ABSTRACTWomen who work have two roles, namely the role in family and the role in job. Both roles, if not balanced, can cause conflict. This study aims to examine and analyze the role of mediation work family conflict on the influence of emotional intelligence on the performance of female employees. Research type used is descriptive research with quantitative approach, which test the hypothesis using descriptive statistical analysis and path analysis. The study sample comprised 54 female employees who are married and have at least one child. The results show that emotional intelligence variables have a negative and significant effect on work family conflict, emotional intelligence have a positive and significant effect on employee performance, while work family conflict has a negative and significant effect on employee performance.Keywords: work family conflict, emotional intelligence, and employee performance.ReferensiAbassi, M. K., & Nadeem, S. (2017). 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The New Political Economy1 is based on the postulate of homo politicus that Downs (1957) presents as the clone of homo oeconomicus, a rational agent mo- tivated by the maximisation of his material self-interest. Goodin and Roberts (1975) were the first to propose an alternative to the homo politicus postulate by introducing the notion of 'ethical voter' 2. The 'ethical voter' describes a rational agent who is not only motivated by the maximisation of his short term material self-interest but also by the promotion of what he considers as fair for the society as a whole. There have been so far only few attempts to model 'ethical voting'. Most of them liken 'ethical voting' to caring about the well-being of the worst-off when voting (see Snyder and Kramer (1988), Kranich (2001) and Galasso (2003)). Alesina and Angeletos (2005) constitute an exception. Following responsibility-based theories of justice, they assume that individuals share the conviction that one deserves the income on the basis of his skill and effort and that only luck creates unfair differences they are consequently willing to compensate. However, the 'responsibility cut' (Dworkin (1981)) used by Alesina and Angeletos (2005) lacks justification, should one consider the theoretical literature on fair redistribution or the empirical literature on individual opinions on distributive justice. I propose to analyze 'ethical voting' in a more comprehensive way. The thread of this work is a 'fair utility function'. More precisely, I specify in paper 1 a 'fair utility function' to model citizens' trade-off between their self-interest and some of their major concerns for fairness. Paper 2 and paper 3 rely on the 'fair utility function' to study voting behavior over the (re)distribution of economic surpluses in different contexts of democracy4. In paper 2, my coauthor and I compute the politico-economic equilibrium that emerges when citizens are endowed with the 'fair utility function'. We model the institutional setting of a typical Western democracy where political cleavages are mainly income-based. In paper 3, I estimate the 'fair utility function'. I base my estimation on survey data that I collected in an ethnically polarized democracy where political cleavages are mainly ethnic-based. Paper 1 investigates whether concerns for fairness influence the aggregate out- come in real life interactions so that economic analysis should complete the postulate of homo economicus with the postulate of homo ethicus. I conduct a three-step analysis addressing the following research questions: • Which are the main concerns for fairness that individuals are able to show? • Do these concerns for fairness influence the aggregate outcome in the eco- nomic field? • Do these concerns for fairness influence the aggregate outcome in the po- litical field? Based on experimental evidence, I identify three main concerns for fairness likely to influence individual behaviors besides self-interest: utilitarian altru- ism, 'Rawlsian' altruism and desert-sensitivity. Utilitarian altruism consists in maximizing the sum of all utilities. 'Rawlsian' altruism consists in maximizing the utility of the worst-off. Desert-sensitivity consists in weighting one's con- cerns for fairness towards others, should they be utilitarian altruistic concerns or 'Rawlsian' altruistic concerns, depending on these others' deservingness with respect to their responsibility characteristics. I find out that concerns for fairness have no impact on market aggregate out- comes, should I focus on markets involving complete contracts or on markets involving incomplete contracts. I provide evidence that concerns for fairness have a significant impact on po- litical aggregate outcomes. More particularly, concerns for fairness (utilitarian altruism, 'Rawlsian' altruism, and desert-sensitivity) seem to express through citizens' position on a liberalism/conservatism scale which ultimately impacts their voting behavior. However, evidence also shows that ethnic prejudice, an unambiguously unfair motivation, constitutes a serious challenger to individual concerns for fairness, even in the Western democratic context where political parties are officially divided along income-based, not ethnic-based, lines. My findings suggest that economic theory in general (and the New Political Economy in particular) should pay more attention to the modelling of ethical voting behaviors to improve its explanatory and predictive power. I propose a provisional 'fair utility function' to model citizens' trade-off between their self-interest and the three various concerns for fairness which are utilitarian altruism, 'Rawlsian' altruism and desert-sensitivity. • Which is the politico-economic equilibrium emerging in a society where individuals are endowed with the 'fair utility function'? We study a simple voting model where a unidimensional redistributive parame- ter is chosen by majority voting in a direct democracy where political cleavages are income-based. We allow for heterogeneities in productivities and preferences for consumption and leisure and incorporate the incentive effects of taxation. We show that in a society where altruistic preferences are desert-sensitive, (i) strictly lower levels of redistribution emerge in political equilibrium comparedto a society where altruistic preferences are not desert-sensitive and (ii) lower or equal levels of redistribution emerge in political equilibrium compared to a society where preferences for redistribution are purely egoistic. We then investigate the following research question: • Can our theoretical result help explain the differences between the Ameri- can and the European social contract? Using data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 1992 dataset, we provide empirical evidence that: (i) preferences for redistribution are not purely egoistic, (ii) desert-sensitivity induces lower support for redistribution and (iii) differences in desert-sensitivity hold between both continents, inducing lower support for redistribution among Americans compared to Europeans. We see two apparent explanations helping to understand why preferences for re- distribution are more desert-sensitive among individuals in the US than among individuals in Europe (see Alesina et al. (2001) and Alesina and Glaeser (2004) for an extensive discussion). First, the myth of the US being the 'land of op- portunity' greatly entrenched its customs. Meanwhile, European perceptions are influenced by the historical (from medieval times till the nineteenth cen- tury) division of society into classes, where birth and nobility were the main determinants of wealth and success. Second, the American belief of undeserv- ingness of the poor may reflect racial prejudice against the black minority. Poor white voters might reduce their support for redistribution when they believe that poor black citizens also benefit from redistribution (see Luttmer (2001) for strong empirical evidence). Roemer et al. (2007) find out that marginal income taxes would have been much higher when racial prejudice would have been absent. They believe that racial prejudice is the major underlying factor explaining why in the US, while the past twenty years were characterized by a sharp rise in inequality, the effective marginal income taxes have fallen. • In an ethnically polarized country, does aversion towards inter-ethnic in- equity induce citizens to vote for a party promoting an equitable allocation of national resources among ethnic groups?5 or, in other words, Could ethical voting help reduce risks of conflict in ethnically polarized countries? Relying on data collected among students from Addis Ababa University, my answer is threefold. First, I show that aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity significantly lowers university students' temptation to vote for their ethnic party. This finding is encouraging. Under my initial assumption that the degree of ethical concerns of university students constitute an upper bound of the degree of ethical concerns of the average citizen, this finding indeed suggests that ethical concerns could also influence his voting behavior. In other words, nationwide civic education programmes could be a promising conflict-reducing strategy in ethnically po- larized countries. Finkel (2002, 2003) provides evidence that civic education programs have a significant impact on participants' 'political tolerance', while his concept of 'political tolerance' is close to our notion of 'aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity'. Second, I find out that, though significant, the relative impact of ethical concerns is very small in comparison to the impact of ethnic group loyalty, an important determinant of ethnic voting. This finding is discouraging since it suggests that the relative impact of ethical concerns will be even lower across a more representative sample of the Ethiopian population. In other words, the 'return' on nationwide civic education programmes in terms of switch from ethnic voting to ethical voting is expected to be low. Third, I analyse the sociodemographic determinants of university students' aver- sion towards inter-ethnic inequity and ethnic group loyalty. I provide confirma- tion that some specific sociodemographic characteristics significantly (i) increase the degree of aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity and (ii) lower ethnic group loyalty. Those characteristics have in common that they reduce the 'psycholog- ical' distance between ethnic groups, like living in a cosmopolitan city and hav- ing parents belonging to different ethnic groups (see Atchade and Wantchekon (2006) for a first evidence). Besides, I find that ethnic group loyalty is par- ticularly strong among ethnic groups experiencing a severe level of grievance. Finally, evidence shows that aversion towards inter-ethnic inequity depends pos- itively on the income of the household in which the respondent grew up in. ; La politique de la Nouvelle Economy1 est basée sur le postulat de l'homo politicus qui Downs (1957) présente comme le clone de l'homo oeconomicus, un agent rationnel mo- tivé par la maximisation de son intérêt matériel. Goodin et Roberts (1975) ont été les premiers à proposer une alternative à l'homo politicus postulat en introduisant la notion de «électeur éthique» 2. Le «éthiques des électeurs »désigne un agent rationnel qui n'est pas seulement motivé par la maximisation de son matériel à court terme l'intérêt mais aussi par la promotion de ce qu'il considère comme équitable pour la société dans son ensemble. Il ya eu jusqu'ici que peu de tentatives pour le modèle «vote éthique». La plupart d'entre eux vote éthiques assimiler »pour veiller au bien-être des plus démunis au moment de voter (Voir Snyder et Kramer (1988), Kranich (2001) et Galasso (2003)). Alesina et Angeletos (2005) constituent une exception. À la suite de la responsabilité fondée sur théories de la justice, ils supposent que les individus partagent la conviction que l'on mérite le revenu, sur la base de ses compétences et de l'effort et que la chance ne crée différences injustes, ils sont donc prêts à compenser. Toutefois, le «Couper la responsabilité» (Dworkin (1981)) utilisé par Alesina et Angeletos (2005) n'a pas justification, doit-on considérer la littérature théorique sur la redistribution équitable ou la littérature empirique sur les opinions individuelles sur la justice distributive. Je me propose d'analyser «vote éthique» d'une manière plus globale. Le fil de ce travail est une «fonction d'utilité équitable». Plus précisément, je précise en papier 1 une «fonction d'utilité équitable» au modèle des citoyens compromis entre leur intérêt personnel et certaines de leurs préoccupations majeures pour l'équité. Livre 2 et document 3 compter sur la «fonction d'utilité équitable» pour étudier le comportement des électeurs au cours de la (re) distribution des excédents économiques dans différents contextes de democracy4. Dans le document 2, mon coauteur et je calculer l'équilibre politico-économique qui émerge quand les citoyens sont dotés de la «fonction d'utilité équitable». Nous modélisons les institutionnels création d'une démocratie occidentale typique où les clivages politiques sont principalement fondée sur le revenu. Dans le document 3, je estimer la «fonction d'utilité équitable». Je me base estimation des données d'enquête que j'ai pu recueillir dans une démocratie ethniquement polarisés où les clivages politiques sont principalement fondées sur l'ethnie. Document 1 cherche à savoir si les préoccupations d'équité pour l'influence sur l'ensemble- viennent dans les interactions réelles de sorte que l'analyse économique devrait compléter le postulat de l'homo economicus avec le postulat de l'homo ETHICUS. -Je effectuer une analyse en trois étapes l'étude des questions suivantes: • Quelles sont les principales préoccupations d'équité que les individus sont en mesure de spectacle? • Ne ces préoccupations pour l'équité influence le résultat global de l'éco- domaine économique? • Ne ces préoccupations pour l'équité influence le résultat global de la po- litical domaine? Sur la base de données expérimentales, je identifier trois principales préoccupations pour l'équité susceptibles d'influencer les comportements individuels en plus de l'intérêt: utilitaire ALTRU- ISM, «l'altruisme rawlsienne et désert sensibilité. l'altruisme utilitariste consiste à maximiser la somme de tous les services publics. «Altruisme rawlsienne» consiste à maximiser l'utilité des plus démunis. Desert sensibilité consiste en un coefficient de con- préoccupations d'équité envers les autres, devraient-ils être utilitaires préoccupations altruistes ou «préoccupations altruistes rawlsienne», selon le caractère méritoire de ces autres avec fonction de leurs caractéristiques responsabilité. Je trouve que les préoccupations d'équité n'ont pas d'impact sur le marché global hors vient, dois-je mettre l'accent sur les marchés portant sur des contrats complets ou sur les marchés impliquant des contrats incomplets. Je fournis des éléments de preuve que les préoccupations d'équité ont un impact significatif sur le Po- litical résultats globaux. Plus particulièrement, les préoccupations d'équité (utilitaires l'altruisme, «l'altruisme rawlsienne», et le désert de sensibilité) semblent exprimer à travers citoyens position sur une échelle de libéralisme conservatisme qui a un impact à terme leur comportement de vote. Toutefois, la preuve montre également que les préjugés ethniques, une ambiguïté déloyale motivation, constitue un concurrent sérieux aux préoccupations individuelles pour l'équité, même dans le contexte occidental de démocratie où les partis politiques sont officiellement répartis le long de revenus, pas à base ethnique, des lignes. Mes résultats suggèrent que la théorie économique en général (et les nouveaux enjeux politiques Économie en particulier) devrait accorder plus d'attention à la modélisation de l'éthique les comportements de vote pour améliorer sa capacité explicative et prédictive. Je propose à titre provisoire «fonction d'utilité équitable» au modèle des citoyens compromis entre leurs l'intérêt et les trois différentes préoccupations d'équité qui sont utilitaires l'altruisme, «l'altruisme rawlsienne et désert sensibilité. • Quel est l'équilibre politico-économique émergent dans une société où les individus sont dotés de la «fonction d'utilité équitable»? Nous étudions un modèle simple de vote où une redistribution unidimensionnelle para- ter est choisi par vote à la majorité dans une démocratie directe où les clivages politiques sont fondées sur le revenu. Nous tenons compte de l'hétérogénéité dans les préférences et les productivités à la consommation et de loisirs et d'intégrer les effets incitatifs de la fiscalité. Nous montrons que dans une société où les préférences altruistes sont désertiques sensibles, (i) strictement niveaux inférieurs de la redistribution émerger dans comparedto équilibre politique d'une société où les préférences ne sont pas altruistes désert sensibles et (ii) inférieur à ou des niveaux équivalents de redistribution émerger dans l'équilibre politique par rapport à un société où les préférences pour la redistribution sont purement égoïstes. Nous avons ensuite étudier la question de recherche suivante: • Peut notre résultat théorique aider à expliquer les différences entre les Améri- peut et du contrat social européen? En utilisant les données de l'International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 1992 dataset, nous fournir des preuves empiriques que: (i) les préférences pour la redistribution ne sont pas purement égoïste, (ii) du désert sensibilité induit support inférieur pour la redistribution et (iii) les différences dans le désert sensibilité tenir entre les deux continents, induisant support inférieur pour la redistribution entre les Américains contre les Européens. Nous voir deux explications apparentes aide à comprendre pourquoi les préférences pour les re- de distribution sont plus sensibles du désert entre les individus aux États-Unis que chez personnes en Europe (voir Alesina et al. (2001) et Alesina et Glaeser (2004) pour une discussion approfondie). Tout d'abord, le mythe des Etats-Unis étant le "pays de l'op- portunity «fortement enracinées ses coutumes. Pendant ce temps, les perceptions européennes sont influencés par les historiques (de l'époque médiévale jusqu'à la dix-neuvième de la CEN- siècle), une division de la société en classes, où la naissance et la noblesse ont été les principaux déterminants de la richesse et de succès. Deuxièmement, la croyance américaine de undeserv- disponibilité manifestée des pauvres peuvent refléter les préjugés raciaux contre la minorité noire. Pauvres électeurs blancs pourraient réduire leur soutien à la redistribution quand ils croient que les pauvres citoyens noirs aussi profiter de la redistribution (voir Luttmer (2001) pour de solides preuves empiriques). Roemer et al. (2007) constatent que marginal impôt sur le revenu aurait été beaucoup plus élevé lorsque les préjugés raciaux aurait été absent. Ils croient que les préjugés raciaux est le principal facteur qui sous-tendent expliquant pourquoi les États-Unis, tandis que les vingt dernières années ont été caractérisées par une forte hausse des inégalités, les impôts en vigueur du revenu marginal ont chuté. • Dans un pays ethniquement polarisés, ne aversion envers inter-ethniques en l'équité amener les citoyens à voter pour un parti de promouvoir une répartition équitable des ressources nationales entre les groupes ethniques? 5 ou, en d'autres termes, Pourriez vote éthiques aider à réduire les risques de conflit dans des environnements ethniquement polarisés pays? S'appuyant sur des données recueillies auprès des étudiants de l'Université d'Addis-Abeba, mon réponse est triple. Tout d'abord, je montre que l'aversion envers l'inégalité inter-ethniques réduit considérablement la tentation des étudiants universitaires à voter pour leur parti ethnique. Cette constatation est encourageant. Sous mon hypothèse de départ que le degré de préoccupations éthiques des étudiants constituent une limite supérieure du degré de préoccupations d'ordre éthique du citoyen moyen, cette constatation suggère en effet que les préoccupations éthiques pourraient également influer sur son comportement de vote. En d'autres termes, l'éducation civique à l'échelle nationale programmes pourraient être une stratégie prometteuse de réduction des conflits dans des environnements ethniquement po- tif pays. Finkel (2002, 2003) fournit la preuve que l'éducation civique programmes ont un impact significatif sur la tolérance des participants «politique», tandis que son concept de «tolérance politique» est proche de notre notion de «aversion envers l'inégalité inter-ethnique ». Deuxièmement, je trouve que, bien que significative, l'impact relatif des préoccupations d'ordre éthique est très faible par rapport à l'impact de la loyauté envers le groupe ethnique, un important facteur déterminant du vote ethnique. Ce résultat est décourageant, car elle suggère que l'impact relatif des préoccupations d'ordre éthique sera encore plus faible sur une plus échantillon représentatif de la population éthiopienne. En d'autres termes, le «retour» sur les programmes d'éducation civique à l'échelle nationale en termes de passage du vote ethnique au vote à l'éthique devrait être faible. Troisièmement, je analyser les déterminants socio-démographiques des étudiants de l'Université moyenne- sion vers l'inégalité inter-ethnique et loyauté envers le groupe ethnique. Je fournis des confir- tion que certaines caractéristiques socio-démographiques spécifiques de façon significative (i) augmenter le degré d'aversion pour l'inégalité inter-ethnique et (ii) inférieur à un groupe ethnique fidélité. Ces caractéristiques ont en commun qu'elles réduisent la «psycholo- iCal «distance entre les groupes ethniques, comme vivre dans une ville cosmopolite et HAV- ING parents appartenant à différents groupes ethniques (voir Atchade et Wantchekon (2006) pour une première preuve). D'ailleurs, je trouve que la fidélité groupe ethnique est par- particulièrement forte parmi les groupes ethniques connaît un niveau sévère de grief. Enfin, il est prouvé que l'aversion envers l'inégalité inter-ethnique dépend pos- itively sur le revenu du ménage dans lequel le répondant a grandi po
The article deals with the most important factors which shape challenges for educational policy and directions of its reformation in transnational educational space. In context of global society formation educational policies of developed countries demonstrates experiences of development and implementation of transversal (transferable, transcultural) competencies as key competencies of the 21st century in order to generate collective nous, peace, social justice and sustainable economic development. As one of the main goals of key competencies development considered promotion lifelong learning; It emphasizes the need for situational, contextualize, projective teaching and constructivist approaches. Particular attention is paid to analysis of key competencies in the trans-European educational space, of transferable competencies as US educational strategy and transversal competencies as the strategies proposed by UNESCO. ; В статті розглядаються найбільш значимі фактори, що формують виклики для освітньої політики, та напрями її реформування у транснаціональному освітньому просторі. В контексті становлення глобального суспільства з метою генерування колективного розуму, досягнення миру, соціальної справедливості і стійкого економічного розвитку освітня політика розвинених країн демонструє досвід розвитку та імплементації трансверсальних (трансферабельних, транскультурних) компетенцій як ключових для 21 століття. Як одна із цілей розвитку ключових компетенцій розглядається сприяння безперервному навчанню; підкреслюється необхідність ситуативного, контекстуалізованого, проективного навчання та конструктивістських підходів. Особлива увага приділяється аналізу ключових компетенцій в транс-європейському освітньому просторі, трансферабельних компетенцій як освітньої стратегії США та трансверсальних компетенцій як стратегій, запропонованих ЮНЕСКО. Вольфганг В. (2004). Наш постмодерний модерн. Переклад з нім. А.Л.Богачова, М.Д.Култаєвої, Л.А.Ситніченко. К.: Альтерпрес. Горбунова Л.(2007). Складне мислення як відповідь на виклик епохи. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1 (6), 40-55. Горбунова Л. (2008). Номадизм як спосіб мислення та освітня стратегія. Стаття І. Онтологічні засади номадичного мислення. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1-2 (7), 45-60. Горбунова Л. (2010). Номадизм як спосіб мислення та освітня стратегія. Стаття ІІ. Концепти та метафори. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1-2 (9), 103-114. Горбунова Л. (2011). Номадизм як спосіб мислення та освітня стратегія. Стаття ІІІ. Епістемологічна позиція. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1-2 (10), 17-34. Горбунова Л. (2012). Мислення у світі плюральності: проект трансверсального розуму В Вельша. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1-2 (11), 92-110. Горбунова Л. (2013). Феномен навчання у світлі комунікативної філософії Ю. Габермаса. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 1 (12), 88-118. Горбунова Л. (2013). Теорія трансформативного навчання: освіта для дорослих в умовах «плинної сучасності». Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, 2 (13), 66-114. Allan, J. (2011). Responsibly Competent: teaching, ethics and diversity. Policy Futures in Education, 9(1), 130-137. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Pscyhology, 52, 1–26. Boaler, J. (2002). Learning from teaching: Exploring the relationship between reform curriculum and equity. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 33(4), 239–258. Boud, D. & Feletti, G. (1991). The challenge of problem-based learning. London: Kogan Page. Bransford, J. D. & Schwartz, D. L. (1999). Rethinking Transfer: A Simple Proposal with Multiple Implications. Review of Research in Education, 24, 61-100. Dabrowski, M. & Wisniewski, J. (2011). Translating Key Competences into the School Curriculum: lessons from the Polish experience. European Journal of Education, 46(3), 323-334. Delors, J. (ed.)(1996). Learning – The Treasure within. Paris: UNESCO. Duckworth, A. L., & Kern, M. L. (2011). A meta-analysis of the convergent validity of selfcontrol measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 259–268. Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century (2012). Committee on Defining Deeper Learning and 21st Century Skills, J.W. Pellegrino and M.L. Hilton, Editors. Board on Testing and Assessment and Board on Science Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington , THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS, Printed in the United States of America. URL:www.nap.edu/catalog/13398/education-for-life-and-work-developing-transferable-knowledge-and-skills Gardner, H. (2011). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. URL: https://www.amazon.com/Frames-Mind-Theory-Multiple-Intelligences/dp/0465024335 Goode, J. & Margolis, J. (2011). Exploring Computer Science: A Case Study of School Reform. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 11(2), 12:1-12:16 Gordon,J.,Halasz,G., Krawczyk,M., Leney,T., Michel,A., Pepper,D., Putkiewicz,E., Wiśniewski, J. (Project Coordinator) (2009). Key competences in Europe: opening doors for lifelong learner across the school curriculum and teacher education. Center for Social and Economic Research. CASE Network Reports, 87, Warsaw. Gordon, J., Rey, O., Siewiorek, A., Vivitsou, M., & von Reis Saari, J. (2012). KeyCoNet. Literature Review: Key competence development in school education in Europe. 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Educational Studies in Mathematics, 63(2), 149–164. New Skills for New Jobs (2010). Action Now. A report by the Expert Group on New Skills for New Jobs prepared for the European Commission. URL:file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/New_Skills_150dpi_100125.pdf Definition and Selection of Key Competencies: Executive Summary (DeSeCo) (2005). Organization for Economic and Co-operative Development. URL:http://www.oecd.org/pisa/35070367.pdf. OJEU (2006). Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 on key competences for lifelong learning (OJEU L 394 of 30.12.2006) Pepper, D. (2011). Assessing Key Competences across the Curriculum and Europe. European Journal of Education, 46(3), 335-354. Ravitz, J., Hixson, N., English, M., & Mergendoller, J. (2012). Using project based learning to teach 21st century skills: Findings from a statewide initiative. Paper presented at Annual Meetings of the American Educational Research Association. Vancouver, BC. April 16. Rychen, S. & Salganick, L. (2003) A holistic model of competence. In: Rychen, S. & Salagnick, L. (Eds.) Key competencies for a successful life and a wellfunctioning society. Gottingen, Hogrefe & Huber, 41-62. Schrag, C.O. (1989). Rationality between modernity and postmodernity. In: S.K. White (ed). Life-World and Politics: between modernity and postmodernity: Essays in Honor of Fred R. Dallmayr. Notre Dame, Indiana, 81–106. Schrag, C.O. (1997).The Self after Postmodernity. New Haven. Suchman, L. (1987). Plans and situated actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication. NY: Cambridge University Press. Tiana, A., Moya, J. & Luengo, F. (2011). Implementing Key Competences in Basic. Education: reflections on curriculum design and development in Spain. European Journal of Education, 46(3), 307-322. Varis T., (2011). Towards global education: The need for the 21st century literacies. Finland World Universities Forum from 14-16 January, at the Hong Kong Institute of Education. URL: http://gu.friends-partners.org/Global_University/Global%20University%20System/List%20Distributions/2011/MTI2215_20110108/T.Varis%20Hong%20Kong%202011.pdf Wagner, T. (2010). The Global Achievement Gap. NY: Basoc Books. Wagner, T. (2012). Creating innovators: the making of young people who will change the world. NY: Scribner. Weinert, F. E. (2001). Concept of Competence: a conceptual clarification. In: D.S. Rychen& L.H. Salganik (Eds). Defining and Selecting Key Competencies. Seattle: Hogrefe& Huber. Welsch, W. (1998). Philosophy: specific origin and universal aspirations (traditional, modern, future). Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Boston, Roundtable "Internationalism in Philosophy", 10-16 August 10th. URL: http://www2.uni-jena.de/welsch/papers/W_Welsch_Specific_Origin.html Welsch, W. (2003). Reason and Transition. On the Concept of Transversal Reason. 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The notion of phraseology is now used across a wide range of linguistic disciplines: Phraseology (proper), Corpus Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics, Cognitive Linguistics, Computational Linguistics. It is, however, conspicuously absent from most studies in the area of Translation Studies (e.g. Delisle 2003, Baker & Saldanha 2011). The paradox is that many practical difficulties encountered by translators and interpreters are directly related to phraseology in the broad sense (Colson 2008, 2013), and this can most clearly be seen in the failure of SMT-models (statistical machine translation) to deal efficiently with the translation of set phrases (used here as a generic term for all categories of phraseological constructions, from collocations to proverbs). Although corpus-based and computational phraseology still need to be clearly delineated from other concurrent disciplines, a possible way of narrowing the gap between phraseology and translation studies is proposed here: the recourse to experiments involving on the one hand set phrases and, on the other, evidence from parallel translation corpora or SMT-machines such as Google Translate. We will argue that both phraseology and translation studies have much to gain from this cross fertilisation, because both disciplines are regularly criticised for their lack of coherent terminological description and for the insufficient number of reproducible experiments they involve. The aim of this paper is not to draw up an exhaustive list of the possible experiments showing the interweaving of phraseology and translation studies, but to propose directions for future research involving a number of key issues that are posed by phraseology and are illustrated by translation practice. A first series of experiments relating to this subject matter concerns the problems posed by phraseology to human translation. Decoding phraseology in the source text is far from easy for translators and interpreters, all the more so as they are usually not native speakers of the source language. Also, finding a natural formulation in the target language and avoiding translationese requires an excellent mastery of the phraseology of the target language. I will argue that experiments with translation corpora may precisely shed some light on some crucial notions of phraseology and of translation studies. Experiments have shown that translation errors due to phraseology are legion in many translation corpora, even in the official translations of the European Union. A contribution of corpus-based phraseology would therefore consist in making human translators aware of the pitfalls of phraseology in the source text. Even experienced professionals sometimes fail to detect the fixed or semi-fixed character of a source text construction. Experiments along these lines should therefore also include the creation of large, multilingual phraseological databases, which brings us back to two serious shortcomings of computational phraseology: 1. There is no universally accepted algorithm for the automatic extraction of phraseology, especially not for ngrams larger than bigrams. 2. There is no consensus as to the proportion of set phrases in relation with the rest of the vocabulary: according to Jackendoff (1995), there are about as many fixed expressions as there are single words in the dictionary, but others (such as Mel'čuk 1995) hold the view that fixed expressions far outnumber single words. I will argue in that respect that algorithms derived from text mining and information retrieval techniques (Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto 1999) can be efficient and (computationally) cost-effective in order to build up unfiltered collections of recurrent fixed or semi-fixed phrases, from which translators could gain information about the number of set phrases in the source text. Such an algorithm has been proposed in Colson (2014), and a provisional database of about 700,000 English set phrases (tokens) has been assembled, which seems to confirm that Jackendoff's view about the total number of fixed expressions was not correct. A second series of experiments that would turn out to be profitable to a better theoretical understanding of both phraseology and translation studies, has to do with the specific problems posed by phraseology to automatic translation. Phraseology has only recently been identified as one of the main sources of errors in automatic translation systems, including the most recent SMT-systems (Monti, Mitkov, Corpas Pastor & Seretan 2013). I will however point out that the theoretical underpinnings of phraseology are at stake in order to provide a coherent explanation for the serious shortcomings in the automatic translation of sentences containing phraseology. The crux of the matter seems to be the complex interplay between association and frequency in fixed expressions. Recent evidence shows that, contrary to what is assumed by most statistical scores, there should be no relationship between the statistical association of the grams constituting a set phrase, and its frequency in a huge corpus. The countless examples of wrong translations of phraseologically rich sentences by Google Translate, for instance, all point to the fundamentally wrong way in which ngrams were traced down, namely by giving the highest priority to frequency. Further experimentation should also shed some light on the overall statistical distribution of set phrases in large corpora. The well-know zipfian distribution of words in a corpus poses theoretical problems as far as phraseology is concerned. Corpus-based studies (Baroni 2008) indicate that the distribution of ngrams themselves may display a Zipf-Mandelbrot curve. This is an important theoretical challenge to the theory of phraseology and also to semantics, having therefore consequences on the way meaning may be expressed in different languages and be adequately translated from one language into another. I will point out that a general theory of phraseology, as outlined by Mejri (2006), may offer a new insight into the statistical underpinnings of both morpheme associations (in words) and of word association (in set phrases). References Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto (1999). Modern Information Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, Addison Wesley. Baker, M. & G. Saldanha (eds.) (2011). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge. Baroni, M. (2008). Distributions in text. In: A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö, (eds.), Corpus linguistics. An international handbook. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 803-821. Baroni, M., Bernardini, S., Ferraresi, A. & E. Zanchetta. (2009). The WaCky Wide Web: A collection of very large linguistically processed Web-crawled corpora. Journal of Language Resources and Evaluation, 43, p. 209-226. Colson, J.-P. (2008). Cross-linguistic phraseological studies: An overview. In: Granger, S. & F. Meunier (eds.), Phraseology. An interdisciplinary perspective. John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, p. 191-206. Colson, J.-P. (2010a). The Contribution of Web-based Corpus Linguistics to a Global Theory of Phraseology. In: Ptashnyk, S., Hallsteindóttir, E. & N. Bubenhofer (eds.), Corpora, Web and Databases. Computer-Based Methods in Modern Phraselogy and Lexicography. Hohengehren, Schneider Verlag, p. 23-35. Colson, J.-P. (2010b). Automatic extraction of collocations: a new Web-based method. In: S. Bolasco, S., Chiari, I. & L. Giuliano, Proceedings of JADT 2010,Statistical Analysis of Textual Data, Sapienza University of Rome, 9-11 June 2010. Milan, LED Edizioni, p. 397-408. Colson, J.-P. (2013). Pratique traduisante et idiomaticité : l'importance des structures semi-figées. In : Mogorrón Huerta, P., Gallego Hernández, D., Masseau, P. & Tolosa Igualada, M. (eds.), Fraseología, Opacidad y Traduccíon. Studien zur romanischen Sprachwissenschaft und interkulturellen Kommunikation (Herausgegeben von Gerd Wotjak). Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, p. 207-218. Colson, J.-P. (2014). Set phrases around globalization : an experiment in corpus-based computational phraseology. Paper presented at CILC 2014, 6th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 22-24 May 2014. Corpas Pastor, G. (2013). Detección, descripción y contraste de las unidades fraseológicas mediante tecnologías lingüísticas. In Olza, I. & R. Elvira Manero (eds.) Fraseopragmática. Berlin: Frank & Timme, p. 335-373. Delisle, J. (2003). La traduction raisonnée. Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa. Jackendoff, R. (1995). The boundaries of the lexicon. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 133-165. Mejri, S. (2006). Polylexicalité, monolexicalité et double articulation. Cahiers de Lexicologie, 2 :209-221. Mel'čuk, I. 1995. Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 167-232. Monti, J., Mitkov, R., Corpas Pastor, G. & V. Seretan (eds) (2013). Workshop Proceedings: Multi-word units in machine translation and translation technologies, Nice 14th Machine Translation Summit.
The notion of phraseology is now used across a wide range of linguistic disciplines: Phraseology (proper), Corpus Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics, Cognitive Linguistics, Computational Linguistics. It is, however, conspicuously absent from most studies in the area of Translation Studies (e.g. Delisle 2003, Baker & Saldanha 2011). The paradox is that many practical difficulties encountered by translators and interpreters are directly related to phraseology in the broad sense (Colson 2008, 2013), and this can most clearly be seen in the failure of SMT-models (statistical machine translation) to deal efficiently with the translation of set phrases (used here as a generic term for all categories of phraseological constructions, from collocations to proverbs). Although corpus-based and computational phraseology still need to be clearly delineated from other concurrent disciplines, a possible way of narrowing the gap between phraseology and translation studies is proposed here: the recourse to experiments involving on the one hand set phrases and, on the other, evidence from parallel translation corpora or SMT-machines such as Google Translate. We will argue that both phraseology and translation studies have much to gain from this cross fertilisation, because both disciplines are regularly criticised for their lack of coherent terminological description and for the insufficient number of reproducible experiments they involve. The aim of this paper is not to draw up an exhaustive list of the possible experiments showing the interweaving of phraseology and translation studies, but to propose directions for future research involving a number of key issues that are posed by phraseology and are illustrated by translation practice. A first series of experiments relating to this subject matter concerns the problems posed by phraseology to human translation. Decoding phraseology in the source text is far from easy for translators and interpreters, all the more so as they are usually not native speakers of the source language. Also, finding a natural formulation in the target language and avoiding translationese requires an excellent mastery of the phraseology of the target language. I will argue that experiments with translation corpora may precisely shed some light on some crucial notions of phraseology and of translation studies. Experiments have shown that translation errors due to phraseology are legion in many translation corpora, even in the official translations of the European Union. A contribution of corpus-based phraseology would therefore consist in making human translators aware of the pitfalls of phraseology in the source text. Even experienced professionals sometimes fail to detect the fixed or semi-fixed character of a source text construction. Experiments along these lines should therefore also include the creation of large, multilingual phraseological databases, which brings us back to two serious shortcomings of computational phraseology: 1. There is no universally accepted algorithm for the automatic extraction of phraseology, especially not for ngrams larger than bigrams. 2. There is no consensus as to the proportion of set phrases in relation with the rest of the vocabulary: according to Jackendoff (1995), there are about as many fixed expressions as there are single words in the dictionary, but others (such as Mel'čuk 1995) hold the view that fixed expressions far outnumber single words. I will argue in that respect that algorithms derived from text mining and information retrieval techniques (Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto 1999) can be efficient and (computationally) cost-effective in order to build up unfiltered collections of recurrent fixed or semi-fixed phrases, from which translators could gain information about the number of set phrases in the source text. Such an algorithm has been proposed in Colson (2014), and a provisional database of about 700,000 English set phrases (tokens) has been assembled, which seems to confirm that Jackendoff's view about the total number of fixed expressions was not correct. A second series of experiments that would turn out to be profitable to a better theoretical understanding of both phraseology and translation studies, has to do with the specific problems posed by phraseology to automatic translation. Phraseology has only recently been identified as one of the main sources of errors in automatic translation systems, including the most recent SMT-systems (Monti, Mitkov, Corpas Pastor & Seretan 2013). I will however point out that the theoretical underpinnings of phraseology are at stake in order to provide a coherent explanation for the serious shortcomings in the automatic translation of sentences containing phraseology. The crux of the matter seems to be the complex interplay between association and frequency in fixed expressions. Recent evidence shows that, contrary to what is assumed by most statistical scores, there should be no relationship between the statistical association of the grams constituting a set phrase, and its frequency in a huge corpus. The countless examples of wrong translations of phraseologically rich sentences by Google Translate, for instance, all point to the fundamentally wrong way in which ngrams were traced down, namely by giving the highest priority to frequency. Further experimentation should also shed some light on the overall statistical distribution of set phrases in large corpora. The well-know zipfian distribution of words in a corpus poses theoretical problems as far as phraseology is concerned. Corpus-based studies (Baroni 2008) indicate that the distribution of ngrams themselves may display a Zipf-Mandelbrot curve. This is an important theoretical challenge to the theory of phraseology and also to semantics, having therefore consequences on the way meaning may be expressed in different languages and be adequately translated from one language into another. I will point out that a general theory of phraseology, as outlined by Mejri (2006), may offer a new insight into the statistical underpinnings of both morpheme associations (in words) and of word association (in set phrases). References Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto (1999). Modern Information Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, Addison Wesley. Baker, M. & G. Saldanha (eds.) (2011). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge. Baroni, M. (2008). Distributions in text. In: A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö, (eds.), Corpus linguistics. An international handbook. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 803-821. Baroni, M., Bernardini, S., Ferraresi, A. & E. Zanchetta. (2009). The WaCky Wide Web: A collection of very large linguistically processed Web-crawled corpora. Journal of Language Resources and Evaluation, 43, p. 209-226. Colson, J.-P. (2008). Cross-linguistic phraseological studies: An overview. In: Granger, S. & F. Meunier (eds.), Phraseology. An interdisciplinary perspective. John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, p. 191-206. Colson, J.-P. (2010a). The Contribution of Web-based Corpus Linguistics to a Global Theory of Phraseology. In: Ptashnyk, S., Hallsteindóttir, E. & N. Bubenhofer (eds.), Corpora, Web and Databases. Computer-Based Methods in Modern Phraselogy and Lexicography. Hohengehren, Schneider Verlag, p. 23-35. Colson, J.-P. (2010b). Automatic extraction of collocations: a new Web-based method. In: S. Bolasco, S., Chiari, I. & L. Giuliano, Proceedings of JADT 2010,Statistical Analysis of Textual Data, Sapienza University of Rome, 9-11 June 2010. Milan, LED Edizioni, p. 397-408. Colson, J.-P. (2013). Pratique traduisante et idiomaticité : l'importance des structures semi-figées. In : Mogorrón Huerta, P., Gallego Hernández, D., Masseau, P. & Tolosa Igualada, M. (eds.), Fraseología, Opacidad y Traduccíon. Studien zur romanischen Sprachwissenschaft und interkulturellen Kommunikation (Herausgegeben von Gerd Wotjak). Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, p. 207-218. Colson, J.-P. (2014). Set phrases around globalization : an experiment in corpus-based computational phraseology. Paper presented at CILC 2014, 6th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 22-24 May 2014. Corpas Pastor, G. (2013). Detección, descripción y contraste de las unidades fraseológicas mediante tecnologías lingüísticas. In Olza, I. & R. Elvira Manero (eds.) Fraseopragmática. Berlin: Frank & Timme, p. 335-373. Delisle, J. (2003). La traduction raisonnée. Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa. Jackendoff, R. (1995). The boundaries of the lexicon. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 133-165. Mejri, S. (2006). Polylexicalité, monolexicalité et double articulation. Cahiers de Lexicologie, 2 :209-221. Mel'čuk, I. 1995. Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 167-232. Monti, J., Mitkov, R., Corpas Pastor, G. & V. Seretan (eds) (2013). Workshop Proceedings: Multi-word units in machine translation and translation technologies, Nice 14th Machine Translation Summit.
What role does trade play in international technology transfer? Do technologies introduced by multinational firms diffuse to local firms? What kinds of policies have proved successful in encouraging technology absorption from abroad and why? Using these questions as motivation, this article surveys the recent trade literature on international technology transfer, paying particular attention to the role of foreign direct investment. The literature argues that trade necessarily encourages growth only if knowledge spillovers are international in scope. Empirical evidence on the scope of knowledge spillovers (national versus international) is ambiguous. Several recent empirical plant-level studies have questioned earlier studies that argued that foreign direct investment has a positive impact on the productivity of local firms. Yet at the aggregate level, evidence supports the view that foreign direct investment has a positive effect on economic growth in the host country.
10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 1/6 PROFESSOR ASAO INOUE SELECTED FOR TOP TEACHINGAWARD Home | PRESS RELEASES | Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award Previous Next Professor Asao Inoue, an associate professor of English, has beenawarded the top teaching honor at Fresno State. William A. Covino, provost and vice president for Academic Aairs, namedInoue as recipient of the 2012 Excellence in Teaching Award. The Provost's Awards announced Tuesday, May 1, also honored: Amanda Adams, assistant professor of Psychology, recipient of theFaculty Service Award Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval, professor of Modern and ClassicalLanguages, Gradvuate Teaching and Mentoring Award William Bommer, professor of Management, Research, Scholarshipand Creative Accomplishment Award Bryan Berrett, associate professor of Communicative Disorders andDeaf Studies, Technology in Education Award. Search . SECTIONS ACADEMICS CAMPUS &COMMUNITY RESEARCH ALUMNI PRESS RELEASES FEATURED VIDEOS NEWS SOURCES Fresno StateMagazine CommunityNewsletter Fresno State The Collegian Bulldog Blog ACADEMICS CAMPUS & COMMUNITY RESEARCH ALUMNI ATHLETICS FEATURED VIDEOS ABOUT PRESS RELEASES MEDIA GUIDE ARCHIVES10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 2/6 Four faculty members received the Promising New Faculty award,recognizing exemplary achievements in teaching, research/creativeactivities and/or service among nontenured, tenure-track faculty. Thehonorees are: Juan-Carlos Gonzalez, assistant professor of Educational Researchand Administration. Elizabeth Payne, assistant professor of Theatre Arts. Jason Bush, assistant professor of Biology. Kim Youngwook, assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering. Asao Inoue , associate professor of English, receives the Excellence inTeaching Award. He has been at Fresno State since 2007. He approachesthe challenge of teaching high-level writing skills with an innovativepedagogy that emphasizes students' roles in their own education. Hefrequently asks students to evaluate and challenge traditionalinstructional environments and to examine alterna tive teaching methodsthat foster greater individual success. One important aspect of histeaching philosophy is getting students to talk about their writing inrhetorical and reexive ways. Inoue's on-campus service includes work asorganizer and facilitator for the Symposium on Remediation in Englishand as a committee member for the Improving Student Writing Initiative,Criterion As sessment Committee. His community service includes work ascurriculum designer, teacher, and program assessment coordinator forUniversity 20 (Academic Reading course), Summer Bridge Program, andthe Educational Opportunity Program. He has active memberships in theCon ference on College Composition and Communication, NationalCouncil of Teachers of English, Asian American Studies Association,Rhetoric Society of America, and Council of Writing ProgramAdministrators. In 2000, he received the Faculty Development SeminarAward. His national hon ors and awards include the Ford FoundationPredoctoral Fellowship for Minorities in 2003. Amanda Adams , assistant professor of Psychology, receives the FacultyService Award. She has been at Fresno State since 2006. Her passion forhelping families who have children with autism drives her to createopportunities for students' development, both as practitioners of appliedbehavior analysis and as researchers that disseminate new knowledge.She has worked tirelessly to develop and secure support for the CentralCalifornia Autism Center (CCAC) on campus. The center pro videsopportunities for students to learn to apply Applied Behavior Analysisprinciples, conduct research, and learn important professional skills.Adams provides important service to the local community by educatingpractitioners who treat autism, families who are aected by autism, andpolicy makers who develop programs and provide nancial support fortreating autism. For four years, she has worked with students to plan and Go Bulldogs Videos Social MediaDirectory 10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 3/6 implement Autism Awareness Field Day. She is involved in otherawareness/fundraising events, including the CCAC Gala Fundraiser andannual golf tournament. She is a member of the California Chapter of theAssociation for Applied Behav ior Analysis and received the Provost'sAward for Promising New Faculty in 2009. Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval , professor of Modern and Classical Languagesand Literatures, receives the Graduate Teaching and Mentoring Award. Hehas been at Fresno State since 2000 and has a well-established record ofexceptional graduate teaching. Jiménez-Sandoval has been a driving forcein the development of the Spanish M.A. curriculum, personally developingand teaching ve new seminars for the program. In his teaching, hestresses the basic human emotions of love, despair, and hope. He isdescribed as a prolic thesis director and has served on the Spanish M.A.exam com mittee each semester since his arrival. Jiménez-Sandovalbelieves in students' ability to push them selves and excel. His studentshave been accepted to Ph.D. programs at UCLA, Irvine, Berkeley, Stanford,Arizona, British Columbia, and Alberta. He was the recipient of the 2003-04 Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Award. Through hisexemplary scholarship, he serves as a model of the teacher-scholar tostudents and faculty. His public lectures include the 2005 InternationalCoee Hour presentation on the sacred role of poetry in Aztec culture,and his articles include his recent publication on the canonical Mexicancoming-of-age novel, Las batallas en el desierto William Bommer , professor of Management, receives the Research,Scholarship and Creative Ac complishments Award. He has been at FresnoState since 2008. Bommer uses his research on a regular basis in theclassroom. His research spans a number of topics in the eld of manage -ment and applied psychology. Two primary areas of research for which heis known internationally are the areas of transformational leadership andorganizational citizenship. Widely published, his research is impressive.His work is commonly cited in college texts and is regularly assigned indoctoral-level seminars. In the past two years, he has been the principalinvestigator on three di erent external grants. These grants have totaledmore than $600,000. His work has been used for doctoral training in theelds of management, psychology, marketing, education, andmanagement information systems. He also served as the outside experton two dierent dissertation committees in Australia. Bryan Berrett , associate professor of Communicative Disorders and DeafStudies, receives the Technology in Education Award. He has been atFresno State since 1998. In 2010, he was one of four CSU faculty to beawarded Sony's multimedia award. Berrett has demonstratedtremendous leadership in the use of technology at Fresno State,particularly in the development of online classes. He has established a10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 4/6 remarkable track record of innovative and practical uses of technol ogy.For example, over the last several years, he has been the recipient ofmultiple Digital Campus grants to convert traditional classes into onlinecourse oerings. He coordinates the sign language interpreting program,which now has approximately 30 percent of its coursework oered online.He also has integrated the use of audio and visual multimedia into theAmerican Sign Language computer lab. Most recently, Berrett has beenthe department's leader in converting the education graduate programinto an 80 percent online 20 percent face-to-face format. Promising New Faculty Awards 2011-2012 Juan-Carlos Gonzalez , assistant professor of Educational Research andAdministration, has been at Fresno State since 2009. A skilled professorand scholar, he has fully engaged in service to the university and thecommunity. He serves on multiple editorial boards for peer-reviewedjournals and as a proposal reviewer on a national level. He has beenactive in accreditation activities, chaired the International Committee, andorganized a faculty study trip to Costa Rica. Gonzalez has mentored aMcNair Scholar and worked with the Central California Children's Instituteon research projects. He is an enthusiastic participant in the life of theKremen School and the university as a whole. In addition to his regularcourses, he has taught classes in qualitative research methods and criticalrace theory in education. He has already published four articles andpresented at 23 conferences in the United States. He has also presentedin China and in Mexico. Gonzalez has received numerous awards andhonors, including the Dandoyd Research Award for spring 2012. Elizabeth Payne , assistant professor of Theatre Arts, has been at FresnoState since 2008. A highly tal ented designer, she continues to workprofessionally in theatre in New York and in television, where she hasconsulted on the Conan O'Brien Show. She brings to Fresno State herconsiderable skills in design, teaching, mentorship, and communityoutreach. She is a demanding teacher who has transformed the existingcostume design and technology courses and created new ones, such asCostume History and Design Focus on Film. Seamlessly integrating socialand political issues into her discussion of fashion, she demonstrates tostudents why broad cultural knowledge is crucial to successful designwork. Her classes bring together academics and practical, skill-basedtraining. Payne has also been proactive in generating grants, including aFresno State Enhancing Student Information Literacy Grant, which sheintegrated into her Costume History class. In the area of mentorship, shehas had considerable impact — her door is open to all. She is the recipientof the 2012 Fresno County Board of Education Artist in Residence Grant.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 5/6 By llarson | May 1st, 2012 | Categories: PRESS RELEASES | 3 Comments SHARE THIS STORY, CHOOSE YOUR PLATFORM! RELATED POSTS Jason Bush , assistant professor of Biology, has been at Fresno State since2006. Bush has enriched the university environment through his serviceand demonstrated excellence and leadership within the Biol ogyDepartment, the College of Science and Mathematics, and the university,with service on the Cur riculum Committee and the Graduate ScholarshipCommittee. Bush is one of the leading researchers in cancer andproteomic research. He has made 31 presentations since his arrival.Through Dr. Bush's 20 national collaborations, he has been able to extendFresno State resources to develop a broader and resource-richenvironment for his students. He has received $1.5 million in nationalgrants from ve externally funded proposals, including NIH, AmericanCancer Society, Keep-A-Breast Foundation, Susan G. Komen for the Cure,and CSUPERB. Bush was also a co-principal investigator in the $4.5 millionRIMI grant for the development of a research facility in the Central Valley.In addition to ex ternal funding, he has augmented his research with$120,000 in internal grants. He is a consultant and grant reviewer for theSusan G. Komen for the Cure, as well as an active member of theUniversity of California, San Francisco-Fresno Research Group. Youngwook Kim , assistant professor of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, has been at Fresno State since 2008, demonstrating hisdedication to high quality teaching, research and creative activities, andstudent involvement in his research. He has taught a wide repertoire ofundergraduate and graduate courses focusing primarily on highfrequency electronics. Through online methodology, he provides studentswith the opportunity to learn at their own pace. Kim's research focuses onelectromagnetics and the application of Doppler and ultra-wide bandradar systems to human detection applications, such as security,surveillance operations, and search-and-rescue missions. While at FresnoState, he has published several journal papers and six conference papers.His research totals $167,659 in external funding. Currently, Kim ispreparing a proposal on data fusion and target sensing models in wirelesssensor network environments. He is also serving as a grant developmentchair for the Untenured Faculty Organization and is a member of theProfessional Development Committee, the Honors Committee, and theResearch and Grant Review Committee within the Lyles College ofEngineering.10/28/2020 Professor Asao Inoue selected for top teaching award – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2012/05/01/professor-asao-inoue-selected-for-top-teaching-award/ 6/6 SAÚL JIMÉNEZ-SANDOVALAPPOINTEDINTERIM PRESIDENTOF FRESNO STATE October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments TRANSPORTATIONINSTITUTE RELEASESPROMISINGFINDINGS OFCOVID-19 PUBLICTRANSIT STUDY October 28th, 2020 | 0Comments NURSING MUNIT CONTFREE HEALSERVICES OWEST FRES October 27th, Comments Fresno State News Hub isthe primary source ofinformation about currentevents aecting CaliforniaState University, Fresno, itsstudents, faculty and sta;providing an archive ofnews articles, videos andphotos, as well as links tomajor resources on campusas a service to theuniversity community. 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SEXUAL SADISM AS EXPERIENCED BY LISBETH SALANDER IN STIEG LARSSON'S THE GIRL WITH DRAGON TATTOO Dea Anissa Rahmat English Literature, Faculty of Languanges and Arts, Surabaya State University dearbepe@gmail.com Drs. Much. Khoiri, M.Si English Literature, Faculty of Languanges and Arts, Surabaya State University much.khoiri@yahoo.com Abstrak Sadisme dalam seksualitas adalah perasaan gairah seksual yang disebabkan oleh pemberian rasa sakit, penderitaan, dan penghinaan kepada orang lain. Perilaku sadisme yang nampak secara langsung dan terang-terangan dalam pencapaian titik klimaks perilaku seks seseorang dapat dijadikan indikator bahwa orang tersebut mengalami penyimpangan. Penyimpangan seks dalam kasus sadisme sering mengalami penurunan signifikasi dan fungsi akibat perilaku menyimpang dalam berfantasi. Orang yang menjadi mitra atau objek yang dikenai perilaku sadis dalam hubungan seks belum tentu menjadi rekan yang bersedia. Jika kegiatan seks yang identik dengan perilaku sadis ini disetujui oleh kedua pihak ataupun hanya seorang saja, maka dapat diartikan pihak yang melakukan kegiatan tersebut mengalami kegagalan seksual secara normal dan perlu alternatif lain untuk mencapai titik klimaks. Misalnya, melakukan aktifitas kekerasan pada saat berhubungan. Dalam kajiannya, peneliti sengaja mengambil novel dengan judul The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo untuk menganalisis perilaku menyimpang dalam hubungan seks yang dialami oleh tokoh Salander. Teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis perilaku menyimpang dalam tokoh utama dalam novel berasal dari teori Sigmund Freud tentang psikologi dan kepribadian. Dengan dilengkapi teori relevan, penelitian ini mengambil beberapa kutipan dalam novel yang mewakili perilaku menyimpang dalam seksualitas untuk dijadikan data dalam kajian peneliti. Hasilnya, perilaku menyimpang dalam seks ditunjukkan oleh tokoh Lisbeth Salander dalam novel memberikan dua hipotesis. Pertama, dalam novel muncul beberapa sadisme seksual yang terjadi pada rekan tokoh Bjurman yang teridentifikasi dari data berupa kutipan teksnya. Salander sebagai korban sadisme seksual dari pengacara rekan Nails Bjurman. Kedua, beberapa faktor yang berkontribusi Lisabeth Salander untuk melakukan sadisme seksual. Penelitian ini mencerminkan pengalaman deskriptif sampel perempuan yang terlibat dengan perilaku sadisme seksual beserta faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi dibaliknya. Keywords: Sexual sadism, sadistic behavior, The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo Abstract Sexual sadism is a feeling of sexual excitement resulting from administering pain, suffering, or humiliation to another person.When sadism becomes directly and overtly related to sexual gratification, they are considered perversions. Sexual sadism often experiences significant impairment or distress in functioning due to actual sadistic behaviors or sadistic fantasies. With regard to actual sadistic behavior, the person receiving the pain, suffering, or humiliation may or may not be a willing partner. Whether or not the partner is consenting, it is the very real suffering they are experiencing that is arousing to the sadist. This study examines Stieg Larsson's The Girl With The Dragon Tatttoo, which is about sexual sadism as experienced by Salander. This study uses theory of sexual sadism and Sigmund Freud's theory of Psychology and Personality. By using relevant theories, the study analyses the data—i.e. quotations from the novel that represent sexual sadism. The result of this analysis shows that sexual sadism experienced by Lisbeth Salander as reflected in Steig Larsson's The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo can be described by two parts. First, it shows that there are several sexual sadism which occurs from her guardian Bjurman. Salander as a victim of sexual sadism from the guardian laywer Nails Bjurman. Second is to reveal the factors that contributed Lisabeth Salander to do sexual sadism. It is about a descriptive experiences of a sample of women who have been consensually involved with sexual sadism and factors that contribute to sexual sadism. Keywords: Sexual sadism, sadistic behavior, The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo INTRODUCTION In human sexual life, there are certain conditions of sexual disorder which consider as embarassing and dangerous situations from the society's point of view. Normally, sexual activity is the union of the female and male's genital and other sexual activity besides it is taken as "abnormal". Few examples of sexual deviations are: homosexual, masochism, sadism, necrophilia, fetishism, etc (Barlow, 2009: 364). Sadism implies pleasure in inflicting. When sexual sadism is applied to show fantasies, urges or behaviors that involve real acts in which the suffering of another person is found sexually exciting. The essential feature of sexual become directly related sexual gratification. That sexual gratification it considered perversions. Sadism is a feeling of sexual excitement resulting from administering pain, suffering, or humiliation to another person. The pain, suffering, or humiliation inflicted on the other is real, it is not imagined and may be either physical or psychological in nature. A person with a diagnosis of sexual sadism is sometimes called a sadist. The name of the disorder is derived from the proper name of the Marquis Donatien de Sade (1740-1814), a French aristocrat who became notorious for writing novels around the theme of inflicting pain as a source of sexual pleasure. The sadistic acts performed or fantasized by a person with sadism often reflect a desire for sexual or psychological domination of another person. These acts range from behavior that is not physically harmful although it may be humiliating to the other person (such as being urinated upon), to criminal and potentially deadly behavior. Acts of domination may include holding or imprisoning the partner through the use of handcuffs, cages, chains, or ropes. Other acts and fantasies related to sexual sadism include paddling, spanking, whipping, burning, beating, administering electrical shocks, biting, urinating or defecating on the other person, cutting, rape, murder, and mutilation. Psychopathia Sexualis, later defined sadism as: "The experience of sexual, pleasurable sensations (including orgasm) produced by acts of cruelty, bodily punishment afflicted on one's person or when witnessed in others, be they animals or human beings. It may also consist of an innate desire to humiliate, hurt, wound or even destroy others in order, thereby, to create sexual pleasure in one self". This kind of sexual sadism has appeared in the literature (Kraft-Ebing, 1886: 274) . One of the writers that written about sexual sadism in a novel is Stieg Larsson. The novel was released to great acclaim in Sweden and later, on its publication in many other European countries. In the original language, it won Sweden's Glass Key Award in 2006 for best crime novel of the year. It also won the 2008 Booke Prize, and in 2009 the Galaxy British Book Awards for Books Direct Crime Thriller of the Year, and the prestigious Anthony Award for Best First Novel. Larsson was posthumously awarded the ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for International Author of the Year in 2008. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo debuted at number four on The New York Times Best Seller list. The novel received mixed reviews from American critics. In a review for The New York Times upon the book's September 2008 publication in the United States, Alex Berenson wrote, "The novel offers a thoroughly ugly view of human nature"; while it "opens with an intriguing mystery" and the "middle section of Girl is a treat, the rest of the novel doesn't quite measure up. The book's original Swedish title was Men Who Hate Women, a label that just about captures the subtlety of the novel's sexual politics." The Los Angeles Times said "the book takes off, in the fourth chapter: From there, it becomes classic parlor crime fiction with many modern twists.The writing is not beautiful, clipped at times (though that could be the translation by Reg Keeland) and with a few too many falsely dramatic endings to sections or chapters. But it is a compelling, well-woven tale that succeeds in transporting the reader to rural Sweden for a good crime story."Several months later, Matt Selman said the book "rings false with piles of easy super-victories and far-fetched one-in-a-million clue-findings."Richard Alleva, in Commonweal, wrote that the novel is marred by "its inept backstory, banal characterizations, flavorless prose, surfeit of themes (Swedish Nazism, uncaring bureaucracy, corporate malfeasance, abuse of women, etc.), and--worst of all author Larsson's penchant for always telling us exactly what we should be feeling." Discussing and analyzing about character or human, they cannot be separated from personality terms. Personality derives from the Latin word persona, which refers to a mask used by actors in a play. The character is easy to see how persona came to refer to outward appearance, the public face we display to the people around us. Personality refers to the characteristics patterns of behavior and ways of thinking that determine a person's adjustment to his environment. The personality of somebody has built from the experiences that they got from the social surrounding and also the genetic factor gives the background of someone's personality Schultz (2009: 8). The direct influences of sexuality on personality comes from the effects of sex hormones. It influences body build, body functioning, and the quality of the individual behaviour. The indirect influence comes up from three sources: the effect of cultural influences sex drive, the attitudes of significant people and their treatment to the individual caused by sexuality, also the molding of personality pattern of sex appropriatenes, which admitted by society. To understand the aspect of psychology within literary work, needed psychology of literature, it is used to investigate the psychology aspect, which shown by the character within the novel The Girl with Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsso. Wellek and Werren (1989: 81) stated psychology of literature, mean the psychological study of the writer as type and as individual, or the study or creative process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or, finally, the effects literature upon its readers (audience psychology). Sigmund Freud emphasizes how early stage of childhood is important part to create someone's adulthood personality and behavior. He says that part of our personality is formed on the basis of the unique relationships we have as children with various people and objects. Accordingly we develop a personal set of character attributes, a consistent pattern of behavior that defines each of us as an individual (Shannon, 2009: 64). Grossman (1991) states the psychological effects trauma, wheteher in infancy or adult life, are best understood in connection with the development and functioning of the capacity to fantasize. Here, a child which has been experienced physical and psychological trauma can build a fantasy refers to the violence.Violence can be in the form of hitting, slamming, humiliating, and so on. Consequently, a child can imagine that she/he is happy if he/she hurts and or being hurt by another people. This kind of fantasy can cause sexual sadism behaviour. In accordance of background study above, it can be simplify to discuss among two problems that emerge as significant concern toward this novel. How is sexual sadism as experienced by Lisbeth Salander reflected in Steig Larsson's The Girl With Dragon Tattoo? What factors contributed Lisabeth Salander to do sexual sadism in Stieg Larsson's The Girl With Dragon Tattoo? This study will uses two theories which are in line with the statement of the problems.The first is about review of related literature which contains the theories that are used in the analysis. In this chapter, the concept of sexual sadism and will be related to the concept of sexual sadism and theory of personality. The second will deal with the core of the study, which is the analysis of the study. The last chapter of this study is the conclusion as the result of the analysis. The additions will be added and got along with the analysis such as appendix, which consists of the biography of the author of this novel, and the synopsis of the novel. Those additions are to be the closing of this study. RESEARCH METHOD Research methodolgy that used in this analysis here must be qualified as an applying in literary appreciation. The thesis is regarded as a descriptive-qualitative study and uses a library research. This study uses novel of Stieg Larsson entitled The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo that published Seven Stories Press, 140 Watts Street, New York in 2007 as the data source of this study. The data are in the form of direct and indirect speech of the characters, dialogues, epilogues and quotations which indicate and represent aspect of power abuse and sexualization which is experienced by the main character. This thesis is using the library method in collecting the data. It does not use the statistic method. That is why it is not served in numbering or tables. Library research used an approach in analyzing this study. The kind of library research which is used here is intensive or closely reading to search quotations or phrases. It also used to analyze the literary elements both intrinsic and extrinsic. The references are taken from library and contributing ideas about this study from internet that support the idea of analyzing. The analysis is done by the following steps: (1) Classification based on the statement of the problems. This classification is used to avoid the broad discussion. There are two classifications in this study. (2) Describe the reflection of Sexual sadism as experienced.(3) To reveal the factors that contributed Lisabeth Salander to do sexual sadism in Stieg Larsson's The Girl With Dragoon Tattoo.The quotations that showed how the character's sexuality is affected by his power are taken as data. (4) Drawing the conclusion based on the analysis which is in line with the problems. ANALYSIS The first section is about the analysis of sexual sadism as experienced by Salander. The experience of Salander in sexual sadism is started when she meets her new guardian lawyer. Sexual sadism happened when she has an interview with Bjurman just after he became her guardian. Bjurman, on the other hand is recognize as a person who likes to do sex by sentence that is written in the novel. Salander is uncomfortable with Bjurman question and she feels that it is not her business by asking about sex in some kind of an interview. Salander's statement proves it. "No, it's not particulary nice to be fucked in the arse but what the hell business is it of yours?" . She left his office with a feeling of disgust. (Larsson, 2008: 220) The statement that Bjurman has no business with Salander sexual background, even he asks her impolitely. His authority is all about Salander legal powers, no more than that. Salander, moreover, express her disgust feeling to him after she feels that Bjurman was going too far. It can be concluded that she feels uncomfortable with Bjurman's questions. Salander thinks that it is not his right to ask her those questions. Then, she has been decided that she does not like Bjurman by leaving his office. The sex that is done by Bjurman is not like the sadist thing that he will do to Salander. He does some enjoyable acts to make Salander comfortable and feel horney. The nice thing is also given to her so she enjoyed the sex because Bjurman has a plan to have a sex with her again. The sex act done by Bjurman can be seen in quote below. He stood behind her. Suddenly he was massaging the back of her neck, and he let one hand slide from her left shoulder across her breasts. He put his hand over her right breast and left it there. When she did not seem to object, he squeezed her breast. Salander did not move. She could feel his breath on her neck as she studied the letter opener on his desk; she could reach it with her free hand (Larsson, 2008: 241). The incident happened when Salander comes to Bjurman office ask money to buy new computer, since her old laptop broken caused by an accident. She does not get the money easily because Bjurman forces her to do something. Bjurman assaults her by touching her breast. The quotation shows that Bjurman sexual sadism her by touching and squeezing her breasts. This is the one of sexual part that shows from the novel. Salander did nothing with all what Bjurman has already done to her. She got one lesson from Holger Palmgren that when there was an impulsive actions led to trouble, and trouble could have unpleasant consequences. Salander will never do anything without first weighing the consequences. In that quotation stated Salander feeling towards Bjurman. She has plan to use the letter opener as th weapon to fight againts him. Sexual sadism has formed her to be a person not easy to back down, she would always take revenge to all forms of act that try to hurt her. However, her status limits her to do that. Even, Salander cannot do something because she needs the money. All that she thinks is about the consequences. Bjurman starts to say what adult usually says which one another are known what the conversation means is. "I think you and I are going to be a good friend," he said. "we have to be able to trust each other." When she did not replay he said: "you're a grown woman now, Lisbeth" She nooded. "Come here," he said and held out his hand. (Larsson, 2008: 242) Salander just fixed her gaze on the letter opener for several seconds before she stood up and went over to him. In her heart, she says, consequences. It means that she knows the consequences by having such a lawyer guardian. The real acts that lead to sex activity are shown by Bjurman. The statement is explained bellow. He took her hand and pressed it to his crotch. She could feel his genitals through the dark gabardine trousers. While said, "If you're nice to me, I'll be nice to you." He puts his other hand around her neck and pulled her down to her knees with her face in front of his crotch. (Larsson, 2008: 242) It is shown that Bjurman rapes to her. In this case, he forces to suck his genital or can be called as oral sex. At the time she is just thinking that she did it for the money. In this case, Bjurman makes it difficulty to Salander in getting her money. In addition Bjurman treat her by saying: "If you're nice to me, I'll be nice to you," he repeated. "If you make trouble, I can put you away in an institution for the rest of your life. Would you like that?" (Larsson, 2008: 243) In this case, Salander cannot do anything to protect herself. She said nothing if Bjurman only gives words in order to treat Salander, without caring with Salander answer about his question, he continues the sex to Salander. He waited until she lowered her eyes, in what he regarded as submission. Then he pulled her closer. Salander opened her lips and took him in her mouth. He kept his grip on her neck and pulled her fiercely towards him. She felt like gagging the whole ten minutes he took to bump and grind; when finally he came, he was holding her so tight she could hardly breathe. (Larsson, 2008: 243). From the quotation above, it is clearly stated how Salander is forced to suck her guardian genital. He places his genital in Salander's mouth in order to get satisfied. Salander passively action towards those kinds of sadism makes Bjurman thinks more to hurt her. It is supported by (Krafft-Ebing, 2008: 14) that Sadism in sexual pleasurable sensations (including orgasm) produced by acts of cruelty, bodily punishment afflicted on one's own person or when witnessed in others, be they animals or human beings. The additional terrifying expression is shown by Salander in the quotation bellow. She realized with terrifying clarity that she was out of her depth. (Larsson, 2008: 273). It makes Salander in dead feeling. She thinks that Bjurman is doing something so serious and injury. What can help Salander this time is only keeping the pain that she gets? In another situation Bjurman turn mad and crazy. By taking metal stuffs that Salander hear from the sound of the clanking. The clanking sound of metal shows that Bjurman begins to do the sexual sadism, beside he says the words to treat Salander. The quotation is show at below: "You have to learn to trust me, Lisbeth," he said. "I'm going to teach you how this grown-up is played. If you don't treat me well, you have to be punished. When you're nice to me, we'll be friends."( Larsson, 2008: 274) From the quotation above Salander seems not to do anything. She only does what Bjurman wants and the only thing that she can feel is sick and gets more pain by Bjurman. Bjurman do not stop his act to Salander. In another situation, Bjurman asks Salander wheather she likes to do anal sex or not by asking "So you don't like anal sex, he said"(Larsson, 2008: 274). The more Salander keep silence, the more he maltreats her. Anal sex is the act of sexual by putting something in someone anus. It is really dangerous for someone's health or even can caused a great injury to victim. He also starts the sadism acts along sexual activity. The quotation below shows his sadist act that Bjurman does to Salander. Salander opened her mouth to scream. He grabbed her hair and stuffed the knickers in her mouth. She felt him putting something around her ankles, spread her legs apart and tie them so that she was lying there completely vulnerable. She heard him moving around the room but she could not trough the T-shirt around her face. It took him several minutes. She could hardly breathe. Then she felt an excruciating pain as he forced something up her anus. (Larsson, 2008: 274) The using of metal stuffs are cannot be tolerated anymore. The sadist action in sexual is real happening to Salander. Stuffed the knickers in Salander mouth is an act that hurt Salander physically. Bjurman spreads her legs apart and ties her so that she is completely vulnerable. Those acts are considered as physical sadism that she gets when having sex with Bjurman. Salander is completely pain of being sadistic by Bjurman when they having sex. It is shown when she felt an excruciating pain as forced something up her anus. Bjurman must do something to her anus that makes Salander in total pain. Beside, Bjurman did more and more tricks so that he could release his sadism along the act that he applied to Salander. Bjurman is going crazy more than before. The acts that Bjurman has done is supported by Matsumoto (2009: 490) theory about sexual sadism that defines sexual sadism is a paraphilia in which sexual arousal occurs as the result on inflicting physical or mental pain on another person as a means of exercising control over him or her. It means that the sadist feels pleasure and lust when he/she sexual partner suffered. Thus she/he can show his/her domination and power. Then, the second section will show factors contributed Salander to do sexual sadism. Then, the second section will show the factors that contributed Lisabeth Salander to do sexual sadism. This chapter will apply the theory in chapter two as the base theory, and hopefully this analysis will not deviate from the theory that has been explained before. Bjurman, now, has responsible for Salander's assets and financial, but he handles it out of his authority. He is a corrupt guardian that used Salander victim. He opened a new account in her name, and she was supposed to report it to Milton's personal office and use it from now on. The good old days were over. In future Bjurman would pay her bills, and she would be given an allowance each month. He told her that expected her to provide receipts for all her expenses."This had to do with the fact that i'm responsible with for your mone," he said. "You have to put money aside for the future. But don't worry; I'll take care all of that." (Larsson, 2008: 182) The quotation above shows that how Bjurman make Salander financially dependent happen is done by Bjurman. Although he is responsible for her assets and financial, but he handle it out of his authority. He is a corrupt guardian that used Salander victim. It is totally different with the precede guardian who let her free to manage her own money even though her status still under guardianship. Since, Bjurman is a corrupt, he take over and fully contol Salander money. He does not let Salander free access to use her money. Even, he force Salander to open a new account in a bank and requiring the victim to justify all money spent, so that Bjurman can control it. Besides, the statement in the quotation, "You have to put money aside for the future. But don't worry; I'll take care all of that"(Larsson, 2008: 182). Support the fact that Bjurman has abuse her financial as well. It is found that his life is to be a guardian of mentally disturbed likes Salander. He lives in her prosperity which is comes from his clients assets or money. He uses their weakness in legal status power, so that he is easily corrupt their money. Their weakness in legal status would make them afraid and do nothing about it. Obviously, it is form of economical as factor. The second form of economical that is done by Bjurman towards Salander is that by withholding the money or the access to the money. It is a complicated for Salander to ask her money, even for buying food. She has to work and Bjurman easily take over the money. It is prove by this quotation. Bjurman moved back to his side of the desk and sat on his comfortable leather chair. "I can't hand out money to you whenever you like,'' he said. "Why do you such an expensive computer? There are plenty of cheaper models that you can use for playing computer games." "I want to have control of my own money like before." Bjurman gave her a pitying look. (Larsson, 2008: 242) The quotation clearly stated can be concluded that Bjurman has underestimates her by saying that she did not need such sn expensive computer. It means that she is only a stupid girl that needs a computer just for playing games. Here, how Bjurman make a difficulty for Salander to get her money. He always ask or even demand her to do something first before she get the money. In this case, he would give Salander money after he takes advantages from her in terms of satisfying him by oral sex and anal sex, touching her breasts, and so forth. On the one hand, Bjurman has been abuse Salander by those various forms of violence. On the other hand, he has been abuse his profession as a guardian who is supposed to be protect the client. Here, he is withholding Salander own money that supposed to be her rights. Her authority is only take over Salander assests and financial so that the money can be used in a right way. However, Bjurman has been corrupted the money give some terms for her in getting her own money. Thereby, Bjurman has already one other forms ef economical as factor towards Salander. In the next meeting with Bjurman, Salander really need to buy a food. All the money that is kept by Bjurman is locked. It such the difficult thing to get the money like she must kill him first then she will get her own money. Psychological sadism is always given by the prepetator in order to treath the victims so they agree to do the sexual sadism. Psychological sadism also happen in the process of the sex itself in order to make the victims cannot avoid the prepetator to do sadism along the sex process. This is shown by Salander that she agree when Bjurman treat her to be nice with him. A threat could make the victim afraid psychologically. If the victim feels afraid with threat of the perpetrator, so they will be easily to do what they want to the victim. You have to learn to trust me, Lisbeth,'' he said. "i'm going to teach you how this grown-up game is played. If you dont treat me well, you have to be punished. When you're nice to me, we'll be friends (Larsson, 2008: 274) The quotation above shows Salander is threatened by Bjurman. After force to suck his genital, he threat her not to tell anyone about that. Salander just keep silence because she is feels afraid about the consequences related with her status if she reports it. He treats her as a whore not as a girl under his protection. In supported by Freud who insisted his sexual theory applied to all mental illness. However, in this moment, Bjurman not only threats her but he has done threatening harm. It is stated that threat and hurt her b slap and grip chin tight. It can be concluded that combine sadism always happened to Salander. Salander is not only facing of psychological but also accompanied by physical. The same thing also happened to her which is done by Bjurman. In another hand, the personality of somebody is built from the experiences they got from the social surrounding and also the genetic factor gives the background of someone's personality. Part of our personality is formed on the basis of the unique relationships we have as women with various people and objects. We develop a personal set of character attributes that defines each of us as an individual. The personality of Salander is considered as having a bad image. In her life, she likes to do dangerously violent things made her caught up by the police. One of her acts is explained below: When she turned fifteen, the doctors had more or less agreed that she was not, after all, dangerously violent, nor did she represent any immediate danger to herself. (Larsson, 2008: 174) Salander, in her life, she does not only danger someone near with her but also herself. Such of her bad behavior is leading her personality as a bad teenage. In other situation she has troubles with surrounding and herself by consuming alcohol and drug abuse. She builds an image that she has the negative attitude toward anybody and herself. It is said by Salander that the sex world is nothing new for her. It happens because she has already done the sex with more than ten people in her teen age. It is supported by the information she had had over fifty partners since the age of fifteen that she totally sex players. It is shown that by doing such of the sex activities will make her impression that going to be judge by other person. This is supported by Schultz (2009: 8) that based on its derivation, we might conclude that personality refers to our external and visible characteristics, those aspects of us that other people can see. Our personality would then be defined in terms of the impression we make on others that is, what we appear to be. In short, our personality may be the mask we wear when we face the outside world. CONCLUSION The analyzing of sexual sadism in Stieg Larsson's The Girl with Dragon Tattoo has give better understanding about several forms of sexual sadism as experienced that occurs and factors contributed Lisabeth Salander to do sexual sadism . Through the thesis analyzing, is is found that Salander has suffered from several forms of sexual sadism. As explained above that Salander as the main character experiences some forms sexual sadism, they are physical sadism, psychological and factor that contribute to do sexual sadism, they are threat and economical The conslusion of research question 1 are sexual sadism as experienced by salander is as an object. She gets both physical and psychological experiences by Bjurman asher guardian lawyers. She gets pain and suffer from physical experience. While in pysichological experience, she gets treatments from Bjurman. These are the conslusion of research question 2. The factors that make Salander to do the sexual sadism are unbelieveable because not all people want to be an object of sexual sadism. They are pyschology, personality, and economic factors. The psychology is like trearments that Bjurman has given to her and the personality is when Salander has such a bad personality backgrond, like havinh sex with many people. Finally, economic is the main factor for Salander to sexual sadism because if she wants to get her money, she must do the sex with Bjurman which bring her to sexual sadism. In Stieg Larsson The Girl with Dragon Tattoo, we can see Salander gets some forms of sexual sadism from Bjurman. There is not only sexual insult verbal, but also some kinds of sexual sadism of rape forms. The experience of Salander in sexual sadism is started when she meets her new guardian lawyer, Bjurman. On the other hand is recognize as a person who likes to do sex in the novel. Bjurman takes an opportunity by keeping Salander account and if she wants to get the money she must do the sex with him first. It is also supported by interview that is done, Bjurman asks about Salander sex life which is turn out to be another interrogation by asking her private aspect in her life, is that about her sexual background. All she wanted is about the money without making and giving any sexual sadism with him. With all scare feeling she agrees to do it again with Bjurman. The thing that she hates so much is having sex with a condition and compulsion. The fear is appears on Salander body language. This sexual sadism has made Salander suffered from some physically. It has become the worst experience ever in her life. Sexual sadism which is experienced by Salander is mostly done by Bjurman. Bjurman is not only doing the sexual sadism toward Salander in form of rape, but also psychological. In this case, Salander can be concluded to get she witnesses and watching other person, or even the person that she like, suffered from physical sadism. In this novel, Salander has been found experiencing sexual sadism. REFERENCES Barlow, H. David, Durand. V. Mark. 2009. Abnormal Psychology 5th edition. USA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Hoeksema, Susan Nolen. (2004). Abnormal Psychology. Third edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Comapanies Inc. Krafft-Ebing, Richard von. 1933. Psychopathia Sexualis: With Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Forensic Study. New York: Physicians and Surgeons Book Co. Larsson, Stieg. (2008). The Girl with Dragon Tattoo. New York: Vintage Books. Matsumoto, David. 2009. The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology. USA: Cambridge University Press. Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2009).Theories of personality 9th Edition. United States of America:Wadsworth Cengange Learning. Shannon, Joyce Brennfleck. 2009. Theories of Personality 9th Edition. United States of America: Omnigraphics, Inc.
The main focus of this thesis is the evaluation of crowdsourcing techniques to measure personalization on the Web. Overall, I apply my methodology in four different aspects on the Web. (1) First, I investigate price discrimination and how personal data can influence online pricing. (2) Then, I turn my attention on targeted web advertisements and investigate how targeted ads can be detected in real-time. (3) Next, I focus on web tracking and develop a methodology to measure the levels of compliance as defined by the new European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) with respect to the physical location of the tracking servers. (4) Finally, I measure the extent of web tracking on sensitive topic websites as defined by the new EU GDPR regulation. Towards that end, I develop a methodology to identify specialized trackers that operate exclusively on such websites. (1) For the first aspect, related to price discrimination, I present the design, im- plementation, validation, and deployment of the Price $heriff, a highly distributed system for detecting various types of online price discrimination in e-commerce. The Price $heriff uses a peer-to-peer architecture, sandboxing, and secure multiparty com- putation to allow users to tunnel price check requests through the browsers of other peers without tainting their local or server-side browsing history and state. Having operated the Price $heriff for several months, with approximately one thousand real users, I identify several instances of cross-border price discrimination based on the country of origin. Even within national borders, I identify several retailers that re- turn different prices for the same product to different users. I examine whether the observed differences are due to personal-data-induced discrimination or A/B Testing, and conclude that it is the latter. (2) The second aspect is related to targeted ads on the Web. In more details, be- ing able to check whether an online advertisement has been targeted is essential for resolving privacy controversies and implementing in practice data protection regula- tions like GDPR, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). In this work, I describe the design, im- plementation, and deployment of an advertisement auditing system called eyeWnder that uses crowdsourcing to reveal in real-time whether a display advertisement has been targeted or not. Crowdsourcing simplifies targeted advertisement detection but expects users to report back encountered advertisements, thereby incurring privacy risks. I break the deadlock with a privacy preserving data sharing protocol that allows eyeWnder to compute global statistics required to detect targeting, while keeping the advertisements seen by users and their browsing history private. Using a total popu- lation of 100 users I show that eyeWnder permits end users to audit in real-time any advertisement that may appear on their browser, without jeopardizing their privacy. eyeWnder can even detect indirect targeting, i.e., marketing campaigns that promote a product or service whose description bears no semantic overlap with the targeted audience. (3) The third aspect is related to web tracking and the new EU GDPR. Towards that end, I define a tracking flow, as a flow between an end user and a web tracking service. I develop an extensive measurement methodology for quantifying at scale the amount of tracking flows that cross data protection borders, be it national or international, such as the EU28 border within which the GDPR applies. My methodology uses the eyeWnder browser extension to fully render advertising and tracking code, various lists and heuristics to extract well known trackers, passive DNS replication to get all the IP ranges of trackers, and state-of-the art geolocation. I employ my methodology on a dataset from 350 real users of the browser extension over a period of more than four months, and then generalize my results by analyzing billions of web tracking flows from more than 60 million broadband and mobile users from 4 large European ISPs. I show that the majority of tracking flows cross national borders in Europe but, unlike popular belief, are pretty well confined within the larger GDPR jurisdiction. Simple DNS redirection and PoP mirroring can increase national confinement while sealing almost all tracking flows within Europe. Last, I show that cross boarder tracking is prevalent even in sensitive and hence protected data categories and groups including health, sexual orientation, minors, and others. (4) Finally, the last aspect is related to sensitive categories as defined by the GDPR. In this work I turn my attention to the elephant in the room of data protection which is none other than the simple and obvious question "Who is tracking sensitive domains". Despite a fast growing amount of work on more complex facets of the interplay between privacy and the business models of the Web, the obvious question of who collects data on users in domains where they would rather not be seen, has been largely ignored. I develop a methodology for discovering the trackers operating at sensitive domains, both those collaborating directly with publishers, as well as those appearing implicitly through recursive inclusions. I identify several trackers that specialize on specific sensitive categories, such as sexual orientation in adult content websites. I also investigate if there is exchange of information between such specialized trackers and other more mainstream advertisers and marketers. ; Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Evaluation von Crowdsourcing-Verfahren zur Messung von Personalisierung im Web. Wir wenden unsere Methodik auf vier ver- schiedene Aspekte im Internet an. (1) Erstens untersuchen wir Preisdiskriminierung und den Einfluss persönlicher Daten auf Online-Preissetzung. (2) Danach richten wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit auf zielgerichtete Werbung im Web und untersuchen, wie wir diese in Echtzeit erkennen können. (3) Im Anschluss daran legen wir den Schwerpunkt auf "Web Tracking" und entwickeln eine Methodik zur Messung der Einhaltung der Vorgaben der neuen EU Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DS-GVO). Dies basiert auf der Ermittlung der physischen Standorte jener Server, die ein entsprechendes Tracking durchführen. (4) Zuletzt messen wir das Ausmaß von Web Tracking im Zusammen- hang von Webseiten, die gemäß der DS-GVO als sensibel ("sensitive topic websites") definiert wurden. Hierfür entwickeln wir eine Methodik um spezielle Tracker, die aus- schließlich auf entsprechenden Webseiten aktiv sind, zu identifizieren. (1) Im Rahmen des ersten Aspekts präsentieren wir im Bezug auf Preisdiskrimi- nierung Design, Implementierung, Validierung und Bereitstellung von Price $heriff, einem hochgradig verteilten System zur Erkennung verschiedenster Arten von Online- Preisdiskriminierung im E-Commerce. Das Price $heriff System basiert auf einer Peer- To-Peer Architektur, Sandboxing, und sicherer Mehrparteien-Berechnung. Auf diese Weise werden Nutzern Preisabfragen mittels Tunneln durch die Browser anderer Peers ermöglicht, ohne dass hierdurch deren lokale oder serverseitige Browsing-Verläufe be- einflusst werden. Nach mehrmonatigem Betrieb des Price $heriff Systems mit circa 1000 realen Nutzern stellen wir mehrere Fälle von grenzüberschreitender Preisdiskri- minierung auf der Basis des Ursprungslands fest. Selbst innerhalb nationaler Grenzen identifizieren wir mehrere Händler, die unterschiedlichen Nutzern unterschiedliche Preise für dieselben Produkte angeben. Wir untersuchen zudem, ob die beobachteten Preisunterschiede auf Diskriminierung auf der Basis personenbezogener Daten oder auf A/B Tests zurückzuführen sind. Wir folgern schließlich, dass es sich um Letzteres handelt. (2) Der zweite Aspekt bezieht sich auf gezielte Werbung im Web. Genauer gesagt, die Fähigkeit herauszufinden, ob Online-Werbung zielgerichtet erfolgt. Dies ist un- erlässlich um Kontroversen hinsichtlich der Privatsphäre aufzulösen und auch um Datenschutzregulierungen wie die DS-GVO, den "California Consumer Privacy Act" und den "Children's Online Privacy Protection Act" in der Praxis zu implemen- tieren. In dieser Arbeit beschreiben wir Design, Implementierung und Bereitstellung eines Revisionssystems für Online-Werbung namens "eyeWnder". Dieses System nutzt Crowdsourcing um in Echtzeit herauszufinden ob eine Werbung zielgerichtet ist oder nicht. Crowdsourcing erleichtert die Erkennung zielgerichteter Werbung, beruht je- doch darauf, dass Nutzer Bericht über aufgetretene Werbung erstatten. Hierdurch können Risikenfür die Privatsphäre der Nutzer entstehen. Durch ein Protokoll, das die gemeinsame Datennutzung unter Wahrung der Privatsphäre ermöglicht, finden wir einen Ausweg aus dieser Sackgasse. Das Protokoll erlaubt eyeWnder globale Sta- tistiken zu berechnen, die zur Erkennung von zielgerichteter Werbung notwendig sind, wobei gleichzeitig sichergestellt werden kann, dass die Werbeanzeigen der jeweiligen Nutzer und deren Browsing-Verläufe privat bleiben. Unter Rückgriff auf eine Po- pulation von 100 Nutzern zeigen wir, dass es eyeWnder Endnutzern ermöglicht in Echtzeit jegliche Werbung, die innerhalb ihres Browsers erscheint zu prüfen ohne dass dabei ihre Privatsphäre gefährdet wird. eyeWnder kann darüber hinaus sogar indirekt zielgerichtete Werbung (d.h. Marketingkampagnen, die ein Produkt oder ei- ne Dienstleistung bewerben deren Beschreibung keinerlei semantische Überlappung mit der Zielgruppe aufweist) erkennen. (3) Der dritte Aspekt bezieht sich auf Web Tracking und die neue EU DS-GVO. Hier- für definieren wir einen "Tracking Flow" als einen Flow zwischen einem Endnutzer und einem "Web Tracking" Dienst. Wir entwickeln eine umfangreiche Messmetho- dik um eine große Anzahl solcher "Tracking Flows", die sowohl nationale als auch internationale (z.B. den EU28 Raum innerhalb dessen die DS-GVO Anwendung fin- det) "Datenschutzgrenzen" überschreiten, quantitativ zu erfassen. Unsere Methodik verwendet die eyeWnder Browser-Erweiterung um Werbung und Tracking-Code voll- ständig auszuführen sowie verschiedene Listen und Heuristiken um bekannte Tracker zu identifizieren, passive DNS Replizierungen um alle relevante IP Adressbereiche der Tracker zu ermitteln, sowie neueste Ansätze zur Geolocation. Wir wenden unsere Methodik auf einen Datensatz bestehend aus 350 realen Nutzern der Browsererwei- terung über einen Zeitraum von über vier Monaten an. Wir verallgemeinern dann unsere Resultate durch die Analyse von Milliarden von Web Tracking Flows von mehr als 60 Millionen Breitband- und Mobilfunkkunden von vier großer europäischer ISPs. Wir zeigen, dass der Großteil der Tracking Flows nationale Grenzen in Europa überschreitet; entgegen weit verbreiteter Ansichten sind diese jedoch weitgehend auf den Geltungsbereich der DS-GVO beschränkt. Auf der Basis einfacher DNS Uml- weitungen und PoP Mirroring Mechanismen kann die Beschränkung auf nationale Grenzen erhöht und darüber hinaus fast alle Tracking Flows innerhalb von Europa gehalten werden. Schließlich zeigen wir, dass grenzüberschreitendes Tracking selbst in sensiblen und daher geschützten Datenkategorien und -gruppen wie Gesundheit, sexuelle Orientierung, Minderjährige, etc. vorherrscht. (4) Abschließend bezieht sich der letzte Aspekt auf die durch die DS-GVO als sensibel definierten Kategorien. In dieser Arbeit richten wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit auf die größte Herausforderung des Datenschutzes welche keine geringere ist als die einfa- che und doch offensichtliche Frage "Wer trackt sensible Domains?". Trotz der rasant wachsenden Mengen an Arbeiten zu komplexeren Aspekten des Zusammenspiels zwi- schen Privatsphäre und webbasierten Geschäftsmodellen, wurde die offensichtliche Frage danach, wer Daten über Nutzer in Domains sammelt wo diese lieber nicht ge- sehen werden würden, weitgehend vernachlässigt. Wir entwickeln eine Methodik um Tracker die an sensiblen Domains arbeiten aufzuspüren; sowohl jene die direkt mit den Herausgebern kooperieren als auch jene die implizit durch rekursive Einbeziehung auftauchen. Wir identifizieren mehrere Tracker die auf speziellen Dienstkategorien wie sexuelle Orientierung auf nicht jugendfreien Webseiten spezialisiert sind. Wir unter- suchen zudem, ob es einen Austausch zwischen solchen spezialisierten Trackern und weiteren, eher dem "Mainstream" zuzuordnenden Werbetreibenden und Vermarktern, gibt. ; EC/FP7/607728/EU/Measurement for Europe: Training and Research for Internet Communications Science/METRICS ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet
Ensuring energy efficiency in the residential sector of Ukraine involves regular monitoring of energy consumption and energy audit, which includes data collection, information analysis, practical recommendations for measures and energy saving projects, as well as their financial and environmental assessment. The modern information technology market offers a large number of computer programs for the energy monitoring and management system. The systematic and informational approach is considered in ensuring energy efficiency of the residential sector of the economy and its component - software for the energy management system. The mechanism of implementation of the energy management system in the residential sector of Ukraine is presented. It is determined that the successful application of the mechanism of implementation of the energy management system largely depends on the functionality, convenience and technical capabilities of the software used in this field. The basic functions of software in the energy management system are revealed, namely: operational control and dispatching, design analysis, automation of energy audit, document management. The notion of software quality is indicated. Software quality indicators and their properties are described. Software products vary in terms of complexity, availability, and other features, which leads to varying degrees of application. The characteristics of software products for the system of energy monitoring and management presented in the modern information technology market are presented. The rating of the software is based on the quality assessment. It is noted that software products for the energy management system in the budget sphere are more widely used than in the housing sector. Key words: system-information approach, software, energy monitoring and management system, mechanism of implementation of the energy management system, software quality indicators, software quality assessment. REFERENCES 1. Komelina O.V., Shcherbinina S.A. (2018) Methodology of estimation of energy reserves and energy efficiency of the housing fund of Ukraine. Marketing and Management of innovations. Vo1.1. 382-390. 2. Komelina O.V., Shcherbinina S.A. (2017) Perspectives and problems of harmonizing energy legislation of Ukraine with the European Union standards. Economics ‒ innovation and economics research. Vol. 5 (2). 33-46. 3. Komelina, O.V., Samoilenko, I.O. (2018). Upravlinnia enerhoefektyvnistiu pidrpyiemstv [Management of energy efficiency of enterprises]. Poltava: Pusan A.F. 4. Asotsiatsiia "Enerhoefektyvni mista Ukrainy" [Association "Energy-efficient cities of Ukraine"]. Retrieved from http://enefcities.org.ua/novyny/ekspertnyy-oglyad-programnogozabezpechennya-dlya-energomonitoryngu-ta-energomenedjmentu/. 5. Tormosov, R.Yu., Skochko, V.I., Zherdytskyi, R.V., USAID (United States Agency for International Development) vid Amerykanskoho narodu. (2016). Osnovni polozhennia roboty v rozrakhunkovii programi PRAIR: The Program for Ranking and Analysis of Investment Projects: praktychnyi posibnyk iz pytan rozrobky ta vprovadzhennia Planiv dii zi staloho enerhetychnoho rozvutku dlia fakhivtsiv komunalnykh pidpruiemstv ta miskykh administratsii [The main provisions of the work in the PRAIR calculation program: The Program for Ranking and Analysis of Investment Projects:a practical guide on the development and implementation of Sustainable Energy Development Action Plans for specialists in municipal enterprises and city administrations]. Kyiv: Polihraf plius. 6. Shovkaliuk, Yu.V. (2018). Instrumenty i metody dlia pidvyshchennia enerhoefektyvnosti budivelnoho fondu [Tools and methods for increasing the energy efficiency of the construction fund]. Molodyi vchenyi, (1(2)), 573-574. 7. ISO 50001:2018 «Energy management systems – Requirements with guidance for use» (2018). International Organization for Standartization. Geneva, Switzerlan. Retrieved from http: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso:50001:ed-2:v1:en 8. Enerhoaudyt ta enerhomenedzhment v proektakh staloho rozvytku [Energy audit and energy management in sustainable development projects]. Retrieved from http://cba.org.ua/images/MANUALS/EE_manual.pdf 9. Chupryna, Yu.A. (2014). Orhanizatsiia systemy enerhomenedzhmenta dlia zhytlovoho sektora na osnovi mizhnarodnoho standartu yakosti [Organization of the energy management system for the residential sector on the basis of the international quality standard]. Upravlinnia rozvytkom skladnykh system, (19), 128-134. 10. Inshekov, Ye.M., Nikitin, Ye.Ye., Tarnovskyi, M.V., Cherniavskyi, A.V. (2014). [Manual on municipal energy management]. Kyiv: Polihraf plius. 11. Kataieva, Ye.Yu., Nychyporuk, N.S. (2011). Otsiniuvannia efektyvnosti prohramnoho zabezpechennia na prykladi avtomatyzovanoi informatsiinoi systemy "Ekipazh" [Evaluating the effectiveness of software on an example of an automated information system "Ekipazh"]. Upravlinnia rozvytkom skladnykh system, (8), 107-110. 12. DSTU ІS0/ІЕС 9126-1:2013 (ІS0/ІЕС 9126-1:2001, IDТ) Natsionalnyi standart Ukrainy. Programna inzheneriia. Yakist produktu. Chastyna 1. Model yakosti. [National standard of Ukraine. Software Engineering. Product quality. Part 1. Model of quality]. Retrieved from http://metrology.com.ua/download/iso-iec-ohsas-i-dr/87-eea/859-dstu-is0-ies-9126-1-2013. 13. Sait kompanii IT-Menedzhment [Company web site IT Management]. Retrieved from http://energyplan.com.ua.14. Sait kompanii Envidates GmbH [Company web site Envidates GmbH]. Retrieved from http://www.envidatec.com. 15. Sait rozrobnykiv programnogo produktu Enerhobalans [Site of developers of the software Energobalans]. Retrieved from http://www.energobalans.com. 16. Sait kompanii FIATU [Company web site FIATU]. Retrieved from https://www.fiatu.com.ua/it-technology/e_monitoring/. 17. Sait rozrobnykiv prohramnoho produktuuMuni [Site of developers of the software uMuni]. Retrieved from https://umuni.com. 18. Sait rozrobnykiv prohramnoho produktu EMANAGEMENT24 [Site of developers of the software EMANAGEMENT24]. Retrieved from https://emanagement24.com. 19. Sait rozrobnykiv prohramnoho produktu AIS "Enerhoservis: oblik, kontrol, ekonomiia" [Site of developers of the softwareAIS "Energoservis: Accounting, Control, Savings"]. Retrieved from http://promo.energoservic.com. 20. Sait rozrobnykiv prohramnoho produktu ASEM [Site of developers of the software ASEM]. Retrieved from https://asem.com.ua. 21. Web site Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/software-tools/7465. 22. Sait kompanii ENSI [Company web site ENSI]. Retrieved from http://www.ensi.no/index.php?ledd2ID=140&sideID=277. 23. Malinovskyi, A.A., Turkovskyi, V.H., Pokrovskyi, K.B., Muzychak, A.Z. (2018). Prohramna ta alhorytmichna pidtrumka enerhetychnogo audytu budivel ta ikh enerhetychnoi sertyfikatsii [Software and algorithmic support for energy audit of buildings and their energy certification]. Enerhetyka: ekonomika, tekhnolohii, ekolohiia, (2(52)), 96-102. ; В работе рассмотрен системно-информационный подход в обеспечении энергетической эффективности жилищного сектора экономики и его составляющую − программное обеспечение для системы энергоменеджмента. Представлен механизм реализации системы энергетического менеджмента в жилищном секторе Украины. Определено, что успешное применение механизма реализации системы энергетического менеджмента во многом зависит от функциональности, удобства и технических возможностей программного обеспечения, используемого в этой области. Описаны показатели качества программного обеспечения, а также характеристики программных продуктов для системы энергетического мониторинга и менеджмента представленных на современном рынке информационных технологий. Приведен рейтинг программного обеспечения, по оценке качества. Отмечено, что более широкое применение имеют программные продукты для системы энергоменеджмента в бюджетной сфере по сравнению с жилым сектором. Ключевые слова: системно-информационный подход, программное обеспечение, система энергетического мониторинга и менеджмента, механизм реализации системы энергетического менеджмента, показатели качества программного обеспечения, оценка качества программного обеспечения. Список использованной литературы1. Komelina O.V., Shcherbinina S.A. Methodology of estimation of energy reserves and energy efficiency of the housing fund of Ukraine. Marketing and Management of innovations. 2018. № 1. P. 382-390.2. Komelina O.V., Shcherbinina S.A. Perspectives and problems of harmonizing energy legislation of Ukraine with the European Union standards. Economics ‒ innovation and economics research. 2017. Vol. 5, n. 2. P. 33-46.3. Комеліна О.В., Самойленко І.О. Управління енергоефективністю підприємств. Полтава: Пусан А.Ф., 2018. 364 с.4. Асоціація «Енергоефективні міста України». URL: http://enefcities.org.ua/novyny/ekspertnyy-oglyad-programnogo-zabezpechennya-dlyaenergomonitoryngu-ta-energomenedjmentu/5. Тормосов Р.Ю., Скочко В.І., Жердицький Р.В., USAID (United States Agency for International Development) від Американського народу. Основні положення роботи в розрахунковій програмі PRAIR: The Program for Ranking and Analysis of Investment Projects: практичний посібник із питань розробки та впровадження Планів дій зі сталого енергетичного розвитку для фахівців комунальних підприємств та міських адміністрацій. Київ: Поліграф плюс, 2016. 85 с.6. Шовкалюк Ю.В. Інструменти і методи для підвищення енергоефективності будівельного фонду. Молодий вчений. 2018. №1 (2). С. 573-577.7. Енергоаудит та енергоменеджмент в проектах сталого розвитку. Практичні рекомендації. Методичний посібник.URL: http://cba.org.ua/images/MANUALS/EE_manual.pdf8. ISO 50001:2018 «Energy management systems – Requirements with guidance for use» International Organization for Standartization. – Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. URL: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso:50001:ed-2:v1:en9. Чуприна Ю.А. Організація системи енергоменеджмента для житлового сектора на основі міжнародного стандарту якості. Управління розвитком складних систем. 2014. № 19. С. 128-134.10. Іншеков Є.М., Нікітін Є.Є., Тарновський М.В., Чернявський А.В. Посібник з муніципального енергетичного менеджменту. Київ: Поліграф плюс, 2014. 238 с.11. Катаєва Є.Ю., Ничипорук Н.С. Оцінювання ефективності програмного забезпечення на прикладі автоматизованої інформаційної системи «Екіпаж». Управління розвитком складних систем. 2011. № 8. С. 107-110.12. ДСТУ ІS0/ІЕС 9126-1:2013 (ІS0/ІЕС 9126-1:2001, IDТ) Національний стандарт України. Програмна інженерія. Якість продукту. Частина 1. Модель якості. URL: http://metrology.com.ua/download/iso-iec-ohsas-i-dr/87-eea/859-dstu-is0-ies-9126-1-2013.13. .Сайт компанії ІТ-Менеджмент. URL:http://energyplan.com.ua.14. Сайт компанії Envidates GmbH. URL: http://www.envidatec.com.15. Сайт розробників програмного продукту Енергобаланс. URL:http://www.energobalans.com.16. Сайт компанії ФІАТУ. ‒ URL: https://www.fiatu.com.ua/it-technology/e_monitoring/.17. Сайт розробників програмного продукту uMuni. URL: https://umuni.com.18. Сайт розробників програмного продукту EMANAGEMENT24. URL: https://emanagement24.com.19. Сайт розробників програмного продукту АІС «Енергосервіс: облік, контроль, економія». URL:http://promo.energoservic.com.20. Сайт розробників програмного продукту АСЕМ. URL:https://asem.com.ua.21. Website Natural Resources Canada. URL:https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/softwaretools/7465.22. Сайт компанії ENSI. URL:http://www.ensi.no/index.php?ledd2ID=140&sideID=277.23. Маліновський А.А., Турковський В.Г., Покровський К.Б., Музичак А.З. Програмна та алгоритмічна підтримка енергетичного аудиту будівель та їх енергетичної сертифікації. Енергетика: економіка, технології, екологія: науковий журнал. 2018. № 2 (52). С. 96–102. ; В роботі розглянуто системно-інформаційний підхід у забезпеченні енергетичної ефективності житлового сектору економіки та його складову − програмне забезпечення для системи енергоменеджменту. Представлено механізм реалізації системи енергетичного менеджменту в житловому секторі України. Визначено що успішне застосування механізму реалізації системи енергетичного менеджменту багато в чому залежить від функціональності, зручності та технічних можливостей програмного забезпечення, що використовується в цій галузі. Описано показники якості програмного забезпечення, а також характеристики програмних продуктів для системи енергетичного моніторингу та менеджменту представлених на сучасному ринку інформаційних технологій. Наведено рейтинг програмного забезпечення за оцінкою якості. Зазначено, що більш широке застосування мають програмні продукти для системи енергоменеджменту в бюджетній сфері порівняно з житловим сектором. Ключові слова: системно-інформаційний підхід, програмне забезпечення, система енергетичного моніторингу та менеджменту, механізм реалізації системи енергетичного менеджменту, показники якості програмного забезпечення, оцінка якості програмного забезпечення. Список використаної літератури1. Komelina O.V., Shcherbinina S.A. Methodology of estimation of energy reserves and energy efficiency of the housing fund of Ukraine. Marketing and Management of innovations. 2018. № 1. P. 382-390.2. Komelina O.V., Shcherbinina S.A. Perspectives and problems of harmonizing energy legislation of Ukraine with the European Union standards. Economics ‒ innovation and economics research. 2017. Vol. 5, n. 2. P. 33-46.3. Комеліна О.В., Самойленко І.О. Управління енергоефективністю підприємств. Полтава: Пусан А.Ф., 2018. 364 с.4. Асоціація «Енергоефективні міста України». URL: http://enefcities.org.ua/novyny/ekspertnyy-oglyad-programnogo-zabezpechennya-dlyaenergomonitoryngu-ta-energomenedjmentu/5. Тормосов Р.Ю., Скочко В.І., Жердицький Р.В., USAID (United States Agency for International Development) від Американського народу. Основні положення роботи в розрахунковій програмі PRAIR: The Program for Ranking and Analysis of Investment Projects: практичний посібник із питань розробки та впровадження Планів дій зі сталого енергетичного розвитку для фахівців комунальних підприємств та міських адміністрацій. Київ: Поліграф плюс, 2016. 85 с.6. Шовкалюк Ю.В. Інструменти і методи для підвищення енергоефективності будівельного фонду. Молодий вчений. 2018. №1 (2). С. 573-577.7. Енергоаудит та енергоменеджмент в проектах сталого розвитку. Практичні рекомендації. Методичний посібник.URL: http://cba.org.ua/images/MANUALS/EE_manual.pdf8. ISO 50001:2018 «Energy management systems – Requirements with guidance for use» International Organization for Standartization. – Geneva, Switzerland, 2018. URL: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso:50001:ed-2:v1:en9. Чуприна Ю.А. Організація системи енергоменеджмента для житлового сектора на основі міжнародного стандарту якості. Управління розвитком складних систем. 2014. № 19. С. 128-134.10. Іншеков Є.М., Нікітін Є.Є., Тарновський М.В., Чернявський А.В. Посібник з муніципального енергетичного менеджменту. Київ: Поліграф плюс, 2014. 238 с.11. Катаєва Є.Ю., Ничипорук Н.С. Оцінювання ефективності програмного забезпечення на прикладі автоматизованої інформаційної системи «Екіпаж». Управління розвитком складних систем. 2011. № 8. С. 107-110.12. ДСТУ ІS0/ІЕС 9126-1:2013 (ІS0/ІЕС 9126-1:2001, IDТ) Національний стандарт України. Програмна інженерія. Якість продукту. Частина 1. Модель якості. URL: http://metrology.com.ua/download/iso-iec-ohsas-i-dr/87-eea/859-dstu-is0-ies-9126-1-2013.13. .Сайт компанії ІТ-Менеджмент. URL:http://energyplan.com.ua.14. Сайт компанії Envidates GmbH. URL: http://www.envidatec.com.15. Сайт розробників програмного продукту Енергобаланс. URL:http://www.energobalans.com.16. Сайт компанії ФІАТУ. ‒ URL: https://www.fiatu.com.ua/it-technology/e_monitoring/.17. Сайт розробників програмного продукту uMuni. URL: https://umuni.com.18. Сайт розробників програмного продукту EMANAGEMENT24. URL: https://emanagement24.com.19. Сайт розробників програмного продукту АІС «Енергосервіс: облік, контроль, економія». URL:http://promo.energoservic.com.20. Сайт розробників програмного продукту АСЕМ. URL:https://asem.com.ua.21. Website Natural Resources Canada. URL:https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/softwaretools/7465.22. Сайт компанії ENSI. URL:http://www.ensi.no/index.php?ledd2ID=140&sideID=277.23. Маліновський А.А., Турковський В.Г., Покровський К.Б., Музичак А.З. Програмна та алгоритмічна підтримка енергетичного аудиту будівель та їх енергетичної сертифікації. Енергетика: економіка, технології, екологія: науковий журнал. 2018. № 2 (52). С. 96–102.
Introducción: La elevada morbilidad y mortalidad de las enfermedades crónicas, así como su tendencia creciente, suponen un importante problema de salud pública pudiendo llegar a ser insostenible su carga social y económica (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 2013; Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2013; Serra-Sutton, Espallargues, & Escarrabill, 2016). Ante esta situación y entre otras medidas, se recomienda que la atención esté centrada en la persona con enfermedad crónica, no en la enfermedad. Es necesario que los profesionales aborden la situación desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar, holística e integral (Consejería de salud. Junta de Andalucia, 2012; Sánchez-Martín, 2014), apoyada en la bioética y sus principios para cuidar de la salud de las personas. (Bermejo, 2014; Devesa, Moreno, Bermejo Higuera, & Galán González-Serna, 2014; Torralba i Roselló, 2002). De este modo se observa cada vez más, un gran nivel de implicación, empoderamiento y compromiso en la enfermedad, por parte de los pacientes (Consejería de salud. Junta de Andalucia, 2012; Jimenez-Navascués, Orkaizaguirre- Gómara, & Bimbela-Serrano, 2015; Junta de Castilla y León, 2013). Objetivos: explorar las vivencias, experiencias y percepciones de los pacientes con enfermedad crónica que ingresan en el Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, respecto al cuidado de enfermería recibido y el cuidado humanizado, con el propósito de profundizar en los conceptos que mejoran la asistencia sanitaria Metodología: se trata de un estudio cualitativo de tipo Fenomenológico Hermenéutico Interpretativo elegido por ser el más adecuado para el propósito del estudio(Palacios-Ceña & Corral Liria, 2010). Se obtuvo una muestra teórica que se completó por saturación con la información recibida de personas con varias patologías crónicas con al menos un ingreso hospitalario en el último año en el Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe (Bormujos, Sevilla). Las técnicas empleadas para la obtención de la información fueron la entrevista en profundidad, la entrevista semiestructurada y las notas de campo. Se ha utilizado el programa informático QSR NUDIST-vivo versión 11. Resultados: el análisis se efectuó siguiendo los cuatro existenciales de Van Manen de espacio vivido, cuerpo vivido, tiempo vivido y relaciones vividas. Las personas entrevistadas conceden un significado al cuidado humanizado a partir de las características que debe tener el mismo, la comunicación, la presencia, la empatía, la formación, entre otros. También se señalan las características de la deshumanización, como son exceso de carga de trabajo y características personales de los profesionales. Se analizan además las experiencias, vivencias y su influencia en ellos y en sus familiares sobre la enfermedad y los ingresos hospitalarios. Por último, se analizan las relaciones con los profesionales, con los otros que les acompañan y le rodean, la comunicación verbal y no verbal, entre otras cuestiones. Discusión: de forma frecuente los hallazgos exponen la existencia de un modelo biomédico, aunque los enfermos esperan y solicitan ser cuidados por enfermeras humanas (Escobar Rivero & Lorenzini Erdmann, 2007). También es frecuente que por parte de los familiares y los pacientes se sobredimensione la competencia técnica y en menor medida las formas de ser que usan las enfermeras al interactuar con los pacientes (Beltrán Salazar, 2016). Dichas cuestiones expuestas están en contraposición a lo hallado en nuestros resultados donde se expone que "no sólo es el hacer, sino también el estar y el ser". También diferimos con estudios que expresan por parte de profesionales y familiares que no perciben cuidado humanizado (Espinoza Medalla et al., 2010; González-Ruiz et al., 2013; Suarez Baños, 2015). Existen estudios que corroboran lo expuesto en el nuestro, entre otras cuestiones, en los conceptos que incluyen el cuidado humanizado, como son, comunicación verbal y no verbal positiva, respeto, disposición a la ayuda, estar presente (Espinosa Aranzales, Enríquez Guerrero, Leiva Aranzalez, López Arévalo, & Castañeda Rodríguez, 2015). También se refuerza la idea de fomentar la formación en humanismo y en habilidades de relación de ayuda y comunicación (Valenzuela Anguita, 2015). Por lo tanto, dando valor a las enfermeras holísticas para la realización del cuidado (Clebenson de Oliveira, Rosendo da Silva, Neivania de Medeiros, de Queiroz, & Guimaraes, 2015; Hueso Navarro, Cid, Hernández, Huércanos Esparza, & Giral Guembe, 2012; Lenis-victoria, 2015; Lenis Victoria, 2013) Conclusiones: los pacientes crónicos hospitalizados en el Hospital de San Juan del Aljarafe consideran que reciben cuidados humanizados, además exponen las características intrínsecas que definen dicho cuidado. Identifican y valoran el cuidado invisible o cuidado enfermero. A partir de sus vivencias y experiencias se hallan aspectos de tipo estructural, de la organización y de las personas, necesarios a desarrollar durante sus ingresos hospitalarios con ellos mismos y con sus familiares.Del mismo modo se identifican las circunstancias que pueden provocar un cuidado deshumanizado y sus consecuencias sobre la autonomía de la persona crónica y el afrontamiento de su enfermedad. El enfoque del presente trabajo, realizado desde la perspectiva del paciente, no ha sido hallado en la literatura de nuestro entorno, por lo que los datos extraídos tendrán valor para contribuir a mejorar el cuidado de las personas crónicas en contextos similares a los definidos en nuestro trabajo. ; Introduction: The high morbidity and mortality rate for chronic illnesses, as well as their continuing rate of growth, poses a major problem for public health and they may even become socially and economically unsustainable in the future (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 2013; Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2013; Serra-Sutton et al., 2016). Faced with such a situation, it is recommended that attention be focused on the person with the chronic illness, rather than on the illness itself, amongst other measures. Professionals must address the situation from a multi-disciplinary, holistic and integrated perspective (Department of Health. Local Government of Andalusia, 2012; Sánchez-Martín, 2014), based on bioethics and its principles for taking care of people's health (Bermejo, 2014; Devesa, Moreno, Bermejo Higuera, & Galán González-Serna, 2014; Torralba i Roselló, 2002). By following this approach, we see a greater level of patient involvement, empowerment and engagement in terms of their illness (Department of Health. Regional Government of Andalusia, 2012; Jimenez-Navascués, Orkaizaguirre- Gómara, & Bimbela-Serrano, 2015; Regional Government of Castilla y León, 2013). Objectives. To explore the experiences and perceptions of chronically ill patients at San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe Hospital, regarding the care received from nursing staff and humanization care. The aim of this is to gain a deeper insight into what can be done to improve healthcare. Methodology. This qualitative study has been carried out using interpretative phenomenological-hermeneutical methodology. This method was chosen as it is the most appropriate for the purpose of this study (Palacios-Ceña & Corral Liria, 2010). A theoretical sample was obtained and completed through saturation with information received from people with multiple chronic pathologies who have been admitted to San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe Hospital (Bormujos, Seville) at least once over the course of the past year. Information was obtained by means of in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, and field notes. The computer programme GSR NUDIST-vivo version 11 was used. Results. The analysis was carried out following Van Manen's four lifeworld existentials: lived space, lived body, lived time and lived relation. Those interviewed have brought meaning to humanization care in terms of the characteristics it should have, namely communication, presence, empathy, training, etc. Characteristics which contribute to dehumanization, such as excessive workload and the personality traits of the professionals, are also highlighted. Furthermore, their experiences regarding the illness and how they have impacted upon the patients and their families are analysed. Lastly, their relationships with the professionals and other people who accompany and surround them, in terms of verbal and non-verbal communication, are also analysed, amongst other aspects. Discussion. Often, findings point to the existence of a biomedical model, although patients hope/ask to be treated by compassionate nurses (Escobar Rivero & Lorenzini Erdmann, 2007). It is also common for family members and patients to overestimate the technical abilities and, to a lesser extent, the manner that nurses use to interact with patients (Beltrán Salazar, 2016). These points are contrary to our findings, which demonstrate that 'it is not only the doing, but also the feeling and the being which count'. We also differ from studies which include professionals and family members stating that they don't feel there is humanization care (Espinoza Medalla et al., 2010; González-Ruiz et al., 2013; Suarez Baños, 2015). There are studies that corroborate our own findings in terms of the concepts which form part of humanization care, amongst other things. These include positive verbal and non-verbal communication, respect, helpfulness and presence (Espinosa Aranzales et al., 2015). The idea of focusing training on humanism and on skills relating to assistance and communication is also strengthened (Valenzuela Anguita, 2015). This places value on the role of holistic nurses in looking after patients (Clebenson de Oliveira et al., 2015; Hueso Navarro et al., 2012; Lenis-victoria, 2015; Lenis Victoria, 2013). Conclusions. Chronically ill patients admitted to the San Juan del Aljarafe Hospital feel they receive humanization care and describe the intrinsic characteristics that define such care. They recognise and value behind-the-scene care or nursing care. Based on their experiences, we are able to identify the structural aspects of the organisation and its personnel which are necessary to improve hospital stays for patients and their families. Likewise, circumstances that can lead to dehumanization care are identified, in addition to the consequences this can have for the autonomy of chronically ill patients and how they cope with their condition. The focus of this study, carried out from the perspective of patients, has not been found in any other literature in our field of study. Therefore, the data drawn from it will undoubtedly contribute to improving care given to chronically ill patients in the healthcare settings detailed herein.
For the purposes of this project, the East African countries included in the study were Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The focus for this project was Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) as for-profit or nonprofit organizations with less than 50 employees and not exceeding USD 1,000,000 in annual revenues/turnover. The main output of this project was a proposed program of interventions to drive transformational change. To succeed in this ambitious endeavor, the project articulated clear objectives and designed a blueprint for implementation including levels of resourcing, budget and monitoring metrics. Over the course of the project the team conducted brief surveys with over 90 entrepreneurs, over 50 percent of who had 3-10 years of experience in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector and primarily worked at companies with 5 employees or less.
