre beinhaltet Neuseelands Handelspolitik daher offiziell bilaterale, regionale und multilaterale Ansätze. Neuseeland profitiert jedoch nicht ausschließlich von einem florierenden Handel sondern auch von seinem Image als sauberes und umweltfreundliches Land, das jedes Jahr Millionen von Touristen anzieht. Eine Studie hat gezeigt, dass zwischen 50 und 80 Prozent weniger Touristen nach Neuseeland kommen würden, sollten sie den Eindruck gewinnen, dass dieses Image nicht mehr der Realität entspräche. Ähnliches gilt für das Konsumverhalten in Bezug auf neuseeländische Agrarprodukte. Zum Beispiel würde der Kauf von Milchprodukten um mehr als 50 Prozent zurückgehen. Das allein ist schon ein Grund für die neuseeländische Regierung, ihre Handelspolitik nachhaltig zu gestalten, um negativen Umwelteffekten vorzubeugen. Hinzu kommen aber noch die internationalen Verpflichtungen im Rahmen der nachhaltigen Entwicklung und der Umweltpolitik (Neuseeland hat bereits über 100 multilaterale Umweltabkommen geschlossen). Ferner ist Neuseeland stark daran interessiert, das Land frei von Schädlingen und Krankheiten zu halten, da ein Ausbruch von beispielsweise Maul- und Klauenseuche insbesondere einer ökonomischen Katastrophe gleichkäme und Neuseeland Jahre bräuchte, um sich davon wieder zu erholen. Dies sind einige der Gründe, warum Neuseeland im Jahre 2001 die Verhandlung von Umweltaspekten in Freihandelsabkommen zu einer bindenden Regelung gemacht hat. Die neuseeländische Labour-Regierung hat dabei auch ihre Wählerschaft berücksichtigt, die zu einem nicht geringen Teil in der Umweltbewegung zu finden ist. Dieser Umstand würde dafür sprechen, dass nationale Interessengruppen einen bedeutsamen Einfluss auf die Regierung ausüben können, bis hin zur Gestaltung aktueller Handelspolitik. Ob diese Interessengruppen auch die eigentlichen Verhandlungen über Freihandelsabkommen beeinflussen können, soll in dieser Dissertation geklärt werden. Hier steht die Frage im Vordergrund, inwiefern nationale Aushandlungsprozesse Auswirkungen auf internationale Verhandlungen haben. Es geht nicht ausschließlich um die Frage, ob Interessengruppen durch nationale Aushandlungsprozesse auf internationale Verhandlungen Einfluss nehmen können, sondern vielmehr, warum sie ihren Einfluss geltend machen und wie sie versuchen, über die nationale Ebene Einfluss auf internationale Verhandlungen zu gewinnen. Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse steht daher die Interaktion zwischen politischen, administrativen und gesellschaftlichen Akteuren auf nationaler Ebene. Dabei konzentriert sich die Dissertation auf Verhandlungen über die Integration von Umweltaspekten in Freihandelsabkommen. Drei Fallbeispiele werden untersucht: das New Zealand-Thailand Closer Economic Partnership (CEP) Agreement, das Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (SEP) Agreement und die WTO Verhandlungen über Fischereisubventionen.
-Peter Hulme, Polly Pattullo, Last resorts: The cost of tourism in the Caribbean. London: Cassell/Latin America Bureau and Kingston: Ian Randle, 1996. xiii + 220 pp.-Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Édouard Glissant, Introduction à une poétique du Divers. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1995. 106 pp.-Bruce King, Tejumola Olaniyan, Scars of conquest / Masks of resistance: The invention of cultural identities in African, African-American, and Caribbean drama. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. xii + 196 pp.-Sidney W. Mintz, Raymond T. Smith, The Matrifocal family: Power, pluralism and politics. New York: Routledge, 1996. x + 236 pp.-Raymond T. Smith, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the past: Power and the production of history. Boston: Beacon, 1995. xix + 191 pp.-Michiel Baud, Samuel Martínez, Peripheral migrants: Haitians and Dominican Republic sugar plantations. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. xxi + 228 pp.-Samuel Martínez, Michiel Baud, Peasants and Tobacco in the Dominican Republic, 1870-1930. Knoxville; University of Tennessee Press, 1995. x + 326 pp.-Robert C. Paquette, Aline Helg, Our rightful share: The Afro-Cuban struggle for equality, 1886-1912. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xii + 361 pp.-Daniel C. Littlefield, Roderick A. McDonald, The economy and material culture of slaves: Goods and Chattels on the sugar plantations of Jamaica and Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993. xiv + 339 pp.-Jorge L. Chinea, Luis M. Díaz Soler, Puerto Rico: desde sus orígenes hasta el cese de la dominación española. Río Piedras: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994. xix + 758 pp.-David Buisseret, Edward E. Crain, Historic architecture in the Caribbean Islands. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994. ix + 256 pp.-Hilary McD. Beckles, Mavis C. Campbell, Back to Africa. George Ross and the Maroons: From Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 1993. xxv + 115 pp.-Sandra Burr, Gretchen Gerzina, Black London: Life before emancipation. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995. xii + 244 pp.-Carlene J. Edie, Trevor Munroe, The cold war and the Jamaican Left 1950-1955: Reopening the files. Kingston: Kingston Publishers, 1992. xii + 242 pp.-Carlene J. Edie, David Panton, Jamaica's Michael Manley: The great transformation (1972-92). Kingston: Kingston Publishers, 1993. xx + 225 pp.-Percy C. Hintzen, Cary Fraser, Ambivalent anti-colonialism: The United States and the genesis of West Indian independence, 1940-1964. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1994. vii + 233 pp.-Anthony J. Payne, Carlene J. Edie, Democracy in the Caribbean: Myths and realities. Westport CT: Praeger, 1994. xvi + 296 pp.-Alma H. Young, Jean Grugel, Politics and development in the Caribbean basin: Central America and the Caribbean in the New World Order. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. xii + 270 pp.-Alma H. Young, Douglas G. Lockhart ,The development process in small island states. London: Routledge, 1993. xv + 275 pp., David Drakakis-Smith, John Schembri (eds)-Virginia Heyer Young, José Solis, Public school reform in Puerto Rico: Sustaining colonial models of development. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. x + 171 pp.-Carolyn Cooper, Christian Habekost, Verbal Riddim: The politics and aesthetics of African-Caribbean Dub poetry. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993. vii + 262 pp.-Clarisse Zimra, Jaqueline Leiner, Aimé Césaire: Le terreau primordial. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1993. 175 pp.-Clarisse Zimra, Abiola Írélé, Aimé Césaire: Cahier d'un retour au pays natal. With introduction, commentary and notes. Abiola Írélé. Ibadan: New Horn Press, 1994. 158 pp.-Alvina Ruprecht, Stella Algoo-Baksh, Austin C. Clarke: A biography. Barbados: The Press - University of the West Indies; Toronto: ECW Press, 1994. 234 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Glyne A. Griffith, Deconstruction, imperialism and the West Indian novel. Kingston: The Press - University of the West Indies, 1996. xxiii + 147 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Peter Manuel ,Caribbean currents: Caribbean music from Rumba to Reggae. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. xi + 272 pp., Kenneth Bilby, Michael Largey (eds)-Daniel J. Crowley, Judith Bettelheim, Cuban festivals: An illustrated anthology. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993. x + 261 pp.-Judith Bettelheim, Ramón Marín, Las fiestas populares de Ponce. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1994. 277 pp.-Marijke Koning, Eric O. Ayisi, St. Eustatius: The treasure island of the Caribbean. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 1992. xviii + 224 pp.-Peter L. Patrick, Marcyliena Morgan, Language & the social construction of identity in Creole situations. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American studies, UCLA, 1994. vii + 158 pp.-John McWhorter, Tonjes Veenstra, Serial verbs in Saramaccan: Predication and Creole genesis. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphic, 1996. x + 217 pp.-John McWhorter, Jacques Arends, The early stages of creolization. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995. xv + 297 pp.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) components are strongly associated with increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Several studies have supported that resveratrol is associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on health status. The main objective of this study was to assess the putative associations between some urinary resveratrol phase II metabolites, cardiometabolic, and liver markers in individuals diagnosed with MetS. In this cross-sectional study, 266 participants from PREDIMED Plus study (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) were divided into tertiles of total urinary resveratrol phase II metabolites (sum of five resveratrol conjugation metabolites). Urinary resveratrol metabolites were analyzed by ultra- performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-q-Q MS), followed by micro-solid phase extraction (µ-SPE) method. Liver function markers were assessed using serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Moreover, lipid profile was measured by triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio (total cholesterol/HDL). Linear regression adjusted models showed that participants with higher total urine resveratrol concentrations exhibited improved lipid and liver markers compared to the lowest tertile. For lipid determinations: log triglycerides (βT3= -0.15, 95% CI; -0.28, -0.02, p-trend = 0.030), VLDL-c, (βT3= -4.21, 95% CI; -7.97, -0.46, p-trend = 0.039), total cholesterol/HDL ratio Moreover, (βT3= -0.35, 95% CI; -0.66, -0.03, p-trend = 0.241). For liver enzymes: log AST (βT3= -0.12, 95% CI; -0.22, -0.02, p-trend = 0.011, and log GGT (βT3= -0.24, 95% CI; -0.42, -0.06, p-trend = 0.002). However, there is no difference found on glucose variables between groups. To investigate the risk of elevated serum liver markers, flexible regression models indicated that total urine resveratrol metabolites were associated with a lower risk of higher ALT (169.2 to 1314.3 nmol/g creatinine), AST (599.9 to 893.8 nmol/g creatinine), and GGT levels (169.2 to 893.8 nmol/g creatinine). These results suggested that higher urinary concentrations of some resveratrol metabolites might be associated with better lipid profile and hepatic serum enzymes. Moreover, urinary resveratrol excreted showed a reduced odds ratio for higher liver enzymes, which are linked to NAFLD. ; The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the European Research Council (Advanced Research grant 2014–2019; agreement #340918; granted to Martínez-González); the official Spanish institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS) that is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (coordinated FIS projects led by Salas-Salvadó and Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, PI19/01332), and the Especial Action Project "Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus" (Salas-Salvadó); the Recercaixa (grant number 2013ACUP00194) (Salas-Salvadó). Moreover, J. Salas-Salvadó, gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program; the SEMERGEN grant; International Nut and Dried Fruit Council–FESNAD (Long-term effects of an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet on mortality and cardiovascular disease 2014–2015; No. 201302) (Martinez-Gonzalez); Department of Health of the Government of Navarra (61/2015), the Fundació La Marató de TV (Ref. 201630.10); the AstraZeneca Young Investigators Award in Category of Obesity and T2D 2017 (Romaguera); grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016; PI0137/2018), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant; grant of support to research groups 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov; FEDER funds) (Tur and Bouz). J.K. is contracted for the "FOLIUM" program within the FUTURMed project. Talent for the medicine within the future from the Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (financed by 2017 annual plan of the sustainable tourism tax and at 50% with charge to the ESF Operational Program 2014–2020 of the Balearic Islands). V.B.-V. received a grant from the Center for Nutrition Research of the University of Navarra.
Page 1 The title sheet depicts the picture of a hooded executioner (labeled "Young," presumably Alan Young of the English Department) holding an axe over a pile of men, including President Jensen. Dee Andros, in a football jersey, is leaping onto the pile. One man in the pile is making the "peace" sign with his hand. The page is formatted like No. 9 with a fist, half white and half black, next to "the SCAB SHEET." Page 2 "Sit-ins WILL CONTINUE" A human rights rally is described, as well as further injustices needing to be addressed by the university. "Dee's Bird" An account is given of four OSU students giving Dee Andros the "peace" sign, after which Andros replied with an obscene gesture. The article is capped by a caricature of Andros with the caption: "WATCH THE BIRDIE!" Page 3 "Interview With Chicago Conspirator" John Froines, a professor at the University of Oregon and a member of the "Chicago 8," a group accused of illegally crossing state lines to incite a riot (at the Democratic National Convention), gives his views on city planning. "Hazing" The practice of hazing is criticized, while the university is accused of looking the other way, despite its anti-hazing regulations. "Meddling" The English Department is accused of attempting to prevent two activists from speaking at a university event. "Jocks Vote Down Pumpkin" OSU's football team is reported to have voted 73-15 in favor of accepting facial hair. An earlier Scab Sheet article reported that Andros would let his team vote and abide by its decision. The vote allegedly occurred while Andros was not present, and it also endorsed the Human Rights Commission Report on the Milton Case. Rumors are also fueled that the "fat man may soon resign." Page 4 "OREGON STATE GOTHIC" A caricature imitating the painting "American Gothic," the "Judy" and "Harold" are standing in front of the Memorial Union. "Dean Chick" is standing on the MU steps saying "HAROLD!!", and Judy is saying "I think Mother is calling, dear." The bottom of the page is captioned with "THIS IS BRITTON COUNTRY." The caption also appears on a button on Harold's lapel. Harold represents ASOSU President Harold Britton. Dean Chick refers to Britton's mentor, Dean of Students Robert Chick. Page 5 "SCANDAL IN BRITTON'S GOVERNMENT" Harold Britton is accused of attaining his office as ASOSU President unethically, and appointing cabinet members in an untraditional and dishonest manor, as well as using his position to reward those who helped him gain the presidency or who promise to remain silent over corruption. "MINORITY AFFAIRS DISBANDED BLACK STUDENTS SOLD OUT" The Minority Affairs Committee is reported to have allegedly recommended its own dissolution due to the lack of black students in the committee. The disbanding is viewed by the Scab Sheet as the end of any hope of a black studies program at OSU. [Note: When reading this article, note that the second and third columns are in the wrong order.] Page 6 "A RADICAL ANALYSIS OF THE UNIVERSITY" An analysis of the university determines that the present system is flawed (particularly in that it employs administrators), and does not support education. The supporting of research is criticized, as is the political roles of the administration. A picture in the article may possibly depict the Black Student Union walkout. "HUMAN RIGHTS FOR HERTAN OR STRIKE!" In an editorial, Jensen and Andros are labeled as "mothers" in apparent attempt at being derogatory. Further strikes are predicted, and change is urged for the university, insisting upon increased human rights. Page 7 "OSU Black Panther day" The Black Panther Party gives ten demands for the Black Community in the United States. These demands include both monetary and idealistic requests. Page 8 - books "Notes from the New Underground" An anthology is promoted which addresses the depictions of the "younger generation." It appears to support movements demanding change. The new Beatles album is also praised, as well as selections from the musical "Hair." The Portland radio station KPFM is also recommended. Page 9 "PUPPET GOVERNMENT TAKES OFFICE (under police protection)" The newly elected ASOSU government is accused of being a "puppet government" and is accused of gaining power illegally. [no title] A caricature depicts well-dressed individuals labeled "Student Senate" enjoying dinner and tea while bodies lie before them, labeled "Student Body Elections." A lady is holding a book titled "Etiquette." Page 10 "FREE HERTAN" The plight of trackman Bob Hertan details the athlete's suspension due to sideburns, mustache, and long hair. The Scab Sheet reaffirms its calls for the resignation of Dee Andros, but also adds track coach Berny Wagner to its demands. "Barometer LIES" The Scab Sheet accuses the Barometer of lying in an apparent war of words between the rival papers. Page 11 [no title] The Junior Carnival on May 23 and 24 is advertised. The fonts and design of the advertisement depict a "psychedelic" theme.
Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società, istituzioni e sistemi politici europei,19.-20. secolo ; Per comprendere appieno come sia nata la proposta francese di una Comunità Europea di Difesa (CED) rivolta ai paesi dell'Europa occidentale, è necessario ricostruire il quadro storico alla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, con particolare riferimento ai rapporti tra le potenze alleate e al nuovo assetto territoriale della Germania. Il primo capitolo analizza le decisioni del secondo dopoguerra (a partire dall'accordo franco-sovietico di Mosca del dicembre 1944 in funzione anti-tedesca) tese a garantire la demilitarizzazione tedesca fino al mutamento strategico conseguente alla contrapposizione tra il blocco occidentale e l'Unione sovietica: lo scopo centrale di questa parte del testo è di analizzarne il punto di svolta, con l'inversione dell'atteggiamento alleato nei riguardi della Germania sconfitta. L'intera ricerca si poggia su un'analisi di tipo storiografico, sia di storia delle istituzioni che delle relazioni internazionali, che vuole mettere alla prova comparata delle fonti d'archivio americane e francesi (con particolare riferimento ai fondi transalpini solo ora disponibili alla consultazione, a 60 anni dalla conclusione della vicenda CED) le principali tesi prodotte dalla letteratura sul riarmo della Germania e sull'esercito europeo. Si descrive quindi il processo decisionale che autorizzò, da parte degli Stati Uniti, della Francia e della Gran Bretagna durante la Conferenza di Londra, l'utilizzo delle risorse economiche e industriali della Germania occidentale occupata per il consolidamento dello sforzo difensivo atlantico; attraverso l'esame di fonti primarie transalpine è stata inoltre analizzata la percezione, da parte francese, del contrasto in atto tra i due dicasteri americani degli Esteri e della Difesa in merito al possibile concorso tedesco alle forze di difesa, con le proposte che filtravano dall'alto commissario statunitense Mc Cloy e dal suo staff. Le proposte lanciate dalla tribuna dell'Assemblea consultiva del Consiglio d'Europa, prima da Bidault e poi da Churchill in merito alla necessità di creare un esercito europeo, mettevano quindi in luce un cambiamento decisivo negli obiettivi strategici delle potenze occidentali: fino allo scoppio della guerra di Corea la preoccupazione maggiore nello scacchiere europeo era d'impedire che la Germania potesse riguadagnare uno status tale da minacciare la pace nel mondo; dopo l'apertura delle ostilità nel lontano continente asiatico, l'attenzione dei governi 2 dell'alleanza atlantica si era focalizzata sulle modalità per accrescere l'apparato difensivo atlantico nell'Europa continentale, per far fronte alla minaccia sovietica. Alcuni Stati, come la Francia e gli altri paesi occidentali che avevano subito in passato le invasioni delle armate tedesche, continuavano però a percepire come maggiormente attuale il pericolo di una rinascita della potenza militare ed economica della Germania, se pur divisa: queste le due visioni destinate a determinare un confronto molto aspro tra i principali alleati atlantici durante l'estate e l'autunno del 1950, che portò alla formulazione di due distinti e contrapposti piani di riarmo della Germania Occidentale. Nel secondo e nel terzo capitolo si descrivono conseguentemente, anche mediante una revisione completa e approfondita della letteratura scientifica al riguardo, i due distinti piani di riarmo, successivi cronologicamente e legati da un rapporto di causa ed effetto: l'evoluzione della posizione dell'amministrazione Truman, a partire dalle due diverse proposte del Pentagono e della Segreteria di Stato sulla politica nei confronti della Germania, per arrivare poi alla decisione finale di presentare un piano denominato "one package" agli alleati francesi e inglesi a New York il 12 settembre 1950; questa proposta del segretario di Stato Acheson ebbe come conseguenza un periodo di profonda riflessione nell'esecutivo francese, che portò alla formulazione del "piano Pleven" per la creazione di un esercito europeo. L'obiettivo di questi due capitoli centrali è quindi di mostrare prima come le mutate condizioni strategiche avessero condotto l'amministrazione Truman a chiedere agli alleati atlantici un poderoso rafforzamento del dispositivo militare in Europa che comprendesse anche forze militari tedesche e poi evidenziare che solo in reazione a questo piano americano, non quindi per un'autonoma volontà politica, il governo francese avesse elaborato una contro-proposta, che sarebbe stata la base da cui elaborare l'esercito europeo e la sovrastruttura istituzionale destinata a garantirne il funzionamento, la Comunità europea di Difesa. Il quarto e ultimo capitolo è dedicato interamente alla ricostruzione delle trattative diplomatiche che portarono alla firma del trattato CED, mediante il confronto sistematico dei principali fondi francesi e americani: partendo dall'analisi dei rigurgiti isolazionisti negli USA, si descrivono prima i lavori della Conferenza di Parigi con la stesura del Rapport Intérimaire e poi le attività della Conferenza per l'organizzazione di una Comunità europea di Difesa fino alla firma del trattato CED del 27 maggio 1952; la stesura del capitolo rende conto anche dell'importanza di alcune figure fondamentali (come i diplomatici McCloy e Bruce o come Eisenhower, nella duplice veste di Comandante supremo atlantico e poi di presidente) o di alcuni snodi determinanti, come la svolta federalista della delegazione italiana alla Conferenza. 3 Questo lavoro di ricerca sulla Comunità europea di Difesa vuole quindi ripercorrere una vicenda fondamentale per la nascita delle istituzioni europee, dalle sue origini radicate al termine del secondo conflitto mondiale e fino alla firma del trattato di Parigi, che sembra di profonda attualità nell'attuale dibattito sulla cessione di sovranità dagli Stati nazionali all'Unione europea, nel campo della Difesa e della politica estera. Il confronto tra i fondi americani e francesi, in particolare quelli di recente apertura alla consultazione dei ricercatori, ha permesso di aggiungere alcuni elementi di originalità alla descrizione del processo di riarmo della Germania e delle trattative tra gli alleati per la nascita dell'esercito europeo. ; The Second World War ended with an onerous legacy for the European Continent: the conflict has brought damage, poverty and the spectre of a new fight between Western countries and the Soviet Union. In that period, the USSR maintained the mobilization of the Armed Forces while the Russian soldiers were settled in Germany. This opposition has divided post-war Europe into two different blocs or coalitions: on the one hand Western Europe countries, which were starting a difficult recovery assisted by American aid, and on the other hand Eastern Europe under Soviet hegemony. In this complex scenario, the German role became increasingly central. Within this historical background, the first important attempt to build a European policy was focused on common defence, through the Treaty instituting the European Defence Community (EDC). In the light of this premise, the EDC affair seems paradigmatic for the analysis of the European dawn: on one side the founding fathers have looked for a solution to the divisions in the continent, but on the other side national self-interests have affected the path for ratifying the EDC Treaty, till the French refusal to ratify, by the French Assembly on 1954, August 30th. The aim of my Doctoral Research Thesis is divided in four different chapters: - in the first one, the object is related to the study and the description of the German role in post-war Europe and its rearmament, from the end of WWII to the mid 1950s, when the United States urged Western allies to use the German industrial and military potential; - secondly, the American proposal called 'one package', presented by Acheson on September 1950, is illustrated with regard to the existing international literature and primary sources; 2 - the third chapter deals with the French proposal to control German rearmament, the 'Pleven Plan', and the Petersberg talks; - finally, the agenda and the deliberations of the Paris Conference regarding the EDC, which started the 15th February 1951 up to 27th May 1952, when the EDC Treaty was signed. I am also researching an original aspect in my thesis, with regard to the state of the art in EDC studies: a synchronic comparison of EDC events in France and the USA based on the original documents preserved in different Archives in the United States and in France: in the recent past, 60 years after the "defeat" of the EDC, other primary sources were declassified, mostly in Paris. The research has focused on the studies that put this issue in the perspective of historiography. Several French works about the EDC could be cited, such as the texts by Clesse A.(Le projet de C.E.D. du Plan Pleven au "crime du 30 août. Histoire d'un malentendu européen, 1989), by Aron R., Lerner D. eds. (La querelle de la C.E.D. essais d'analyse sociologique, 1956), by Moch J. (Histoire du réarmement allemand depuis 1950, 1965), by Fabre-Luce A. (Lettre sur la CED, 1954) and the essays by Vial P. (Redécouvrir la CED, 1992), by Poidevin R. (La France devant le problème de la CED: incidences nationales et internationales - été 1951 à été 1953, 1983), by Guillen P. (Les chefs militaires français, le réarmement de l'Allemagne et la CED 1950-1954, 1983), by Vaïsse M. (Le général de Gaulle et la défense de l'Europe, 1947-1958, 1992), by Rioux J. P. (L'opinion publique française et la CED: querelle partisane ou bataille de la mémoire?, 1994). With regard to Italian works, studies which stand out for their significance are the studies by Preda D. (Storia di una speranza: la battaglia per la CED e la Federazione europea nelle carte della Delegazione italiana 1950-1952, 1990), by Preda D. (Sulla soglia dell'Unione: la vicenda della Comunità Politica Europea 1952-1954, 1994), by Ballini P. L. ed. (La Comunità Europea di Difesa (CED), 2009), by Bertozzi S. (La Comunità Europea di Difesa. Profili storici, istituzionali e giuridici, 2003), by Caviglia D., Gionfrida A. (Un'occasione da perdere. Le Forze Armate italiane e la Comunità Europea di Difesa 1950-54, 2009). Finally, a series of American and British studies concerning the European Defence Community and the "German question" were appraised, such as the works by Fursdon E. (The European Defence Community: a history, 1980), by Ruane K. (The Rise and Fall of the European Defence Community, Anglo-American Relations and the crisis of European Defence 1950-55, 2000), by Lundestad G. (Empire by integration: The U.S. and European Integration, 1945-1997, 1998) by Armitage D. T. jr. (A comparative analysis of U.S. policy toward European defense autonomy. Enduring 3 Dilemmas in Transatlantic Relations, 2008), by Risso L. (Divided we stand: the French and Italian political parties and the rearmament of West Germany 1949-1955, 2007), by Hunter R. E. (The European Security and Defence Policy, NATO's Companion – or Competitor?, 2002), by Hitchcock, W. I. (France restored: Cold War diplomacy and the quest for leadership in Europe, 1944-1954, 1998), by McAllister, J. (No Exit: America and the German problem, 1943-1954, 2002). With regards to the methodology, the research has been conducted following the comparative approach as described by Bloch M. (Pour une histoire comparée des sociétés européennes, 1923), by Braudel F. (Civiltà e imperi del Mediterraneo nell'età di Filippo II, 1976), by Haupt H. G. (European History as Comparative History, 2004 and Comparative History – a Contested Method, 2007).
