Until the 1970s, nationalism studies were almost exclusively about men: male intellectuals and politicians who defined the nation for the public, and male revolutionaries or soldiers who attained and protected the nation, often claiming full political citizenship in return for their services. However, the fact of their gender and the connection between national and masculine identities was hardly acknowledged, much less interrogated until the 1980s. Ironically, seeing men as men was largely the result of asking where the women were.
Die Autorin kritisiert das Fehlen einer Gender-Perspektive in zahlreichen Beiträgen zum Thema Flexicurity. Dabei sind Frauen in viel stärkerem Maße als Männer von Flexicurity betroffen, beispielsweise durch die Tatsache, dass Frauen häufiger als Männer geringfügig beschäftigt sind und unbezahlte Hausarbeit leisten. Die zusätzliche Sicherheit, die Flexicurity gewährleisten soll, ist jedoch für Frauen nicht ausreichend. Die Abwesenheit von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, z.B. wegen Kindererziehung, und auch Teilzeitarbeit wirkt sich nach wie vor negativ auf den Berufsverlauf und auf die Einkommensentwicklung von Frauen aus. Nur unter den richtigen politischen Bedingungen kann das Paradigma der Flexicurity bzw. des Übergangsarbeitsmarktes zur Geschlechtergleichberechtigung beitragen. Hierzu gehört auch die gerechte Verteilung von bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit zwischen Männern und Frauen. Nur die stärkere Beteiligung von Männern an unbezahlter Arbeit ermöglicht Frauen eine Wahlmöglichkeit in Hinblick auf bezahlte Arbeit. (IAB)
Citizenship has re-emerged as a key concept in late 20th century academic and political discourse in the UK. This article explores the changing nature of this discourse in mainstream political and in aca demic and activist debate. The latter both reflects the mainstream political debate and provides critical perspectives on it. In particular, it is here that we find a gender dimension and critical attention to differ ence. The article concludes by speculating about possible future directions in UK citizenship debates.
This study focuses on the intersection of power and gender in negotiations, which is seldom challenged in previous research. In an experiment with 72 negotiators, we consider issue authority as a proxy of power in negotiations and investigate how different power allocations affect the negotiation success. We learn that an increase in issue authority for one of the two parties does not necessarily lead to an increase in success. Especially, female negotiators rely on their negotiation power, rather than systematically improving mutual utilities. This article contributes to Emerson's power-dependence theory, social role theory, role congruity theory, and gender role conflict theory by combining analyzing the impact of gender differences and power on the success. This study attempts to close the gap in the literature by focusing on the prospective function of gender role orientation in explaining gender differences in negotiation. The theoretical contribution is that females are not per se inferior in negotiations, but their performance decreases in scenarios of power asymmetries. On the contrary, unbalanced power decreases the likelihood of success. Negotiators cannot rely on a power advantage to increase their success.
"This book challenges Mexican narratives of the partriarchal gender binary by looking at the Muxes, a gender fluid indigenous group readily accepted by their community"--Provided by publisher
In: International review for the sociology of sport: irss ; a quarterly edited on behalf of the International Sociology of Sport Association (ISSA), Band 52, Heft 1, S. 61-81
Sports and physical activities are ideal fields to study gender construction. Much research aims at shedding light on these processes. Women involved in 'male' sports have been extensively studied, and mixed-sex activities have sometimes been used to support these studies, but research has rarely focused on populations of disabled athletes. Yet, the phenomenon of gender construction takes on a particular meaning in the context of disability, insofar as the relations between sports, gender and disability raise the issues of production and negotiation of bodily norms in a specific way. We will try to understand this gender construction phenomenon through the study of ten French powerchair football players, with whom we conducted a participant observation over two and a half years, as well as in-depth interviews. We will pay particular attention to the case of three sportswomen who competed in an almost exclusively male champion ship. We will see that these women are confronted with a dilemma: going against the stereotype of the asexual Paralympian female athlete while performing masculinity to gain legitimacy in a men's world. These sportswomen thus 'play the game' of masculinity through a set of discursive, behavioral and clothing strategies in order to find a place in powerchair football, while still preserving some of their 'femininity.'
With the advancement of information and communication technology, virtual teams are becoming more popular as geographical constraints in collaboration have become a non-issue. Features of the technology and characteristics of the group influence interaction processes and outcomes. Two elements are the focus of this paper. The first is anonymity, which has been made feasible by technology. The other concerns gender. Gender is an important research target, and its role in groupwork must not be overlooked. Both elements have aroused much interest across multiple research fields. The existing literature shows their potential in influencing team collaboration processes, satisfaction, and performance. In this paper, the authors present a process-based interpretation of virtual team collaboration, incorporating the anonymity of technology and the gender difference of team members. Using a multiple case study approach, the paper identifies a key set of process variables that shape team performance. The study also examines the interdependencies among the processes. Task-related activity that occurred during team discussion was affected by gender anonymity, and this influenced group performance and members' satisfaction toward the collaboration process. Group dynamics, including member awareness, leader emergence, and member's conformity, are salient process variables that affect the virtual team performance as well.
The gender gap in contemporary American politics refers to differences in political attitudes & behavior between men & women that may be traced back to the 1980 presidential election & the Reagan presidency. For nearly two decades, men have displayed consistently more conservative & pro-Republican preferences than have women. Although the gender gap has been well-documented & recognized by practitioners & scholars alike, explanations of why women have been less supportive of the conservative agenda in the Reagan & post-Reagan years have not been explained satisfactorily. In this exploratory study, we suggest that the gender-based political divisions observed in American politics have their origins in exogenous dispositions that men & women bring with them to the political environment. Specifically, women are more predisposed than men to display empathy toward distressed others in society. Differences in dispositions toward empathy are stimulated in the political arena when the agendas of candidates emphasize issues that motivate empathic predispositions. Under such circumstances, women are more inclined than men to express support for liberal policy preferences, &, thus, empathy is a concept that may help us to better understand the nature of the political gender gap. 7 Tables, 1 Figure, 3 Appendixes, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.
"This book proposes the idea of fictional International Relations (IR) and engages with feminist IR by contextualising the case of a woman spy in Korea in the Cold War. Fictional imagination and feminist IR encourage one to go beyond conventional or standard ways of thinking; it reshapes taken-for-granted interpretations and assumptions. This takes the view that a dominant narrative of events might be reconstructed as a different kind of story, once events are placed within a wider temporal approach. The case of the female Korean secret agent- who reportedly bombed a South Korean plane (Korean Airlines (KAL) Flight 858) under the instruction from the North Korean leadership to disrupt the Seoul Olympic Games- is chosen to serve as an effective example of fictional IR and feminist IR scholarship, which can be investigated through the research puzzles concerning gender, pain and truth. Fictional International Relations has three main objectives. First, it investigates the way in which fiction-writing can become a method for dealing with data problems and contingency in IR. Second, the book examines how gender, pain and truth operate or interact in the case of the Korean spy and how this observation can strengthen feminist IR in terms of intersectionality. Finally, the author goes on to determine why this case has been so difficult to study openly and thoroughly. The aim of the book is not to refute the official findings; the point is to unpack complex dynamics surrounding truth--more specifically how the official account has been executed as 'the' truth--based on a feminist-informed investigation. This book will be of interest to students of IR theory, critical security studies, Cold War studies, gender studies and Asian studies"--
Purpose This study aims to examine how woman leadership (i.e., woman board chairperson, woman chief executive officer (CEO) and board gender diversity) affects audit fee and also ascertained the interactive effect of woman leadership and gender diversity on audit committee on audit fee.
Design/methodology/approach The study applied ordinary least square and fixed-effect estimators on the data of 21 universal banks in Ghana for the period 2010–2021 to estimate the empirical results.
Findings It is revealed that under the leadership of women (woman CEO and board gender diversity), higher external audit quality is ensured as higher audit fee is paid. Interestingly, it was found that with the presence of women on the audit committee, the integrity of internal controls and internal audit procedures are enhanced, which leads to quality financial reporting, calls for lower audit effort, hence lower audit fee.
Practical implications The result indicates that firms can rely on the leadership of women in ensuring quality external audit and quality financial reporting, which ultimately helps to minimize the information risk to all stakeholders.
Originality/value The paper contributes to extant literature by establishing that, under the leadership of women in banking entities from a developing country context, external audit quality and financial reporting are achieved.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in personality traits of people with and without entrepreneurial intent to assess whether women who intend to become entrepreneurs exhibit particular tendencies that can be fostered.
Design/methodology/approach Participants completed an online battery of well-established questionnaires to cover a range of personality traits relevant to entrepreneurship and gender. Participants also answered items concerning intent to become an entrepreneur. A factor analysis of personality traits produced four factors (esteem and power, ambition, risk propensity and communal tendency, the latter reflecting openness and cooperation, without hubris). The authors constructed four parallel regression models to examine how gender, entrepreneurial intent and the interaction of gender with intent related to these four personality factor scores.
Findings Participants who endorsed a desire to become an entrepreneur reported higher ambition. Women with entrepreneurial intentions endorsed higher levels of communal tendency than men with entrepreneurial intent. Those without entrepreneurial intent did not show gender differences in communal tendency.
Research limitations/implications Current findings suggest that men and women who intend to become entrepreneurs share many traits, but women with entrepreneurial intent show unique elevations in communal tendencies. Thus, a worthwhile locus for intervention into the gender disparity in self-employment would be providing space and acknowledgement of prosocial motivation and goals as one highly successful route to entrepreneurship.
Originality/value Given the underused economic potential of women entrepreneurs, there is a fundamental need for a rich array of research on factors that limit and promote women's entry into entrepreneurship. Current findings indicate that personality may be one piece of this puzzle.
In: The journal of modern African studies: a quarterly survey of politics, economics & related topics in contemporary Africa, Band 55, Heft 1, S. 55-78
Die Erziehungswissenschaft hat die theoretischen Diskussionen, die in anderen geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen um die Differenz von 'sex' und 'gender', um den radikalen Dekonstruktivismus Judith Butlers und um Fragen der Performativität und Intersektionalität geführt wurden, aufgegriffen und an diese angeschlossen. 'Doing gender' hat Studien nach sich gezogen, die die Konstruktion von Geschlecht durch Praxen rekonstruiert. Parallel hat sich in den letzten Jahren eine explizite Männlichkeitsforschung herausgebildet, die sich in interdisziplinären Arbeitszusammenhängen organisiert und stark an die theoretischen Arbeiten von Connell, aber auch an Bourdieus Konzept des 'männlichen Habitus' anschließt. Im Rahmen der Erziehungswissenschaft entstanden etwa Arbeiten zu männlicher Sozialisation, zu entgrenzter Männlichkeit und zu Vaterschaft. Den Zusammenhang von Erziehung, Bildung und Geschlecht behandelt der vorliegende Band in interdisziplinären Perspektiven, in denen neben der Erziehungswissenschaft auch die Soziologie und die Literaturwissenschaft vertreten sind.
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