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Governments increasingly focus on extending working lives by raising public pension ages and in some cases by linking pension ages to changes in the life expectancy. This study offers novel insights into how employers perceive such reforms and their consequences for their organization. A survey among employers (N = 1,208) has been carried out in 2017 to examine their reactions to a recent pension reform in the Netherlands. Statistical analyses are performed to examine employers' support for the current policy of linking the public pension age to changes in average life expectancy, as well as the support for 2 alternative policies that are often considered in public policy debates: a flexible public pension age; and a lower public pension age for workers in physically demanding jobs. Results show that particularly employers in construction and industry are extremely concerned about the physical capability of employees to keep on working until the public pension age. These concerns are the driving forces behind the lack of support for linking public pension ages to changes in average life expectancy (22% support) and the overwhelming support for a lower public pension age for physically demanding jobs (82%). The introduction of a flexible pension age (78% support) is not firmly related to employers' concerns about capability or employability of older workers.

Im Dezember 2019 und im Januar 2020 veranstaltete das Deutsche Institut für Menschenrechte gemeinsam mit dem Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend zwei Fachgespräche zu den Themen "Recht auf Arbeit und Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt" sowie "Zugang zum Recht". Diese Fachgespräche mit Vertreter_innen aus Wissenschaft, Praxis, Zivilgesellschaft, Verbänden, den zuständigen Ressorts und dem Deutschen Institut für Menschenrechte dienten der Vorbereitung der für April 2020 geplanten 11. Sitzung der UN-Arbeitsgruppe zu den Rechten Älterer (UN Open-ended Working Group on Ageing, OEWG-A) in New York. Ziel dieser Fachgespräche war es, Erkenntnisse und gute Beispiele aus Deutschland zu diesen Themen zu bündeln und die Ergebnisse auf der Sitzung der OEWG-A einzubringen. Im Oktober 2020 führte das Deutsche Institut für Menschenrechte ein weiteres (virtuelles) Fachgespräch zur Definition bzw. Beschreibung der Gruppe der Älteren und der damit verbundenen Frage durch, wie der Schutzbereich einer möglichen zukünftigen Konvention zum Schutz der Rechte Älterer bestimmt werden soll. Die vorliegende Dokumentation stellt die Hintergründe des UN-Prozesses zur Stärkung der Menschenrechte Älterer vor und dokumentiert die Ergebnisse der insgesamt drei Fachgespräche.

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to the police pension fund in certain municipalities.

The rollback of the welfare state in countries such as the UK, coupled with population ageing, have contributed to a situation in which responsibility for older people's wellbeing is placed more heavily on the individual. This is exemplified in the notion in popular and policy circles that individuals should plan for later life, particularly financially, and a corresponding concern that they are not doing so sufficiently. This scoping review aimed to identify the structural factors which inhibit people from engaging in planning for later life. For the purposes of this review, we characterised planning as the range of activities people deliberately pursue with the aim of achieving desired outcomes in later life. This entails a future, as opposed to shorter-term, goal orientation. In study selection, we focused on planning at mid-life (aged 40 to 60). Systematic and snowball searching identified 2,317 studies, of which 36 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The review found that limited financial resources were a key barrier to planning. Related factors included: living in rented accommodation, informal caring, and working part-time. A lack of support from employers, industry, regulators and landlords was also found to inhibit planning. The findings suggest that certain sections of society are effectively excluded from planning. This is particularly problematic if popular and policy discourse comes to blame individuals for failing to plan. The review also provides a critical perspective on planning, highlighting a tendency in the literature towards individualistic and productivist interpretations of the concept.

Bill introduced by the Texas Senate relating to the repeal of certain obsolete laws governing state pensions and other similar benefits.

This paper tries to analyze the grounds for removal by "Call to qualify services" of the military and police in Colombia, which has been regarded as typical discretion, something that pretends to be contested by the author. Unfortunately the spirit of this ground has been disoriented and military and police are using it as if it were the exercise of discretion full. It is for this that there is a need to specify clearly the differences between discretionary withdrawal is also enshrined in the military and the causal rules called "appeal to qualify for services."These pages are part of a documentary research, exploratory and previous explicative. The motive that they are the product of the review of the Doctrine and Jurisprudence, the analysis of a topic that to date has not been studied and it attempts to answer the reasons why the cited grounds for removal is considered by the Colombian State high courts as discretionary faculty.The previous academic year allowed a qualitative advance, however we tried to capture the reality of effectiveness of that grounds for removal in the Colombian regulatory framework. It is important to note that this research is primarily descriptive, qualitative, whatever its aim was to describe the legal framework of the reason for withdrawal "rate call services". ; Este documento pretende analizar la causal de retiro por "llamamiento a calificar servicios" de los militares y policiales, la cual ha sido considerada por las Altas Cortes, como típica facultad discrecional, aspecto que pretende ser controvertido por la autora. Desafortunadamente el espíritu de esta causal ha sido desorientado y los mandos militares y policiales la están utilizando como si se tratara del ejercicio de una facultad discrecional plena. Por lo anterior, surge la necesidad de precisar con claridad las diferencias entre el retiro discrecional que también está consagrado en las normas castrenses y la causal denominada "llamamiento a calificar servicios".Las presentes páginas se enmarcan en una investigación de tipo documental, exploratoria y explicativa. Lo anterior en razón de que las mismas son el producto de la revisión de doctrina y jurisprudencia, del análisis de un tema que hasta la fecha no ha sido objeto de estudio y del intento por responder las razones por las cuales la citada causal de retiro es considerada por las Altas Cortes del Estado colombiano como potestad discrecional.El anterior ejercicio académico permitió adelantar una investigación cualitativa, comoquiera que pretendió captar la realidad de la operancia de la mencionada causal de retiro en el marco normativo colombiano. Es oportuno anotar que la presente investigación es, principalmente, cualitativa de tipo descriptiva, ya que su objetivo fue describir el marco jurídico de causal de retiro por "llamamiento a calificar servicios".

Das "kritische Lebensereignis" Pensionierung bringt sowohl für den/die Betroffene/n selbst als auch für den/die PartnerIn Veränderungen mit sich, die Anpassungsleistungen erforderlich machen. Dabei handelt es sich um primäre Belastungsfaktoren wie die Veränderung von Zeitstruktur und -verwendung, sowie um sekundäre Belastungsfaktoren wie etwa die Einschränkung von sozialen Kontakten als Folge einer nicht erfolgreich verlaufenen Bewältigung. Die Partnerschaft kann sich in diesem Lebensabschnitt als wertvolle Ressource erweisen, um den mit dem Übergang in den Ruhestand verknüpften Veränderungen auf konstruktive Weise zu begegnen. Das vorliegende working paper "Die Partnerschaft als Ressource bei kritischen Lebensereignissen am Beispiel der Pensionierung" ist als Vorarbeit, als theoretische Basis für eine weiterführende Untersuchung zu diesem Thema zu gedacht. Anhand dieser Grundlage ist geplant, im Anschluss Hypothesen zu bilden, die in einer Studie empirisch überprüft werden sollen. Hauptziel ist es, wirksame partnerschaftliche Ressourcen und Strategien zu ermitteln, die sowohl dem Individuum als auch dem Paar eine positive, befriedigende Bewältigung des Überganges in den Ruhestand ermöglichen. Die Erkenntnisse, die aus der geplanten Studie gewonnen werden, könnten in weiterer Folge für Maßnahmen der Pensionsvorbereitung genutzt werden und einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Prävention von Partnerschaftskonflikten im Zusammenhang mit kritischen Lebensereignissen (im speziellen mit dem Übergang in den Ruhestand) leisten.

Part 1. Age Structure -- 1. 2024: The Historic Reversal of America's Population -- 2. America's Retirement Riddle -- 3. America's Age Tipping Point is Approaching — we're Totally Unprepared -- 4. As Americans Age, a Demographic Crisis Looms -- 5. Caring for The Old -- 6. Population Ageing: An Inescapable Future -- 7. Quitting Work in Retirement? Fuhgeddaboudit -- 8. Raise Retirement Ages -- Part 2. Climate Change -- 9. America's Climate Change Conclusion -- 10. Climate Change Conclusion: Time for Bold Action -- 11. Climate Change Crisis Nonacceptance -- 12. Climate Change Requires Population Stabilization for America -- 13. Climate Change with 8 Billion Humans -- 14. Earth Day to Earth Disaster -- 15. Hamburgers and Climate Change -- 16. The Climate Change Shuffle: Deny, Delay, and Do Nothing -- 17. Too Hot for Climate Change: Limiting Population Growth -- Part 3. Development -- 18. Androids in Human Populations -- 19. As Foes and Allies Rise, America's Downward Spiral Accelerates -- 20. Billionaires 'kvetching' about Population Collapse -- 21. Debunking Demographic Denialism -- 22. Food and People -- 23. Planet Earth into Planet Plastics -- 24. Who's not Voting in America? -- 25. Why Aren't More Women Angry? -- Part 4. Fertility -- 26. Abortion and the Supreme Court: An American Tragedy -- 27. Abortion Decision Felt Worldwide -- 28. America's Views on Abortion Remain Steady - its Laws are a Different Story -- 29. Don't Blame American Women for Fewer Births -- 30. Future Fertility Fantasies -- 31. The Challenges of High Fertility, Rapidly Growing Populations -- Part 5. Growth -- 32. After Years of US Population Growth, it's Time for a Pause -- 33. America's Majority - Minority Confusion -- 34. America's Population Growth Future -- 35. For America's Future Population, how much is too much? -- 36. Is the US Population in Decline? More Ponzi Demography -- 37. No, Henny Penny, America's Demographic Sky is not Falling -- 38. Population Growth Diversity Continuing in the 21st Century -- 39. Population Stabilization, not Growth, is the Key to America's Future -- 40. Slower Population Growth Signals Successes and Benefits -- Part 6. Households -- 41. A Possible Solution to Childcare -- 42. America's Single Parent Families -- 43. Breakdown of Poverty in America is a Mirror to the Nation's Reality -- 44. Dating in a Changing America -- 45. Living alone in America -- 46. The end of Marriage in America? -- 47. Why aren't more American Women and Men in the Labor Force? -- Part 7. International Migration -- 48. America's Immigration Policy Reform: Polemics, Idealism and Slogans -- 49. America's Open Border Policy -- 50. An Open Borders World -- 51. For the Foreseeable Future, Immigration will Fuel U.S. Population Growth -- 52. How Many More Immigrants and who should they be? -- 53. Migration Pawns: Unaccompanied Children -- 54. US Population Stability Requires Immigration – Just not too Much -- Part 8. Irregular Migration -- 55. America's Unauthorized Immigrants have been Left out of the Conversation -- 56. Illegal Immigration Dilemma -- 57. Illegal Immigration: A Global Crisis of the 21st Century -- 58. Smuggler Services for Illegal Immigration -- 59. What should be the Consequences for Illegal Immigration? -- 60. Why the Surprise Over Illegal Immigration that's only Poised to Grow? -- Part 9. Mortality -- 61. America's Pandemic of the Unvaccinated -- 62. America's Unhealthy Lifestyles -- 63. Demographic Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic: An Overview -- 64. Don't Refuse a Covid-19 Vaccine -- 65. One thing Americans can't Deny: The Nation's Low Life Expectancy -- 66. The Dying Children Divide -- 67. The Lives and Deaths of Infants: America's Discouraging Disadvantage -- Part 10. Policies -- 68. America's Experiencing a Binary Sex Transformation -- 69. America's Taxes - Complex, Incomprehensible and Unfair -- 70. Growing Disconnects Between Citizens and Legislators Endanger US Democracy -- 71. It's Time for a Discussion About Life After Being Born in America -- 72. The 'Great Replacement' Theory Rejects History and Reality -- 73. The Most Likely to be in the Jailhouse Now -- 74. The Republicans' Opposition to Elder Support is Decades in the Making -- 75. U.S. Political Divides on Demographics -- Part 11. Refugees -- 76. America's Refugee and Asylum Debate -- 77. Attention America: There's an Asylum Iceberg Dead Ahead -- 78. Rejecting Refugee Realities: Somebody else's Problem -- 79. Right to Asylum: Bye-Bye -- 80. Twilight for the 1951 Refugee Convention.

A New Source on the Advance of Gotthard Kettler into the Office of the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia Gotthard Kettler was elected coadjutor (co-ruler and successor) of the master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia in July 1558. The Order in Livonia was in deep crisis because of the war with the Muscovy, and the old master Wilhelm von Fürstenberg was unable to manage it. In these circumstances Kettler strived with all methods for the office of the master. The chronicles of the period date the final change in the leadership of the Order as of September 1559. Earlier research has noted, however, that Kettler occasionally used the title of the master as early as in February 1559. The charter published here is another evidence on Kettlers aspirations. A group of officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia confirm herewith that they have accepted Gotthard Kettler as their new master on 22 February 1559. Legal ramifications of this charter are not straightforward. The main ratio behind it seems to be the support to Kettler for his mission in Poland, where he was searching for help against Muscovy, and needed to legitimise his negotiating position. Final change in the leadership of the Order still took more time, until the retirement conditions of the old master Fürstenberg were settled. ; A New Source on the Advance of Gotthard Kettler into the Office of the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia Gotthard Kettler was elected coadjutor (co-ruler and successor) of the master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia in July 1558. The Order in Livonia was in deep crisis because of the war with the Muscovy, and the old master Wilhelm von Fürstenberg was unable to manage it. In these circumstances Kettler strived with all methods for the office of the master. The chronicles of the period date the final change in the leadership of the Order as of September 1559. Earlier research has noted, however, that Kettler occasionally used the title of the master as early as in February 1559. The charter published here is another evidence on Kettlers aspirations. A group of officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia confirm herewith that they have accepted Gotthard Kettler as their new master on 22 February 1559. Legal ramifications of this charter are not straightforward. The main ratio behind it seems to be the support to Kettler for his mission in Poland, where he was searching for help against Muscovy, and needed to legitimise his negotiating position. Final change in the leadership of the Order still took more time, until the retirement conditions of the old master Fürstenberg were settled. ; A New Source on the Advance of Gotthard Kettler into the Office of the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia Gotthard Kettler was elected coadjutor (co-ruler and successor) of the master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia in July 1558. The Order in Livonia was in deep crisis because of the war with the Muscovy, and the old master Wilhelm von Fürstenberg was unable to manage it. In these circumstances Kettler strived with all methods for the office of the master. The chronicles of the period date the final change in the leadership of the Order as of September 1559. Earlier research has noted, however, that Kettler occasionally used the title of the master as early as in February 1559. The charter published here is another evidence on Kettlers aspirations. A group of officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia confirm herewith that they have accepted Gotthard Kettler as their new master on 22 February 1559. Legal ramifications of this charter are not straightforward. The main ratio behind it seems to be the support to Kettler for his mission in Poland, where he was searching for help against Muscovy, and needed to legitimise his negotiating position. Final change in the leadership of the Order still took more time, until the retirement conditions of the old master Fürstenberg were settled.

A New Source on the Advance of Gotthard Kettler into the Office of the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia Gotthard Kettler was elected coadjutor (co-ruler and successor) of the master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia in July 1558. The Order in Livonia was in deep crisis because of the war with the Muscovy, and the old master Wilhelm von Fürstenberg was unable to manage it. In these circumstances Kettler strived with all methods for the office of the master. The chronicles of the period date the final change in the leadership of the Order as of September 1559. Earlier research has noted, however, that Kettler occasionally used the title of the master as early as in February 1559. The charter published here is another evidence on Kettlers aspirations. A group of officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia confirm herewith that they have accepted Gotthard Kettler as their new master on 22 February 1559. Legal ramifications of this charter are not straightforward. The main ratio behind it seems to be the support to Kettler for his mission in Poland, where he was searching for help against Muscovy, and needed to legitimise his negotiating position. Final change in the leadership of the Order still took more time, until the retirement conditions of the old master Fürstenberg were settled. ; A New Source on the Advance of Gotthard Kettler into the Office of the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia Gotthard Kettler was elected coadjutor (co-ruler and successor) of the master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia in July 1558. The Order in Livonia was in deep crisis because of the war with the Muscovy, and the old master Wilhelm von Fürstenberg was unable to manage it. In these circumstances Kettler strived with all methods for the office of the master. The chronicles of the period date the final change in the leadership of the Order as of September 1559. Earlier research has noted, however, that Kettler occasionally used the title of the master as early as in February 1559. The charter published here is another evidence on Kettlers aspirations. A group of officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia confirm herewith that they have accepted Gotthard Kettler as their new master on 22 February 1559. Legal ramifications of this charter are not straightforward. The main ratio behind it seems to be the support to Kettler for his mission in Poland, where he was searching for help against Muscovy, and needed to legitimise his negotiating position. Final change in the leadership of the Order still took more time, until the retirement conditions of the old master Fürstenberg were settled. ; A New Source on the Advance of Gotthard Kettler into the Office of the Master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia Gotthard Kettler was elected coadjutor (co-ruler and successor) of the master of the Teutonic Order in Livonia in July 1558. The Order in Livonia was in deep crisis because of the war with the Muscovy, and the old master Wilhelm von Fürstenberg was unable to manage it. In these circumstances Kettler strived with all methods for the office of the master. The chronicles of the period date the final change in the leadership of the Order as of September 1559. Earlier research has noted, however, that Kettler occasionally used the title of the master as early as in February 1559. The charter published here is another evidence on Kettlers aspirations. A group of officials of the Teutonic Order in Livonia confirm herewith that they have accepted Gotthard Kettler as their new master on 22 February 1559. Legal ramifications of this charter are not straightforward. The main ratio behind it seems to be the support to Kettler for his mission in Poland, where he was searching for help against Muscovy, and needed to legitimise his negotiating position. Final change in the leadership of the Order still took more time, until the retirement conditions of the old master Fürstenberg were settled.