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Populism is one of those terms (democracy is another) that is frequently employed in the study of politics and varies in meaning from context to context and from author to author. Thus the term has been invoked in studies of such agrarian-based movements as nineteenth-century agrarian unrest in the United States and the narodniki of prerevolutionary Russia as well as being applied to the largely urban-based populism of Latin America. Moreover, most of those who have sought to characterize the populist parties in Latin America have done so in broad terms that encompass any party or political movement that has both a mass base and a cross-class composition. Torcuato DiTella's well-known definition characterized populism (in Latin America or elsewhere) as "a political movement which enjoys the support of the mass of the working class and/or the peasantry, but which does not result from the autonomous organizational power of either of these two sectors. It is also supported by non-working class sectors upholding an anti-status quo ideology." Other Latin American students of populism such as Francisco Weffort and Ernesto Laclau, along with most others who have studied the phenomenon, have similarly broad conceptions of it.

This article discusses the continuing national debate concerning the responsibility that local governments should accept when residents are forced to leave their homes as a result of reinvestment activities encouraged by the cities and funded in part with public funds. The author explains the many different forms that reinvestment displacement may take and traces the legislative and judicial response to this issue. Despite what the author refers to as a considerable amount of buck passing, the article points out resources that are being made available to combat displacement. The article highlights the Supreme Court of New Jersey opinion in the Mount Laurel case that reaffirmed the moral and legal principle that local governments must consider the housing needs of affected citizens when they use the police power to regulate land use. The article concludes by suggesting that minimizing displacement can be accomplished if cities encourage reinvestment and place a higher priority on the interest of the long term residents of reinvestment areas. The major responsibility of such a task lies with state and local government who have developed the highly sophisticated reinvestment techniques that draw heavily on their police power.

Régis Gayraud, An unpublished compilation attributed to Il'ia Zdanevich.
One of the numerous unpublished pieces in the archives of Il'ia Zdanevich and one of the rare specimens of the zaum' period of the poet is the lay-out of an anonymous compilation of 16 poems that we are presenting herewith. The page-setting is the customary one of the author and appropriate to the rich and diversified poetical language, made of deformations, shaping and crasis of words borrowed from Russian as well as from Oriental languages, such as Turkish, Georgian or Arab, but also of sounds deprived of meaning. The Oriental character of the poems, the theme of which might be a mock-heroic voyage in a desert with oases of blood and wine is reflected also in the graphism. In order to convey certain sonorities, Zdanevich intermingles Cyrillic and Arabic scripts without hesitation or shapes Cyrillic Letters into Arabic ones. In these poems, the zaum' is more descriptive than the one employed by the author in his "dra", and seems less directed towards the reader-listener's subcon-sciousness. This compilation might be ascribed to the end of the "rayonnist" period of the poet and would precede his first zaum' plays.

IN GENERAL, HISTORIANS OF PHILOSOPHY TEND TO SUGGEST THAT BEHIND THE APPARENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL SOPHISTS IN THIS RESPECT LIES A SINGLE SHARED PURPOSE: THE TEACHING OF 'THE ART OF SUCCESS', WHERE 'SUCCESS' IS TO BE UNDERSTOOD IN POLITICAL TERMS. THE COROLLARY IS SOMETIMES ADDED THAT IF THE SPECIFICATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF SUCCESS INCLUDED ANY REFERENCE TO WHAT MAY BROADLY BE CALLD THE 'SOCRATIC' VIRTUES, IT DID SO ONLY AS AN AFTERTHOUGHT, OR AS A GESTURE TOWARDS A SUSPICIOUS PUBLIC. FROM A PURELY HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW, SUCH AN INTERPRETATION STANDS A FAIR CHANCE OF BEING TRUE, THROUGH AT THE END THE AUTHOR SHALL ADD A QUALIFICATION. BUT PLATO HAS ANOTHER, RATHER DIFFERENT, WAY OF GIVING UNITY TO THE SOPHISTIC CLAWIM, WHICH HE ADOPTS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES OF HIS OWN. THE PRESENT PAPER HAS AS ITS CHIEF PURPOSE TO EXPLORE THE NATURE AND BASIS OF THIS SPECIAL PLATONIC INTERPRETATION. THE THREE DIALOGUES WHICH TELL US MOST ABOUT PLATO'S VIEWS ON THE SOPHISTS ARE THE PROTAGORAS, THE SOPHIST, AND THE EUTHYDEMUS. IN WHAT FOLLOWS, THE AUTHOR SHALL CONSIDER IMPORTANT PARTS OF EACH OF THESE IN TURN, BEGINNING WITH THE PROTAGORAS, IN WHICH SOCRATES SETS OUT WITH DELIBERATE PURPOSE OF DISCOVERING WHAT IT IS THAT ONE PARTICULAR SOPHIST-PROTAGORASTEACHES.

"The author presents a model of factors influencing the content of mass media-transmitted political communication. The basic idea behind the model is that the content of political communication is generally influenced by the political and the economic system, as well as by the actual situation in which the interaction between the mass media and political actors takes place. A set of hypotheses about journalistic behaviour is derived from the model. Content analysis data from three Danish general elections, as well as from the first direct elections for the European Parliament are confronted with these hypotheses. The empirical results show a recognizable pattern of interaction between politicians and journalists. For instance, journalists are more interested in what can be labelled as 'the here and now'. Also, conflicts as a news criterion are found more often in journalistic behaviour, than in the speeches of party representatives. But at the same time we can see a clear tendency among party representatives to take over some of these criteria of news value for their own presentation. The author argues that the mass media constitute a serious threat against a free and participatory democracy if they are specifically used for conflict presentation or for personalisation." (author's abstract)

Presently, in the United Kingdom there are more than 100,000 business executives unemployed as a result of the economic recession. This article describes the educational assistance being offered to these executives by government agencies and focuses on the ways in which colleges and universities responsible for the training have approached their task. The freedom exercised by these educational institutions in the matter of course design meant that initially little uniformity existed among them with respect to program objectives and content. More recently, four themes have become evident, which the author has termed situational adaption, job‐finding skills, management knowledge, and directional self‐analysis. The view is rejected that in terms of personal and training objectives, unemployed executives constitute a homogeneous group. Experience suggests that at least four different 'types' of unemployed executives can be distinguished on the basis of their personal and work characteristics. The author has identified these as distressants, businessmen, opportunists, and realists. It is argued that the future development of training programs for unemployed businessmen in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, must acknowledge the diverse needs of participants and be flexibly organized in order to meet them.

The administrative reform : obstacles, constraints and general resistance

While assessing the obstacles to administrative reform, the author brings them down to two main categories : constraints and general resistance. Apart from this overall distinction, he adds another one between behavioural problems and structural problems. Hence constraints may just like general resistance be due to either behavioural or structural problems. The author applies this distinction to different types of obstacles which administrative reforms have to cope with, i.e. political, economie, social, organizational, and psychological obstacles. Economic obstacles to reform are mainly structural constraints. Psychological obstacles are rather behavioural constraints. Political obstacles result from structural resistance. Social obstacles are due to behavioural resistance.
The conclusion that can be drawn from this analysis is that administrative reform has to watch out for the specific types of obstacles and allow for constraints and resistance arising from structure or attitudes. A reformer has to resemble a helmsman who knows how to assess the type, variety and size of obstacles to cope with ; he sets the targets and fixes the ways and means of reform which he negotiates along the lines of least resistance.

Extract: The Food Stamp Program was made part of permanent legislation in 1964. Studies of the economic impact of the program have been conducted by scientists in government, universities, and private research agencies. Since the program is relatively new, the existence of many of these studies is not generally known. This bibliography contains brief descriptions of the major empirical studies completed prior to 1974. Studies included relate to performance aspects of the various food stamp programs which have been tried. It is hoped that the bibliography will be helpful to scientists interested in conducting food stamp studies, and to policymakers. (Author) ; Extract: The Food Stamp Program was made part of permanent legislation in 1964. Studies of the economic impact of the program have been conducted by scientists in government, universities, and private research agencies. Since the program is relatively new, the existence of many of these studies is not generally known. This bibliography contains brief descriptions of the major empirical studies completed prior to 1974. Studies included relate to performance aspects of the various food stamp programs which have been tried. It is hoped that the bibliography will be helpful to scientists interested in conducting food stamp studies, and to policymakers. (Author) ; Mode of access: Internet.

The author begins by discussing the two main fundamental methods, i.e. integrism and reductionism, which are used for the interpretation of the physical world.
But the main idea which dominates this paper is based on an analogy between Mendeleïev's periodic law which transcends inorganic matter, and the behaviour of living beings.
It is suggested that, just as atomic masses were used to classify the species in the inanimate world, it would be valuable to codify the organic world in terms of maximal life-spans.
A theory was recently worked out by the author to interpret this very general phenomenon on the basis of the concentrations of organic free radicals in the brain. This is strictly related to the presence of a more or less free electron, which itself explains the remarkable structure of the periodic system.
Further, suggestions are made concerning other fundamental properties of living matter, such as senescence and cancer, and these are integrated with life-span in a unifying theory.
It is mainly in these directions, based on a research of holistic properties of living matter, that a new way is opened up for the further evolution of biophysics itself.

The apparent failure on the part of companies to evolve a satisfactory costing scheme for their physical distribution (PD) systems is now giving way before a sustained attempt to rationalise PD costs. The author reviews the legislative and economic changes which have led to a recognition of the need for change, and he suggests that the "Total Distribution" (TD) approach to a solution is the one to be explored. The distinctive nature of the different accounting schemes in use, and their informational requirements, are discussed. The complex nature of PD involves the use of both operational research and statistical techniques. In fact, the need for improved information for PD management is not yet being met, and this hampers decision‐making. The monograph looks at the shortfalls in financial accounting for PD, and at the complex and ambiguous relations between PD and the formal company financial statement. Finally, the profit‐analysis approach may be the answer, and this can be incorporated within the framework of a missions approach. The author concludes that, so far, neither orthodox accounting procedures nor experimental approaches have yet provided a complete answer for PD cost analysis.

Contribution to the Study of Vertical Societies in the Andes: the Yucay Valley (Peru.)
On the basis of a detailed analysis of "verticality" in a well-delimited Peruvian region, the author proves that the "vertical archipelago" model defined by J. Murra using data on pre-conquest Andean societies is still valid, even though the traditional economy has been modified. After describing the principal vertical environments of the Yucay Valley (the deep, narrow river valley with luxuriant vegetation; the high, snow-covered mountains; the arid, eroded plateau; the sub-tropical valleys), she studies the patterns of human settlement and exploitation associated with each ecological level, explaining the different systems of land tenure and the complementarity of economic activities as shown by the vertical exchange of both traditional and commercial products. With the introduction of a market economy, capitalist relations arise parallel to, or replace traditional reciprocal relations, characteristic of the production and distribution circuits that link the inhabitants of different levels. After presenting a table formalizing these various vertical relations, the author gives several examples illustrating how populations living at different levels differ not only economically and socially but also culturally and ideologically.

The 25th anniversary of the Finnish-Soviet FCA-Treaty was celebrated with solemn ceremonies in April, 1973. Referring to the fact that this treaty has been misunderstood frequently in international discussions and, more recently, also in Finnish domestic debate, the author makes an effort to analyze the role the treaty plays in International politics. He notes that the first two articles of the treaty, 'the military articles', are precise and detailed, while the rest of the operative articles, referring to friendship and cooperation between the parties, are general in nature. This is natural since the treaty was designed specifically to provide military security in the situation of 1948. The author maintains that the military role of the FCA-Treaty has not lost its signi ficance even now but that due to the tremendous changes in the European situation during the last 25 years the latter part of the treaty has assumed increasing importance in practice. Thus, while the text of the treaty remains unchanged and the whole treaty is revered by both parties, the operational center of gravity has moved, compared with the situation of 1948, more and more to the articles on friendship and cooperation.

The paper analyzes conflict formations now prevailing in contemporary international society. The study begins with the assertion that the development of capitalism and anticapitalist move ments in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics and to the emergence of an international society. This society is here conceived as an antagonistic totality made up particularly of the following conflict formations: intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, inter-socialist, inner-Third World, and formations of structural violence where in ternational and national conflict formations intersect.The paper includes a short discussion on some fundamental principles of peace and social justice in international society. It concludes with some preliminary remarks on the foundation of a structural theory of international society. The author stresses that a further analysis of inter national society will have to look closely into the production relations and the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal and combined development is given particular importance. The author con tends that on this basis, causes and regularities of conflict formation dynamics can be better understood than by the highly abstract approaches of the last ten to fifteen years, particularly those of the conventional systems analysis.

The sun has a dominant influence on the terrestrial environment, an environment which affects many phases of direct military interests such as the upper atmosphere, communications, satellite operations, weather, etc. The results obtained add to the interpretation of the solar terrestrial relationships that may add to their predictability. Superposed epoch studies of the daily sunspot numbers (Rz) show a different behavior when selected for daily sums of geomagnetic activity (SKp) of 45 up to 56 than for higher or lower values of SKp. (Author Modified Abstract). ; "Aeronomy Laboratory Project 7661." ; AD0759791 (from http://www.dtic.mil). ; "8 February 1973." ; Includes bibliographical references (pages 9-10). ; The sun has a dominant influence on the terrestrial environment, an environment which affects many phases of direct military interests such as the upper atmosphere, communications, satellite operations, weather, etc. The results obtained add to the interpretation of the solar terrestrial relationships that may add to their predictability. Superposed epoch studies of the daily sunspot numbers (Rz) show a different behavior when selected for daily sums of geomagnetic activity (SKp) of 45 up to 56 than for higher or lower values of SKp. (Author Modified Abstract). ; Mode of access: Internet.