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In this work the author analyses ideological fundamentals European Green parties originated from, as well as the principles upon they based their political ideology. Specially stressed are the post materialistic values as an important cause of the Green parties development from environmental movements. In the same context, the following political principles of these parties are considered: ecology, peace, nonviolence, grassroots democracy justice, multicultural democracy, sustainable development, etc. The author defines the Green parties ideology as a group of values and practice, that is, as a homogeneous, consistent, holistic and hegemonistis ideology which includes all significant social problems of the contemporary industrial civilization. ; Autor u radu analizira ideološke korene nastanka partija Zelenih u Evropi kao i principe na kojima se zasniva njihova politička ideologija. Poseban naglasak je dat na postmaterijalističkim vrednostima kao važnom uzroku nastanka partija Zelenih iz ekoloških pokreta. U tom kontekstu razmatraju se i politički principi ovih partija kao što su: ekologija, mir, nenasilje neposredna demokratija, pravda, multikulturna demokratija, održivi razvoj itd. Autor ideologiju partija Zelenih definiše kao skup vrednosti i prakse odnosno kao homogenu, konzistentnu, holističku i hegemonističku ideologiju kojom su obuhvaćeni svi važni društveni problemi savremene industrijske civilizacije.

The general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) in section 245 of the Income Tax Act is about drawing a line between legitimate tax minimization and abusive tax avoidance. However, the GAAR does not provide guidelines for determining whether a particular transaction is legitimate or abusive. In this article, the author argues that economic substance is a useful standard for drawing the line. It is not only called for by Parliament through the enactment of the GAAR, it is also justified on theoretical grounds, and is consistent with the textual, contextual, and purposive approach to statutory interpretation. Moreover, the author argues, economic substance is the best method for balancing conflicting policy concerns in Canadian income tax law. The Supreme Court of Canada also recognized the relevance of economic substance in the recent Canada Trustco decision. However, economic substance is a relatively new concept in Canadian tax law. The article advances our understanding of this concept by addressing four questions: (1) Why should economic substance analysis be relevant in GAAR cases? (2) What does "economic substance" mean? (3) What are the relevant factors in determining the economic substance of transactions? (4) How can an economic substance analysis be applied in GAAR cases?

This article aims to review the main Lithuanian asylum legislation in light of the EU asylum acquis and identify existing or possible constrains to the effective implementation of the acquis. The author analyses the main legal documents regulating the protection of refugees, adopted under Article 63 of the Amsterdam Treaty of the European Union (EU), which represents a first stage of asylum law harmonisation process in the EU. At the time of an obligation to align its law and practice with then legally non-binding EU provisions on asylum. Even more so after accession, this time with legally binding legislation, now in place in the EU. But even after the adoption of the last asylum instrument under the Amsterdam Treaty by the end of 2005, asylum law developments within the EU can not be considered completed yet. Discussions on the second stage of harmonisation and preparations for it are taking place within the EU. This process will further influence the development of legal regulation of asylum matters in the EU Member States, including Lithuania. The author stresses that not less important than the legal alignment is the development of national jurisprudence in line with the legal provisions and spirit of the EU law in this field.

Modus vivendi is Gray's political concept which he links to Hobbes' political theory whose purpose is to temporarily establish the coexistence of intransigent sides i.e. ways of life. In other words, modus vivendi is a solution aimed at limiting the scope of political insecurity in plural societies by providing the minimal content of coexistence. Since this is offered as a potential solution for contemporary societies marked by value-pluralist conflicts, the author looks into the probability of the successfulness of the modus vivendi concept of coexistence. The fact is that the modus vivendi has been criticized to be a concept that generates problems it does not provide answers to, such as the issue of stability & morality/justice. In Hobbes' traditional interpretation which Gray adopted, these are not the questions that the pluralist modus vivendi approach should provide answers for. The author, however, has adopted the argument according to which Hobbes & Rawls insist on an immediate political goal i.e. stability (peace) & justice. Gray's modus vivendi follows Hobbes' blueprint of the state of commodious life. The best example of common institutions created on assumption of modus vivendi toleration is European Union. References. Adapted from the source document.

В статье дана авторская концепция персонифицированного рассмотрения отечественной истории в облике академика А.Д. Сахарова. Статья написана на материалах Общественного архива А.Д. Сахарова. Интересным является утверждение автора о том, что КГБ, и ЦК КПСС, признавали право за обществом на оппозиционное осмысление происходящих в стране событий, поскольку было бы ошибкой думать, что такое «разрешенное» в кавычках мышление могло серьезно угрожать политическому строю страны. Позиция инакомыслящих не была чужда общественному мнению страны, в противном случае они не пользовались бы авторитетом «идеологического противника» бюрократии.In the article the author gives the concept of personification considerations of Russian history by academician A.D. Sakharov. The article is written on materials of the A.D. Sakharovs Public archive. It is interesting that the author considers that the KGB and the CC of CPSU recognized the society right to opposition judgments of events occurring in the country as it would be a mistake to think, that this thinking might seriously threaten the political formation of the country. The political opponent of the Soviet government was close to the public opinion in the country. Otherwise these people would not have had the prestige of the ideological opponent of bureaucracy

The article deals with the issue of cooperation in a field where the countries under review have substantial experience of long-term and large-scale mutual interaction. It should be noted, that for more than 50 years Russia has actually been playing the role of a raw appendage to the forest complex of Finland. In recent years, some prerequisites for more deep economic interaction of the two countries have been outlined. The author tries to investigate whether the governments and business communities of the forest sectors in Russia and Finland can find the adequate answer to the challenges of the European integration. ; The article deals with the issue of cooperation in a field where the countries under review have substantial experience of long-term and large-scale mutual interaction. It should be noted, that for more than 50 years Russia has actually been playing the role of a raw appendage to the forest complex of Finland. In recent years, some prerequisites for more deep economic interaction of the two countries have been outlined. The author tries to investigate whether the governments and business communities of the forest sectors in Russia and Finland can find the adequate answer to the challenges of the European integration.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с применением судами Иркутской области положений уголовного законодательства о «наркотических» преступлениях, а также положения нового постановления Пленума Верховного Суда РФ от 15 июня 2006 г., отмечаются различия в подходах практиков к квалификации деяний. Делается попытка теоретически обосновать квалификацию продажи наркотика преступником сотруднику правоохранительных органов в процессе контрольной закупки как покушения на сбыт, по ч. 3 ст. 30 и соответствующей части статьи 228-1 УК РФ. Отмечаются неточности постановления Пленума при трактовке понятия « притон для потребления наркотиков». ; In the article some issues of application of the provisions of criminal legislation on narcotics related crimes by Irkutsk oblast courts and the provisions of the new regulation by the Plenary Session of the RF Supreme Court under the date of 15 June 2006 are dealt with. Besides some differences among the practitioners' approaches are exposed. The author makes an attempt to provide theoretical basis to qualify drug selling by the criminal to the law-enforcement officer while sample purchase as a drug-trade attempt under part 3, article 30 and corresponding part of article 228-1 of the RF Criminal Code. The author points out some laxities by the Plenary Session while interpreting the notion of narcotics den.

In this reply to James Furner's undermining of the third thing argument -- that exchange-value expresses value -- that emerged from Marx's critique of Samuel Bailey, the author argues that a reconstruction along the lines of Chris Arthur is unnecessary. A summary of Furner's argument delineates his point that Marx's theory cannot be established at the conceptual level of the commodity, & is a mistaken call for reconstruction. A critique of Furner's argument argues that the notion that begs the question in the third thing argument is the result of an inversion of Marx's reasoning on the commodity having exchange value, & his critique of Kliman's appeal to common sense in relation to commodities having worth. Further critique of Furner's intention asserts that Marx does answer subjective value theory, the inadequacy of Bailey's alternative to Marx's value theory, the superiority of Marx's theory of money, & the problems with Furner's argumentative strategy on theory of value. Furner's assumption that commodities "have" exchange-values is argued to beg the question of Marx's "third thing argument," & the author concludes that Marx attacks on the idea the value can be purely subjective, rendering Bailey's value theory of purely subjective utility bogus. References. J. Harwell

U članku autor prati trag teorijskog razmišljanja o ratu i politici, od antičkih Grka do osamnaestovekovnih Francuza i Nemaca. U brojnim diskusijama posvećenim ovoj temi, za autora je najvažnije pitanje da li je rat (izvan granica države) suprotstavljen politici ili se može smatrati njenim sredstvom i produžetkom. Dve zasebne evropske tradicije odgovaranja na to pitanje vrhune u 18. veku u modernom pacifizmu, na jednoj strani, i u čitavom spektru filozofskih opravdanja i razmatranja "dubljih značenja" i "više prirode" rata, na drugoj strani. ; In the article the author is following the trace of theoretical thinking about war and politics from the ancient Greeks up to the 18th century French and Germans. In the numerous discussions devoted to this topic the most important issue for the author is the question whether the war (outside the borders of the state) is opposed to politics or could be seen as its means and supplement. Two separate European traditions of answering this question peaked in the 18th century in the modern pacifism on the one side, as well as the whole specter of philosophical justifications and examinations of 'deeper meanings' and 'higher nature' of war, on the other side.

The present study is primarily based on first-hand documents collected during several stays in China. The author analyzes the variations expressed by the Chinese dignitaries in their perception of the UN from 1945 to 1971. One constant seems to dominate all other observations: it is inadmissible that a Chinese province (Taiwan) claims to represent China in its totality, with the consent of the international community. After having emphasized the absence of any real dialogue between Beijing & Washington & putting into perspective the role played by the pro-Taiwanese lobby, this paper investigates the impact of the major events that occurred in China & on the international stage. The author deduces that the relations between China & the UN can be characterized as erratic & cyclo-thymic. In the event of General Assembly votes favourable to China, it can be observed, by penetrating the secrets of Zhongnanhai, that admission was to a certain extent trivialized, even though Beijing at first had to endure a series of rebuttals. Nevertheless, once present in Manhattan's forum, the People's Republic strived to use the whole weight of its influence while casting a critical eye on the functioning & deficiencies of the international organisation. Adapted from the source document.

Pozdnyakov A.A. Organizational and legal foundations of the activity of the Police Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs on observing the public movement. The article considers the role of the Police Department on observing the public movement at the beginning of the XX century, being determined both by the legislation in-force and by the law-application practice. The author identifies the functions assigned to the Police Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the mentioned sphere, characterizes the authorities of its different structural institutions. The article involved a wide circle of sources, basically archive. ; Pozdnyakov A.A. Organizational and legal foundations of the activity of the Police Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs on observing the public movement. The article considers the role of the Police Department on observing the public movement at the beginning of the XX century, being determined both by the legislation in-force and by the law-application practice. The author identifies the functions assigned to the Police Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the mentioned sphere, characterizes the authorities of its different structural institutions. The article involved a wide circle of sources, basically archive.

Crimes in the sphere of computer information represent a rather new multifold phenomenon, naturally causing difficulties in the classification and prevention. At the same time scientists who are to give accurate and timely criminal judgment of the prevailing misdeeds in the sphere of computer information and legislators who need to make corresponding changes in the criminal code and prepare the purview for the emergence of new forms of crimes in the sphere of computer information, also encounter a difficulty. The author considers important both the professional statement of a criminal law and elaboration of the mechanism of its practical execution. ; Crimes in the sphere of computer information represent a rather new multifold phenomenon, naturally causing difficulties in the classification and prevention. At the same time scientists who are to give accurate and timely criminal judgment of the prevailing misdeeds in the sphere of computer information and legislators who need to make corresponding changes in the criminal code and prepare the purview for the emergence of new forms of crimes in the sphere of computer information, also encounter a difficulty. The author considers important both the professional statement of a criminal law and elaboration of the mechanism of its practical execution.

Maģistra darba tēma: Izglītības kvalitātes novērtēšana Aizkraukles Novada skolās. Pētījuma jautājums: Kādi dokumenti un starptautiskie ziņojumi jāievēro, lai izstrādātu Izglītības kvalitātes novērtēšanas modeli? Maģistra darbs sastāv no ievada piecām nodaļām, nobeiguma literatūras sarakta un pielikumiem. Pirmajā nodaļā salīdzinātas Latvijas izglītības koncepcijas. Otrajā nodaļā – Kvalitātes jēdziens. Trešā nodaļā paskatīta Vērtēšana izglītībā. Ceturtajā nodaļā apskatītas dažādas Kvalitātes vērtēšanas sistēmas un to pielietojums izglītībā. Piektajā nodaļā atspoguļots autora izglītības Kvalitātes vērtēšanas modelis Aizkraukles Novada skolām. Turpmākajai izpētei autors ieteiktu šī modeļa pilnveidošanu un pielāgošanu Latvijas izglītības sistēmai, lai Latvijas izglītības sistēma varētu veiksmīgi iekļauties Eiropas Savienības kopējā izglītības telpā. ; Master work them is Education quality evaluation in Aizkraukles district schools. Research question: What kind of documents and international reports consider to develop Education quality evaluation model? Master work is consisting of introduction, five section, conclusion, literature list and supplements. In first section – compare Latvian education conception. In second section is about Quality conception. In third section is about Evaluation in education. In fourth section is different Quality evaluation systems and they use in education. In fifth section is author Education Quality evaluation model for Aizkraukles district schools. For further research author advising to perfection this model for Latvian education system so as Latvian education system can join European Union education environment.

This paper discusses the Köbler case, in which the European Court of Justice confirmed that the principle of Member States' liability for breaches of Community law (the "Francovich" Principle) also applies to breaches committed by national judiciaries. The author looks at this decision and, more importantly, at the Court's reasoning from the point of view of the concept of multi-constitutionalism, which, he believes, is a viable model for a pluralistic entity such as the European Union. Several shortcomings of the decision are discussed in this paper, including the Court's avoidance of difficult questions by reference to the principle of national procedural autonomy, or its unpersuasive comparative reasoning. One further shortcoming is the lack of any balancing argumentation, which would have seemed appropriate in a case where two legal principles (the effectiveness of Community law, on the one hand, and legal certainty and res judicata, on the other) stood in opposition. In the final part of the paper, the author points out that the problem of gaining acceptance for this decision may be even more difficult with regard to judges in the new Member States, as their legal systems are simultaneously undergoing not only Europeanisation but also transition.

In this paper the author provides a bit of background for this state of affairs and in the process describe the state of play between the rise of ethnic consciousness, attitudes toward language, and the state of language endangerment of some Tibeto-Burman speaking peoples of west-central Nepal. The main points to be discussed are that language issues have not yet been pushed to the forefront of the political agenda in this part of Nepal, that ethnic organizations are still at the beginning stages of dealing with matters of documentation, standardization, and orthography of their ancestral languages, and that primary education in minority languages is vital for language preservation. One consequence of all this is that the uses of print and electronic media that have been important in language preservation efforts of minority languages in other parts of the world are having little effect in this region of Nepal. After a general discussion of the state of minority languages in Nepal, the author illustrates these matters with examples taken from the experiences of the Chantyal, Gurung, Magar, and Tamang commu-nities, speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in west-central Nepal.