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The deliberate activity of terrorist groups to destroy cultural heritage sites triggered the securitization of World Cultural Heritage concept. Among the actors of the securitization process, the UN Security Council plays a special role as the main body responsible for ensuring and maintaining international peace and security. Within the framework of UN Security Council resolutions, the base was gradually prepared linking the destruction and plunder of World Cultural Heritage sites, the illicit trafficking of cultural property with the financing of terrorist activities. This process took place in line with the securitization process, increasingly linking the protection of cultural sites with the maintenance of international peace and security. The article assesses the impact the in activities of the UN Security Council on the process of securitization of the World Cultural Heritage and on the development of regional legislation in the field of protection of such heritage. ; Целенаправленная деятельность террористических группировок по разрушению объектов культурного наследия и общечеловеческой ценности спровоцировала процесс секьюритизации таких объектов. Среди акторов секьюритизации особую роль играет Совет Безопасности ООН, как главный орган на международной арене, ответственный за обеспечение и поддержание мира и безопасности. В рамках резолюций Совета Безопасности ООН происходила постепенная подготовка базы, связывающей разрушение и разграбление объектов всемирного культурного наследия, незаконный оборот культурных ценностей с финансированием террористической деятельности. Этот процесс происходил в русле секьюритизации, все прочнее связывая вопросы защиты культурных объектов с поддержанием международного мира и безопасности. В статье дается оценка влияния деятельности Совета Безопасности ООН на процесс секьюритизации всемирного культурного наследия и на развитие регионального законодательства в сфере защиты такого наследия.

Bei der Umsetzung eines inklusiven Bildungssystems nehmen SchulassistentInnen eine Schlüsselfunktion ein. Sie unterstützen Kinder und Jugendliche mit Behinderung beim Regelschulbesuch und tragen entscheidend zu einem erfolgreichen Bildungsweg dieser SchülerInnen bei. Obwohl ihr Tätigkeitsfeld umfassend ist, weisen Untersuchungen darauf hin, dass SchulassistentInnen sich selbst nicht als ausreichend qualifiziert einschätzen und es ihnen an spezifischen Kompetenzen mangelt, um Kinder mit Behinderungen zu unterstützen und Inklusion zu ermöglichen. Um diesem Qualifizierungsbedarf zu entsprechen, werden im Rahmen des internationalen Kooperationsprojekts IMAS II fünf web-basierte Wissensboxen zu Themen, die für den Berufsalltag von AssistentInnen bedeutsam sind, konzipiert. Die Wissensboxen werden gemeinsam mit AssistentInnen, den begleiteten Kindern und ihren MitschülerInnen als MitforscherInnen entwickelt, anschließend mit AssistentInnen, LehrerInnen, Eltern und SchülerInnen erprobt und evaluiert. Diese flexible Fortbildungsmöglichkeit soll zur Qualitätssteigerung und längerfristigen Qualitätsentwicklung der Schulassistenz sowie zum Gelingen von Inklusion im Schulbereich beitragen. ; Teaching assistants play a key role in the implementation of an inclusive educational system. They support children and adolescents with special educational needs (SEN) in regular schools and contribute in a decisive way to a successful education of these students. Although their field of activity is very comprehensive, scientific evidence indicates that assistants do not consider themselves to be sufficiently qualified and lack specific competences to support students with SEN and enable inclusion. In order to meet this need for qualification, five web-based knowledge boxes on topics relevant to the daily work of assistants are being designed and evaluated within the framework of an international cooperation project IMAS II funded by the European Union. The knowledge boxes will be developed together with assistants, accompanied students and their classmates as co-researchers and then tested with assistants, teachers, parents and students. The impact of the knowledge boxes will be evaluated. This flexible further training opportunity is intended to contribute to a quality improvement and long-term quality development of assistance services and to the success of inclusion in schools.

Bei der Umsetzung eines inklusiven Bildungssystems nehmen SchulassistentInnen eine Schlüsselfunktion ein. Sie unterstützen Kinder und Jugendliche mit Behinderung beim Regelschulbesuch und tragen entscheidend zu einem erfolgreichen Bildungsweg dieser SchülerInnen bei. Obwohl ihr Tätigkeitsfeld umfassend ist, weisen Untersuchungen darauf hin, dass SchulassistentInnen sich selbst nicht als ausreichend qualifiziert einschätzen und es ihnen an spezifischen Kompetenzen mangelt, um Kinder mit Behinderungen zu unterstützen und Inklusion zu ermöglichen. Um diesem Qualifizierungsbedarf zu entsprechen, werden im Rahmen des internationalen Kooperationsprojekts IMAS II fünf web-basierte Wissensboxen zu Themen, die für den Berufsalltag von AssistentInnen bedeutsam sind, konzipiert. Die Wissensboxen werden gemeinsam mit AssistentInnen, den begleiteten Kindern und ihren MitschülerInnen als MitforscherInnen entwickelt, anschließend mit AssistentInnen, LehrerInnen, Eltern und SchülerInnen erprobt und evaluiert. Diese flexible Fortbildungsmöglichkeit soll zur Qualitätssteigerung und längerfristigen Qualitätsentwicklung der Schulassistenz sowie zum Gelingen von Inklusion im Schulbereich beitragen. ; Teaching assistants play a key role in the implementation of an inclusive educational system. They support children and adolescents with special educational needs (SEN) in regular schools and contribute in a decisive way to a successful education of these students. Although their field of activity is very comprehensive, scientific evidence indicates that assistants do not consider themselves to be sufficiently qualified and lack specific competences to support students with SEN and enable inclusion. In order to meet this need for qualification, five web-based knowledge boxes on topics relevant to the daily work of assistants are being designed and evaluated within the framework of an international cooperation project IMAS II funded by the European Union. The knowledge boxes will be developed together with assistants, accompanied students and their classmates as co-researchers and then tested with assistants, teachers, parents and students. The impact of the knowledge boxes will be evaluated. This flexible further training opportunity is intended to contribute to a quality improvement and long-term quality development of assistance services and to the success of inclusion in schools.

Abstract WHO reported that viral diseases remain as an international public health concern. Quite a lot of viral outbreaks such as the SARS coronavirus from 2002 to 2003, H1N1 influenza in 2009, and the MERS syndrome coronavirus in 2012, in the last two decades. The recent outburst of COVID-19 disease has to turn out a global public health catastrophe that has a profound consequence on every aspect of human life. Currently, national governments, international health agencies, UN different bodies are working relentlessly to find the best way to save and mitigate our world from the shattering effects of COVID-19. Simultaneously, all related scientists around the planet determinedly made enormous efforts to find the COVID-19 transmission process, clinicopathological issues, diagnostics tools, and prevention policy planning and pharmacological intervention approaches. There are many problems that are not resolved regarding COVID-19, like the virus-host relations and the development and progression of the pandemic, with precise reference to the times when the current pandemic will reach its ultimate level to produce maximum damage. At this moment in time, yet we do not possess and definite and specific treatment options to fight with the COVID-19 viral infectious diseases. Currently, the majority of the scientist is involved in finding a way through drug repurposing. Up to the present time lot of medicines were identified that possess definite antiviral effects against COVID-19 but need to go a long way with well-designed study to obtain the best possible answer. After that, to this point, supportive and preventive remain as the best weapon.

European countries are developing or implementing policies that promote or require the use of information modelling in the architecture, engineering, construction and manufacture sectors. The integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to these sectors includes social, economic, political, legal and other aspects. This is why the implementation of BIM requires an integrated and broad approach that includes not only the BIM implementation and development strategy in designing companies but also in the field of education and professional training. The article discusses the potential of integrating BIM in different study programs and the possibilities of international cooperation in interdisciplinary BIM projects. The different levels of BIM will be explored in connection to different curricula. Particular attention is paid to the compatibility and applicability of design and innovative technology solutions using BIM methodology and the development of co-operation between higher education institutions in the Nordic region [1]. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative analysis and present the integration model of Building Information Modeling (BIM) into the Architecture programmes in different study cycles based on the example of Nordic countries. Objectives: To provide BIM use opportunities in 3 years Bachelor level based on Engineeering architecture study programme of VIA University College; To provide BIM use opportunities in 5 years Integrated studies based on Architecture studies pro­gramme of Kaunas University of Technology; To provide BIM use opportunities in the 2 years Master of Science program in Sustainable Architecture at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology; To perform comparative analysis between different countries and different study cycles; To provide a possible model for integration of the international BIM project in different study cycles.

Auf dem Höhepunkt der internationalen Sichtbarkeit von #metoo wurde auf Facebook eine Liste mit den Namen angesehener indischer Akademiker veröffentlicht, denen sexualisierte Belästigung vorgeworfen wurde. Die Liste war nicht nur insofern umstritten, als sie zu einem viralen Phänomen wurde (und damit zu einem Streitpunkt in der Frage nach der Legitimität von Internet-Kulturen im politischen Handeln), sondern auch, weil die Anschuldigungen keine Kontextualisierung der Umstände der angeblichen Verbrechen enthielten, um die Anonymität der Opfer zu schützen. Die Liste wurde schnell als "die Liste des Naming and Shaming" bezeichnet und stieß in der feministischen Bewegung selbst auf heftigste Kritik, da etablierte Feminist*innen öffentlich gegen solche Methoden und gegen Raya Sarkar, die queere Dalit, die das Dokument veröffentlicht hat, argumentierten. Der Artikel untersucht diese Solidaritätskonflikte als Konflikte zwischen transnationalen und lokalen Positionierungen und argumentiert für die Möglichkeit digitaler Räume als Umgebungen, die zu einem queering von Identitätspolitik, dem Ermöglichen konstruktiver Uneinigkeiten und transformativer Gerechtigkeit einladen, statt nur zu Konflikten und deren Lösung durch eine homogene feministische Identität. ; At the height of international visibility for #metoo, a crowdsourced list was published on Facebook that contained the names of prestigious Indian academics, accusing them of sexual harassment. The list was controversial not only in that it became a viral phenomenon (and resulted in immediate questioning of the legitimacy of internet culture for politics) but also in that these accusations did not contain information on the circumstances of the alleged crimes, so as to protect the victims' anonymity. The list was quickly dubbed "the list of naming and shaming" and was met with its strongest criticism from within the feminist movement itself, as established feminists argued publicly against such methods and against the queer Dalit leaker of the document, Raya Sarkar. This paper examines these conflicts of solidarity as conflicts between transnational and local positionalities and argues for the possibility of digital spaces as environments that invite a queering of identity politics, constructive disagreement, and transformative justice, rather than mere conflict and its resolution through a homogenous feminist identity.

European countries are developing or implementing policies that promote or require the use of information modelling in the architecture, engineering, construction and manufacture sectors. The integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to these sectors includes social, economic, political, legal and other aspects. This is why the implementation of BIM requires an integrated and broad approach that includes not only the BIM implementation and development strategy in designing companies but also in the field of education and professional training. The article discusses the potential of integrating BIM in different study programs and the possibilities of international cooperation in interdisciplinary BIM projects. The different levels of BIM will be explored in connection to different curricula. Particular attention is paid to the compatibility and applicability of design and innovative technology solutions using BIM methodology and the development of co-operation between higher education institutions in the Nordic region [1]. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative analysis and present the integration model of Building Information Modeling (BIM) into the Architecture programmes in different study cycles based on the example of Nordic countries. Objectives: To provide BIM use opportunities in 3 years Bachelor level based on Engineeering architecture study programme of VIA University College; To provide BIM use opportunities in 5 years Integrated studies based on Architecture studies programme of Kaunas University of Technology; To provide BIM use opportunities in the 2 years Master of Science program in Sustainable Architecture at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology; To perform comparative analysis between different countries and different study cycles; To provide a possible model for integration of the international BIM project in different study cycles.

The recycling of e-waste by the informal sector has brought countries in the Global South raw materials (e.g. metals and plastics), second-hand electronic equipment and components, and economic opportunities in conjunction with appalling environmental pollutions and health problems. Despite the longstanding international and national legislation regulating transnational trade and domestic recycling, informal e-waste economies are still clustering in many Global South countries. This study offers historically and geographically specific explanations of this conundrum, by interrogating the multi-scalar regulatory frameworks in which the informal e-waste economies and their pollutions are embedded, by drawing on China, particularly the former global e-waste hub-Guiyu town, as the case study. We argue that the contested and problematic application of current international and national legislation in regulating e-waste is in part pertaining to the slippery definition of what counts as &ldquo ; e-waste&rdquo ; and its paradoxical nature as both resources and pollutants. At the global scale, trajectories of global e-waste flows are shaped by the multitude of loopholes, contradictions and ambiguous articles left by the Basel Convention and by different countries&rsquo ; disparate attitudes towards the e-waste trade. At the national scale, the ambiguities and contradictions in the Basel Convention have been passed on to and shaped China&rsquo ; s national e-waste regulatory frameworks. China&rsquo ; s equivocal legislation, paradoxical attitude, and formal enterprises&rsquo ; weak competence contribute to the rise of informal e-waste recycling in Guiyu. Yet, China&rsquo ; s e-waste regime has been greatly restructured within the past decade, with formal recycling enterprises playing an increasingly significant role.

It is well known that the private military and security sector is an overwhelmingly male-dominated industry. This is partially a result of the 'revolving door phenomenon' whereby former members of armed forces and police services are employed by Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC) and traditional notions of masculinity that prevail in the armed forces and police are thus replicated in the private sector. Perception of the industry as male plus other barriers also play a role in limiting women's access to the sector. Consequently, these lead to specific gendered human rights impacts for employees of private security providers, as well as significant and gendered human rights violations perpetrated against local communities in the areas in which they operate. In addition, the private security sector is one that has experienced significant public attention and resultant human rights regulation in the past decade. Nevertheless, the focus given to gender is limited, non-intersectional, and restricted largely to human trafficking and discrimination. This paper explores: (1) the gendered nature of PMSC human rights impacts; and (2) the gender gaps in the regulatory frameworks at international and national levels, including National Action Plans (NAP) on business and human rights and the efforts of the UN Open-ended Inter-Governmental Working Group on PMSCs (OEIGWG) to establish an international regulatory framework. It concludes that the private military and security industry has the potential to cause disproportionately gendered impacts due to its composition and nature, amplified by the power-imbalance between PMSCs and local communities, and their deployment in fragile contexts. Despite this potential for negative impacts, there are considerable gaps in regulation concerning gender which demand urgent attention.

As a response to current global trends in the field of higher education and studies, the attitude has become prevalent in the European Commission and among member states of the European Union (EU) that major reforms are required to help European higher education successfully compete under the conditions of globalization and a knowledge-based economy. Studies focused on student personal success and citizenship education are inseparable from technological advancement and international mobility opportunities, the integration of top international teachers, collaborative studies with students from various countries, as well as other factors that can help prepare open, tolerant, creative and well-prepared graduates. The quality of research and education remains a priority in European higher education. University management must be based on community spirit, the autonomy of academic units, as well as on a results-oriented approach leading toward greater efficiency and financial stability. The aim of the present article is to examine the effects of management innovations in higher education using the case of Mykolas Romeris University, as this learning institution was one of the first in Lithuania to apply the modern study management methods. The research goal is to determine whether or not there is a difference between general higher education trends in Lithuania and the trends observed at MRU. Descriptive statistical methods were applied in the data analysis, with the relations of the data, the indexes as well as speed of change calculated. Strength among links is assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The article analyses the use of modern innovation management methods that have helped the university survive in the difficult conditions of greater competition and reduced state funding.

The paper explores the higher education institution experience activities regarding minors' protection against abuse and exploitation within the international framework of the challenge under study. The research stands on the comparative analysis of the Lanzarote Committee documents, explored Parties' replies to Question 2 (Education for children) of the Thematic Questionnaire and Question 8(a) (Education, awareness raising and training), first indent, of the General Overview Questionnaire. The analysis also took into account Academia's publications on the issue under study. The Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) faculty members' participation in the Lanzarote Committee work also contributed to the research. The paper highlights qualitative analysis findings that cover such issues as the education contexts for preventive information delivery, their contents, tools and forms of disseminating preventive information, terminology used, parents' engagement, situations of risks, etc. The above aspects are considered through the lenses of university engagement in the analysis. The paper argues that the university can contribute to capacity-building measures for minors' education to prevent their abuse and exploitation; the university capacity to perform the relevant activities rests on its multiprofiled structure, comprehensive nature, and opportunities to collaborate with various agencies and engage specialists in pedagogy, law, medicine, psychology and psychiatry, etc. The research findings reveal that the university might play a significant role in shaping information, bridging institutional responses, coordinating the legislation, government policies and the public initiatives to promote action plans towards the nation-wide and international levels to protect minors and combat against their abuse and exploitation. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The article discusses the possible transformation of the geopolitical situation in the Francophone countries of Tropical Africa in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, based on the information published in the French media. And also, the analytical report, sent by experts of the Paris Center for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategy (CAPS), to the President and the French Foreign Ministry was used. The article contains a list of the main epidemiological, social, humanitarian, and political threats that will destabilize the situation on the Black Continent, as well asmade a prediction attempt of the dynamics of international relations in the post-coronavirus period. The aim of this study is to find out how the balance of forces of traditional and relatively new actors in international relations has been changed in the countries of Tropical Africa in the period of present observation. Particular attention is paid to the initiatives of the Champs Elysees, designed to preserve the traditional political, economic, and military dominance of the Fifth Republic in African countries, the territories of which were part of the French colonial empire. Emanuel Macron's proposals regarding forgiveness of external debts and economic assistance to African countries are analyzed. It is concluded that the initiatives of the President of France cannot be implemented in political practice and are aimed only at countering the growth of anti-French mood in the Sahel. A political analysis of the situation comes to the conclusion that, as a result of the economic and political upheaval caused by the coronavirus pandemic, it is very likely that the interests of France will be supplanted from Tropical Africa by China and, in part, by Russia.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are substantially prevalent and increase with age. Research on smoking as a risk factor for LUTS has been inconclusive. The present study examined the association between smoking habits and male LUTS in a population-based study using a web-based questionnaire. We firstly screened a total of 10,000 male participants who were selected according to the age distribution in the Japanese population in government data, in order to check smoking habits. We then performed a web-based survey to further investigate factors associated with LUTS, using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire. Finally, 9042 participants (non-smokers, n = 3545; ex-smokers, n = 3060; and current-smokers, n = 2437) completed the full continence survey. Current-smokers (2.54 ± 2.73, 1.98 ± 3.57, 5.75 ± 7.02) and ex-smokers (2.80 ± 2.52, 1.81 ± 3.10, 6.58 ± 6.96) showed significantly higher OABSS total, ICIQ-SF total, and IPSS total scores than non-smokers (1.98 ± 2.40, 1.35 ± 2.90, 4.23 + -/6.33) (p: < 0.0001, < 0.0001, < 0.0001, respectively). In comparison to non-smokers, the prevalence of risk ratio for day-time frequency, nocturia, urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), OAB, and IPSS ≥ 8 were 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5, respectively, in current-smokers and 1.3, 1.5, 1.5, 4.5, 1.8 in ex-smokers. The relative risk of OAB, nocturia, UUI, and IPSS ≥ 8 in ex- and current-smokers in comparison to non-smokers was high in the young age groups in comparison to the elderly groups. Current-smokers and ex-smokers showed a higher prevalence of male LUTS. This phenomenon was highly observed in relatively young age groups.

Law and policy differences help explain why, as HIV-related science has advanced swiftly, some countries have realised remarkable progress on AIDS while others see expanding epidemics. We describe the structure and findings of a new dataset and research platform, the HIV Policy Lab, which fills an important knowledge gap by measuring the HIV-related policy environment across 33 indicators and 194 countries over time, with online access and visualisation. Cross-national indicators can be critical tools in international governance—building social power to monitor state behaviour with the potential to change policy and improve domestic accountability. This new and evolving effort collects data about policy through review of legal documents, official government reports and systematic review of secondary sources. Alignment between national policy environments and global norms is demonstrated through comparison with international public health guidance and agreements. We demonstrate substantial variation in the content of law and policies between countries, regions and policy areas. Given progress in basic and implementation science, it would be tempting to believe most countries have adopted policies aligned with global norms, with a few outliers. Data show this is not the case. Globally, alignment is higher on clinical and treatment policies than on prevention, testing and structural policies. Policy-makers, researchers, civil society, finance agencies and others can use these data to better understand the policy environment within and across countries and support reform. Longitudinal analysis enables evaluation of the impact of laws and policies on HIV outcomes and research about the political drivers of policy choice.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders among adults seeking care in primary healthcare centers in Cordoba city, Argentina. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of a random sample of adults 18–69 years of age seeking care for general health problems in public (i.e., government-funded) primary healthcare centers in Cordoba city, Argentina in 2010–2011. Mood and anxiety disorders were assessed in the participants' lifetime, and in the last 12 months and 30 days using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0, and defined following the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision. RESULTS: Overall, 1,067 participants were included in the current analysis [mean age 35.6 (SD 13.2) years, 83.7% female]. The lifetime, 12-month and 30-day prevalence of any mood or anxiety disorder was 40.4% [95% confidence interval (95%CI) 37.4–43.4%], 20.1% (17.8–22.7%) and 7.8% (6.2–9.6%), respectively. The prevalence of anxiety disorders was higher compared to mood disorders when assessed in the participants' lifetime [29.7% (95%CI 27.0–32.5%) versus 19.3% (17.0–21.8%)], and in the last 12 months [14.9% (12.8–17.2%) versus 8.7% (7.1–10.6%)] and 30 days [5.8% (4.5–7.4%) versus 2.3% (1.5–3.4%)]. Age and marital status-adjusted odds ratios for any mood or anxiety disorder in the participants' lifetime and in the last 12 months and 30 days comparing women versus men were 1.19 (95%CI 0.85–1.67), 1.70 (1.07–2.69), and 2.26 (1.02–5.00), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders is high among adults seeking care in primary healthcare centers in Cordoba city, particularly among women. Integration of primary and mental health services is warranted.