Suchergebnisse

The African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights (ACtHPR) made history on August 27, 2018. The majority of its judges were female—six of 11, and the first among international courts and tribunals (ICs) to secure sex parity—that is, numerical equality.1 This achievement is even more remarkable given that only 23% of the judges and arbitrators of the ICs are women.2 The milestone also prompts us to consider more closely what considerations of legitimacy entail about the proportion of women international judges. The present composition of ICs is clearly under legal, social, and political control, and ICs have profound effects. The persistent underrepresentation of women is especially striking since not only civil society groups, but also the states who nominate and establish election procedures have agreed several treaties that require or urge a balance of gender representation.3 So it would seem that the parity achieved by the ACtHPR should be applauded. However, that IC may now be even more gender equal than we may have reason to require of a legitimate IC—or so this article argues. A less egalitarian composition within a "parity zone" of approximately 40% of either of the main sexes seems to suffice. The present reflections considers various possible arguments offered concerning the impact of gender inequality on the international bench, drawing in part on studies of domestic judiciaries, as well as on available research and reflections by practitioners and women international judges.4 Several arguments support calls to increase the proportion of female international judges—but how far? Section 2 addresses some background issues: first concerning the terms "feminism," "sex," and "gender," then, the tasks of ICs that should lead us to question the present sex inequality on the international bench.

The elements that influence, according to this paper, the approach to international finance and financial governance is evolving, with significant employ for the EU's ability to implement its preferences globally. It appears that two related factors are driving this transition. First, European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) have recently gained popularity in international financial governance due to its unique incentives, priorities, and capacities. Second, as international financial regulation shifts from standard-setting to operational concerns, administrative organizations such as the ESAs have a greater opportunity to exert control. This article examines the consequences of the existence of a social democratic organizational channel by which the EU can engaged with global finance governance using the European Securities and Markets Authority as a research study. The data based on secondary and data collect from the world development indicators. The results analysis run from the smart PLS software and measure the performance of international finance and fiscal capability in the long run. Results indicate that there is inverse but significant relationship between international finance fiscal capability in the long run. The European Securities and Markets Authority has the best track record of any ESA in the world. It also makes some predictions on how the UK's relationship with international finance, also its governance and the ESAs as global organizations, would be affected by the Brexit decision.

Preliminary Material -- 1 Access -- 2 Jurisdiction -- 3 Governing Instruments -- 4 Procedure: General Aspects -- 5 Institution of Proceedings -- 6 Written Proceedings Stage: The Pleadings -- 7 Oral Proceedings Stage: The Hearings -- 8 Evidence -- 9 Modes of Termination -- 10 The Decision -- 11 Provisional Measures -- 12 Challenges to the Court's Jurisdiction (Preliminary Objections) -- 13 Counter-Claims -- 14 Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute -- 15 Intervention under Article 63 of the Statute -- 16 Interpretation of Judgments -- 17 Revision of Judgments -- 18 Other Litigation Devises: Joinder, Lack of Appearance, Appeals and Remedies -- 19 Litigation Before Chambers -- 20 Litigation in Advisory Proceedings -- List of Boxes -- Appendixes 1 and 2: List of Decisions -- Appendix 1: List of Decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice (1920–1939) -- Index.

To meet collective obligations towards biodiversity conservation and monitoring, it is essential that the world's governments and non-governmental organisations as well as the research community tap all possible sources of data and information, including new, fast-growing sources such as citizen science (CS), in which volunteers participate in some or all aspects of environmental assessments. Through compilation of a database on CS and community-based monitoring (CBM, a subset of CS) programs, we assess where contributions from CS and CBM are significant and where opportunities for growth exist. We use the Essential Biodiversity Variable framework to describe the range of biodiversity data needed to track progress towards global biodiversity targets, and we assess strengths and gaps in geographical and taxonomic coverage. Our results show that existing CS and CBM data particularly provide large-scale data on species distribution and population abundance, species traits such as phenology, and ecosystem function variables such as primary and secondary productivity. Only birds, Lepidoptera and plants are monitored at scale. Most CS schemes are found in Europe, North America, South Africa, India, and Australia. We then explore what can be learned from successful CS/CBM programs that would facilitate the scaling up of current efforts, how existing strengths in data coverage can be better exploited, and the strategies that could maximise the synergies between CS/CBM and other approaches for monitoring biodiversity, in particular from remote sensing. More and better targeted funding will be needed, if CS/CBM programs are to contribute further to international biodiversity monitoring.

To meet collective obligations towards biodiversity conservation and monitoring, it is essential that the world's governments and non-governmental organisations as well as the research community tap all possible sources of data and information, including new, fast-growing sources such as citizen science (CS), in which volunteers participate in some or all aspects of environmental assessments. Through compilation of a database on CS and community-based monitoring (CBM, a subset of CS) programs, we assess where contributions from CS and CBM are significant and where opportunities for growth exist. We use the Essential Biodiversity Variable framework to describe the range of biodiversity data needed to track progress towards global biodiversity targets, and we assess strengths and gaps in geographical and taxonomic coverage. Our results show that existing CS and CBM data particularly provide large-scale data on species distribution and population abundance, species traits such as phenology, and ecosystem function variables such as primary and secondary productivity. Only birds, Lepidoptera and plants are monitored at scale. Most CS schemes are found in Europe, North America, South Africa, India, and Australia. We then explore what can be learned from successful CS/CBM programs that would facilitate the scaling up of current efforts, how existing strengths in data coverage can be better exploited, and the strategies that could maximise the synergies between CS/CBM and other approaches for monitoring biodiversity, in particular from remote sensing. More and better targeted funding will be needed, if CS/CBM programs are to contribute further to international biodiversity monitoring.

To meet collective obligations towards biodiversity conservation and monitoring, it is essential that the world's governments and non-governmental organisations as well as the research community tap all possible sources of data and information, including new, fast-growing sources such as citizen science (CS), in which volunteers participate in some or all aspects of environmental assessments. Through compilation of a database on CS and community-based monitoring (CBM, a subset of CS) programs, we assess where contributions from CS and CBM are significant and where opportunities for growth exist. We use the Essential Biodiversity Variable framework to describe the range of biodiversity data needed to track progress towards global biodiversity targets, and we assess strengths and gaps in geographical and taxonomic coverage. Our results show that existing CS and CBM data particularly provide large-scale data on species distribution and population abundance, species traits such as phenology, and ecosystem function variables such as primary and secondary productivity. Only birds, Lepidoptera and plants are monitored at scale. Most CS schemes are found in Europe, North America, South Africa, India, and Australia. We then explore what can be learned from successful CS/CBM programs that would facilitate the scaling up of current efforts, how existing strengths in data coverage can be better exploited, and the strategies that could maximise the synergies between CS/CBM and other approaches for monitoring biodiversity, in particular from remote sensing. More and better targeted funding will be needed, if CS/CBM programs are to contribute further to international biodiversity monitoring.

Many of the best scholars working in International Relations and Peace Science have employed statistical (e.g., logit/probit) and theoretical models to buttress claims of causally increased or decreased probabilities. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: to display the applicability of the tools of probabilistic causality and statistical explanation to assessing analyses in International Relations and Peace Science, and to assess the status of the claims of causally changed probabilities made in these disciplines. The paper displays the applicability of the relevant tools of probabilistic causality and statistical explanation by examining two remarkably interesting analyses due to Russell Leng and Patrick Regan. The paper concludes that claims of causally changed probabilities commonly made in the International Relations and Peace Science literatures are suspect.

Es wird gezeigt, dass der internationale Terrorismus im Kern eine Bedrohung des Individuums darstellt und dass es die erste Aufgabe des Gemeinwesens ist, den Einzelnen vor solchen Übergriffen zu schützen. Die Freiheit vor Furcht sollte als individuelles Recht auf Sicherheit verstanden werden, das einen Anspruch auf Schutz gegen das Gemeinwesen verbrieft. Die vielfältigen Formen der internationalen Zusammenarbeit bei der Bekämpfung des Terrorismus zeigen, dass die internationale Ordnung ihre Aufgabe, Frieden zu schaffen, längst nicht mehr allein in der Verhütung zwischenstaatlicher militärischer Gewalt sehen kann. Die Bekämpfung von Gewalt, die von nichtstaatlichen Gruppen ausgeht, kann nicht mehr allein den einzelnen souveränen Staaten überlassen bleiben, sondern setzt wegen ihrer transnational angelegten organisatorischen Verflechtung und weltweiten Aktivitäten voraus, dass die Staaten zu einer gemeinsamen Verurteilung solcher Taten kommen und auf dieser Basis gemeinsam handeln. Diese Notwendigkeit zur Zusammenarbeit hat bereits einen Wandel der Grundlagen der internationalen Ordnung bewirkt. (GB)

The contributors analyse the key roles in constructing peaceful international couple relationships and their foreign-policy outcomes, at a time of acute trust deficit in international affairs. They show that to establish prospects of conflict transformation and sustainable international policy cooperation, the most positive long-term impact derives from sub-state intermediary levels and middle-class elites promoting integration through incremental identity-change, rather than from diplomatic engagement between rivals (despite the relevance of leaders embedded in institutional frameworks for facilitating rapprochement). A differentiation approach is applied throughout the volume, revealing the various mechanisms at work, moving from the rationalist to the sociological, from intergovernmental strategic bargaining to societal integration and the construction of new identities below the state-level.