Suchergebnisse

In a changing national research landscape, INRA has intensified its academic collaborations through active participation in alliances for health, energy, food and nutrition, water, climate and territorial development. Several groups were set up with different professional sectors to develop integrated agricultural production and its related innovations. At a European level, three joint programming initiatives also involved the Institute. The end of this cycle has also opened new perspectives. Global environmental change requires urgent mobilisation with respect to food security, sustainable agriculture and climate change. As the European leader in agricultural research, INRA has committed itself to the AGREENIUM consortium for coordinated action between research, training and development on an international level. Far more than just a step forward, 2009 has launched INRA into an era of internationalisation, so that with its partners, it will be better able to further knowledge at the service of the planet and mankind. ; Des dispositifs expérimentaux et technologiques en sciences de la vie et des milieux ont été renforcés sur les thèmes prioritaires. Fin 2009, un comité international d'évaluation constitué par l'Aéres a clairement confirmé la pertinence du positionnement de l'Inra dans les domaines "Alimentation - Agriculture - Environnement". Dans un paysage national en mutation, l'Inra a intensifié ses collaborations académiques à travers une participation active aux alliances pour la Santé, pour l'Énergie, pour l'Alimentation, l'eau, le climat et les territoires. Plusieurs groupements ont été montés avec les filières professionnelles pour développer la production agricole intégrée et les innovations y contribuant. En Europe, trois initiatives de programmation conjointes ont impliqué l'institut. Les conclusions de ce cycle ont également ouvert de nouvelles perspectives. Les changements environnementaux globaux nécessitent une mobilisation désormais urgente en matière de sécurité alimentaire, d'agriculture ...

Evangelical Lutheran parishes and their representatives have provided sanctuaries for asylum seekers for forty years in Finland. Yet this activity became widely publicly recognized only after the Finnish Ecumenical Council released the "Church as Sanctuary" document in 2007. The parishes are assisted by many civic organizations (e.g., women's organizations, Free Movement Network, Amnesty International, and Finnish Refugee Council) in providing sanctuary. They share the same opponent: the state's strict asylum policy. The various parties involved in Finnish sanctuary incidents can be divided into two groups using the terminology of the Foucaldian analytics of pastoral power: a state pastorate and the civic/church pastorate. The former tries to secure the vitality of its "flock," the Finnish population, through strict control over asylum seekers. The latter pastorate challenges the state's sovereignty to define its accepted members by offering alternative ways for asylum seekers to stay in the country and an alternative understanding of who this "flock" should include. In this article I analyze how these parties construct their subjec­tivities and the asylum-seeker's subjectivity in the sanctu­ary incidents. Despite seeming opposition between the two pastorates, there are similarities in the ways by which they seek to clarify the inner soul-life of the asylum seekers and make them knowable and governable. ; Les paroisses évangéliques luthériennes de Finlande et leurs partenaires fournissent le sanctuaire aux demandeurs d'asile depuis quarante ans. Pourtant, cette activité n'a été largement reconnue publiquement qu'après la publication en 2007 du document Kirkko turvapaikkana (L' église refuge) par le conseil œcuménique de Finlande. Les paroisses sont assistés par de nombreuses organisations civiques (p. ex ., organisations féminines, réseau Libre circulation (Vapaa liikkuvuus), Amnistie internationale, conseil Finlandais pour les réfugiés) en fournissant l'asile. Elles partagent un même adversaire: la politique ...

The Finnish 'westernizing' narrative emphasizes Finland's 'westernness', i.e. the idea that Finland and Finns have always been western and part of the 'European family'. The recent past is not seen as an obstacle for this interpretation. Thus, according to this type of discourse, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and 'liberated' from the constraints of the Cold War, Finland could finally 'return' to the West, to Europe, to its 'natural' origins. This article examines in short what might be called the post-Cold War narrative of Finnish westernness as it appears in the English language sources. It argues that the westernizing narrative is very important in justifying Finland's post-Cold War position in the international politics, especially its position in the European politics. The article is divided in two parts. The first one examines the narrative of the westernness of Finland, Finns or Finnish 'identity' as it appears in some scientific writings, press materials and political texts. Within this narrative an important element is the re-evaluation of Finland's international position during the Cold War. Therefore, the Finnish security 'solution' – by some called 'Nordic and neutral identity' – is either criticized, attacked and characterized as an aberration and betrayal of the 'Finnish western identity', or accepted as the only possible 'instrument for pursuing national security interests' in those times. The second part of the article advances some explanations for this narrative and addresses questions such as: why was it developed, by whom, and how successful was it? The article shows how highly political is the (re)presentation of Finnish history and how much its 'western character' is related to Finland's current political situation and goals in Europe. It also reveals how important the ideology is in backing a political choice.

Abstracts: The notion of 'reasonableness' is familiar to Common Law lawyers, whereas it is almost unknown to most 'continental' civil codes (e.g., the German, French and Italian Civil Codes). In the last decades the situation has, however, considerably changed and also within the continental context. References to 'reasonableness' in legal provisions have continuously increased due to many factors: among others, the influence of important international conventions dealing with commercial contracts (e.g., Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG)) and the implementation of EU Directives in the field of contract law, where 'reasonableness' is constantly present. The same phenomenon can be observed to a greater extent in most academic projects aiming at harmonizing European contract law: Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), Code Européen des Contrats, Principles of European Law (PEL), Acquis Principles, Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), and so forth. It is not only a matter of 'globalization' of the law. The attractiveness of 'reasonableness' also depends on its specific features of extreme flexibility and proximity to concrete circumstances compared with the abstract and rigid features of other well-known principles and concepts familiar to Civil law (like 'good faith', 'diligence', 'equity'). Nevertheless, the introduction of this new notion raises controversial issues: first, there is the risk of unfaithfully assimilating the foreign legal pattern (examples taken from EU Directives demonstrate this very well); secondly, some doubts may be raised as to whether such an ungraspable notion may really serve the aim of harmonization; finally, one may wonder whether it is wise to sacrifice traditional concepts like 'good faith', 'diligence', or 'equity' on the altar of simplification, thus renouncing conceptual precision and legal certainty.

There is a significance of EU Member States and European owners in the world of shipping: about 23 % of the merchant ships worldwide fly the flags of Member States and approximately 40 % of the world tonnage is owned by companies domiciled in Europe. What happens to those ships at the end of their lives may be seen as a striking example for the export of an environmental problem from the First to the Third World: More than 80 % of the international merchant ship tonnage is nowadays broken up in South Asia, especially in Bangladesh and India. Today's end-of life ships do not only consist of steel – which makes recycling profitable – but also contain more or less large quantities of waste oil, asbestos, PCB and other hazardous materials. The recycling countries and particularly Bangladesh rarely have the means and the will to avoid pollution with such hazardous waste and to protect workers' health adequately. This failure, which is evident in many developing countries, is one of the reasons why the EU transposed the so-called Basel Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention on transboundary waste movements into its law and strictly prohibited since 1998 the export of all hazardous waste and waste for disposal to non-OECD countries. But the export ban, as the article explains in more detail, is virtually ineffective in relation to European ships that go for dismantling to South Asia. This article focuses on legal aspects of the ship dismantling problem as an example of the difficulties of applying and enforcing EU law especially in a maritime context, before turning to the current initiatives to regulate the recycling of ships at international and European level.

En este trabajo se analizan los desarrollos empíricos que han abordado la estimación de la ecuación nominal de salarios dentro de los modelos de Nueva Geografía Económica. Los resultados de los trabajos empíricos realizados para una muestra mundial de países y al interior de la Unión Europea confirman las predicciones teóricas de los modelos, mostrando que las variables de geografía económica son clave para explicar la estructura espacial de salarios, observada en las distintas áreas geográficas mencionadas. Palabras Clave: Nueva Geografía Económica, Aglomeración, Comercio Internacional, Costes de Transporte, Potencial de Mercado. Clasificación JEL: R11, R12, R13, R14, F12 Abstract: In this paper we analyze the empirical developments concerning the estimation of the nominal wage equation proposed in the context of the New Economic Geography models. Results from the empirical works carried out for a sample of countries and for the European Union confirm the theoretical predictions of the models, showing that economic geography variables are key in order to explain the spatial wage structure observed in the different geographical areas mentioned. Keywords: New Economic Geography, Agglomeration, International Trade, Transport Costs, Market Potential. JEL Classification: R11, R12, R13, R14, F12 Résumé : Dans ce travail nous analysons les développements empiriques qui ont été pris en compte dans l'estimation de l'équation nominale des salaires dans les modèles de Nouvelle Géographie Économique. Pour un échantillon des pays et pour l'Union Européenne, les résultats des travaux empiriques confirment les prévisions théoriques des modèles puisque les variables de la Géographie Economique expliquent, en effet, la structure spatiale des salaires, laquelle a été observée dans les différentes zones géographiques mentionnées ci-dessus. Mots Clef: Nouvelle Géographie Économique, agglomération, commerce international, coûts de transport, potentiel de marché. Classification JEL: R11, R12, R13, R14, F12

Abstract: The distinction made on the Continent between direct and indirect representation does not exist in English law which differentiates between disclosed and undisclosed agency. This article looks at the rules relating to the civilian concept of indirect representation and the common law concept of undisclosed agency in order to answer two main questions: whether they are identical, and what are the effects between principal and third party. After reviewing how the two concepts work in France, Spain and in the UK, the article considers the position as defi ned in European and international texts in order to see whether a consensus can be reached.
Résumé: La distinction entre représentation directe et indirecte, présente dans les systèmes de droit de tradition civiliste, n'existe pas en droit anglais qui distingue simplement entre le mandat 'disclosed' et le mandat 'undisclosed'. Cet article a pour but de comparer les règles civilistes, du point de vue des droit français et espagnol, avec celles du droit anglais afin de répondre à deux questions: le concept de représentation indirecte est il similaire au concept de 'undisclosed agency' et quels sont les effets entre le mandant et le tiers. Cet article va expliquer les règles applicables en France, Espagne et en Angleterre ainsi que la position dans les textes européens et internationaux afin de voir sion peut voir un consensus.
Zusammenfassung: Die in den kontinentalen echtsordnungen gemachte Unterscheidung zwischen unmittelbarer und mittelbarer Stellvertretung ist dem englischen Recht unbekannt, welches zwischen offen gelegter und nicht offen gelegter Mandatierung unterscheidet. Dieser Artikel enthält einen Vergleich der Regelungen der kontinentalen Rechtssysteme Frankreichs und Spaniens mit denen des englischen Rechts insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Frage, ob das Konzept der mittelbaren Stellvertretung mit dem der 'undisclosed agency' übereinstimmt und welches die jeweiligen Wirkungen für das Verhältnis von Vertretenem und Dritten sind. Nach diesem Vergleich nationaler Rechtsordnungen richtet der Artikel den Blick auf entsprechende Regelungen in europäischen und internationalen Regelwerken und geht der Frage nach, ob sich ein übereinstimmendes Konzept herausarbeiten lässt.

PurposeThe objective of this research is to examine gender roles portrayal in Indian and US magazine advertisements. The impact of the socio‐cultural influences on the gender roles portrayal in magazine advertisements of the two countries is examined.Design/methodology/approachAdvertisements appearing in popular Indian and US magazine advertisements were analyzed with respect to the portrayal of male and female models shown in the print advertisements. The advertisements for five products were examined and observations were recorded. The role portrayals of the male and female models in the two countries are compared and discussed.FindingsThe study concludes that there are both significant differences and some similarities in characteristics of gender roles as manifested in Indian and US magazine advertisements. The findings are consistent with those of the few earlier researchers comparing gender roles in different countries. The overall results of the present study suggest to international advertisers that in developing their advertising campaigns for international markets it is important to reflect the cultural values of the society in which they wish to do business.Research limitations/implicationsIt is important to take into consideration the limitations of the study with regard to the advertising medium (magazines) and the products advertised. The study was restricted to selected magazines and products; other media such as TV and other products were not considered. The Indian magazines selected for this study are popular Indian national magazines in English which target the educated, well‐to‐do, middle‐class, affluent, urban Indians who can afford to buy these products.Originality/valueThere are few cross‐cultural studies that have examined gender roles portrayal in US advertising vs those of developed and developing countries and this study adds to that body of knowledge. The results are important for guiding marketers in developing advertising campaigns.

Energy plays a vital role in the development of any economy and given its unequal distribution trade in energy, especially fossil fuels, is an important component of international trade. In the past, due to its public good characteristics, energy-related services were mostly supplied by the government. With liberalization and globalization the sector underwent significant transformation. Many new services developed and large multinationals emerged which increased global trade in energy services. Energy services is now an important component of all trade agreements. In the above context, this paper examines India's opportunities and constraints to trade in energy services within the GATS framework. The study found that India has the capability of exporting high-skilled manpower at competitive prices but is facing various market access, discriminatory and regulatory barriers in markets of export interest. With the entry of energyproducing countries such as Saudi Arabia into the WTO, the Doha negotiations provide an important platform to offensively push for liberalization in this sector. India needs foreign investment, technical know-how and international best practices in energy. The country has progressively liberalized this sector and there are no major entry barriers. However, India has not been successful in attracting large foreign investment and technology. This is due to various domestic barriers which make it difficult to set up a competitive operation. The study lists the reform measures which will help the sector become globally competitive, protect the interests of consumers and meet the energy needs of society. Since this sector is sensitive and is closely monitored by governments across the world, government-to-government collaborations would ease the entry process for Indian companies in foreign markets, diversify our energy resource base and improve energy security.

This paper analyzes the changes in the structure of trade as well as the developments in the capital account of Turkey since mid-1990s and discusses the possible composition of trade flows and Turkey's attractiveness for international capital inflows in the near future. Analysis of the long-term performance of Turkish exports and imports reveals that the efforts to increase exports were successful only to a certain degree. The country's large trade deficit with the rest of the world accumulates over time and frequently ends up with a crisis which automatically reduces the trade deficit by reducing the imports. Since 2001 the transformation of exports from the low-tech products to medium-tech and to a certain degree high-tech products has taken place. While this transformation helped bring the trade deficit with the EU down, it contributed to the widening of trade deficit vis-à-vis the Asian countries and oil exporters. The initiation of the EU accession talks in 2005 invigorated the expectations for a more rapid and consistent implementation of the rules and regulations that ensure a level playing field for all companies, domestic and foreign, alike. The EU accession process enabled Turkey to attract record levels of FDI inflows. Almost all of the FDI inflows over the last four years have been composed of mergers and acquisitions, and directed mostly to service sectors and the real estate. From a longer term growth perspective Turkey needs to attract greenfield investments, especially in the manufacturing industries. In order to put Turkey in international producers' networks the current investment environment should further be improved by the implementation of long-delayed microeconomic structural reforms as well as judicial and legal reforms.

SAMENVATTING Het woord stadhouder, dat in Nederland in 1572 een gespecialiseerde betekenis krijgt en zich daarna als internationalisme verspreidt in de wereld van de internationale politiek, wordt hier bestudeerd tegen de achtergrond van een leenwoordtheorie die zich vooral richt op het ontleningsproces en minder op het resultaat. Alle aspecten van dit proces: plaats en moment van ontstaan, aanleiding daartoe, vaktaalsector en kanaal van verspreiding, vormvariatie, oorspronkelijke en afgeleide betekenis, motivatie en verdwijnen van motivatie, alternatieven binnen het semantische veld, productiviteit en documentatie, komen aan de orde in dit hoofdstuk, dat bedoeld is als modelbehandeling van een leenwoord. RIASSUNTO La parola statolder, che nell'Olanda del 1572 prende un senso specializzato e in seguito si diffonde come internazionalismo nel mondo della politica internazionale, viene studiata qui nel quadro di una teoria dei prestiti che si concentra sul processo e meno sul risultato. Tutti gli aspetti di tale processo: luogo e momento della nascita, occasione, dominio settoriale e canale di diffusione, variazione formale, significato originario e derivato, motivazione e scomparsa della motivazione, alternative nel campo semantico, produttività e documentazione, vengono trattati in questo capitolo, inteso come trattamento esemplare di un prestito. SUMMARY The word stadtholder, which assumes a specialized meaning in 1572 in Holland and then spreads as an internationalism in the world of international politics, is studied here against the background of a borrowing theory more interested in the borrowing process and less in the results. All aspects of borrowing: place and moment of origin, occasion, sectorial domain and channel, formal variation, original and derived meaning, motivation and disappearance of motivation, alternatives within the semantic field, productivity and documentation, are treated in this chapter which is intended as a model treatment of a loanword.

[On the World's Fringes, in Central Africa.] The Darfur crisis has shed light on unresolved crises at its borders in Chad and the Central African Republic. What these various conflicts most have in common is probably the existence of transnational armed movements that endure and reorganize in the fringes created by state dynamics in the region as well as the aporias of the international community's conflict-resolution policies doubled by the choices of certain major powers. An analysis of the situation in the Central African Republic and the history of certain armed movements active in this regional space argues in favor of a less conventional approach to crisis-solving strategies. It points up a zone centered on the Central African Republic and its borders with neighboring countries as the real site for the analysis of armed factionalism since the wave of independence and the specific trajectories of state-building. ; La crise du Darfour a permis de mettre en lumière des crises irrésolues sur ses frontières au Tchad et en République centrafricaine. Le point commun de ces différents conflits est sans doute l'existence de mouvements armés transnationaux qui survivent et se recomposent dans les marges qu'autorisent les dynamiques étatiques dans la région, ainsi que les apories des politiques de résolution des conflits de la communauté internationale - apories redoublées par les choix de certaines grandes puissances. Une analyse de la conjoncture en Centrafrique et de l'histoire de certains mouvements armés, inscrits dans cet espace régional, plaide pour une approche moins conventionnelle des politiques de sorties de crise. Elle met en exergue une zone centrée sur la Centrafrique et ses frontières avec les pays voisins comme véritable site d'analyse du factionnalisme armé depuis les indépendances, ainsi que des trajectoires spécifiques de construction étatique.

En este artículo se realiza un análisis del desequilibrio entre los géneros en el acceso a la educación. La tasa de alfabetización de las mujeres y de las niñas en el mundo, ha sido históricamente muy inferior a la de los hombres. Esta asimetría en el ejercicio del derecho a la educación, persiste en la actualidad y constituye una preocupación que ha ido en aumento, especialmente en la última década y media. La búsqueda de las causas de este fenómeno, se orienta, en la actualidad, al estudio de los factores contextuales que afectan a los niños y las niñas que no asisten a la escuela. En este sentido, un factor fundamental es la pobreza de la familia. De esta manera, el problema se desplaza fuera del marco estrictamente pedagógico y se hace necesario tomar en cuenta otros aspectos que se sitúan en el ámbito de la voluntad política, tanto nacional como internacional.In this article is analyzed the imbalance between the different genders regarding the access to education. The literacy rate of women and girls in the world is historically much lower than that of men. This asymmetry in the exercise of the right to education remains at present and is an international problem which has been increasing during the last fifteen years. Nowadays, the causes of this fact are being searched starting from the contextual factors affecting the children who do not go to school. In this sense, the poverty of the families is an essential factor. There by the problem exceeds the pedagogical framework and it is necessary to take into account other aspects which belong to the field of political will, both the national and the international one.

[On the World's Fringes, in Central Africa.] The Darfur crisis has shed light on unresolved crises at its borders in Chad and the Central African Republic. What these various conflicts most have in common is probably the existence of transnational armed movements that endure and reorganize in the fringes created by state dynamics in the region as well as the aporias of the international community's conflict-resolution policies doubled by the choices of certain major powers. An analysis of the situation in the Central African Republic and the history of certain armed movements active in this regional space argues in favor of a less conventional approach to crisis-solving strategies. It points up a zone centered on the Central African Republic and its borders with neighboring countries as the real site for the analysis of armed factionalism since the wave of independence and the specific trajectories of state-building. ; La crise du Darfour a permis de mettre en lumière des crises irrésolues sur ses frontières au Tchad et en République centrafricaine. Le point commun de ces différents conflits est sans doute l'existence de mouvements armés transnationaux qui survivent et se recomposent dans les marges qu'autorisent les dynamiques étatiques dans la région, ainsi que les apories des politiques de résolution des conflits de la communauté internationale - apories redoublées par les choix de certaines grandes puissances. Une analyse de la conjoncture en Centrafrique et de l'histoire de certains mouvements armés, inscrits dans cet espace régional, plaide pour une approche moins conventionnelle des politiques de sorties de crise. Elle met en exergue une zone centrée sur la Centrafrique et ses frontières avec les pays voisins comme véritable site d'analyse du factionnalisme armé depuis les indépendances, ainsi que des trajectoires spécifiques de construction étatique.

The fight against "dirty money" from the perspective of fundamental freedoms: which mobilisations? - The monitoring of capital flows tends to be a "governmentality of mobility" which makes banking institutions filters protectors of international financial architecture. These filters make a differential evaluation of risks leading to exclusion of "illegitimate" flows without obstructing the systemic fluidity of capital movement. This security management of financial flows - based on identification of risk categories and the ban of illegitimate operators - follows a series of tensions with respect to fundamental freedoms that should be studied. In a perspective of "sociology of critique", the article examines the publicity given to certain measures of financial surveillance and the few reactions regarding others. To understand this variable visibility, the article focuses on three cases, namely the imposition of targeted economic sanctions ("blacklists"), transnational communication of personal data ("the SWIFT affair") and the delegation to private actors of police powers. ; La surveillance des flux de capitaux s'apparente à une " gouvernementalité de la mobilité " qui érige les institutions bancaires en filtres protecteurs de l'architecture financière internationale. Ces filtres procèdent à l'évaluation différentielle des risques devant mener à l'exclusion des flux " illégitimes " sans obstruer la fluidité systémique des mouvements d'argent. De cette gestion sécuritaire des flux financiers, basée sur l'identification de catégories à risque et la mise au ban des opérateurs illégitimes, découle une série de mises en tension au regard des libertés fondamentales qui mérite d'être étudiée. Dans une perspective de " sociologie de la critique ", l'article propose d'examiner la publicité accordée à certaines transgressions de normes, avérées ou supposées, et à l'inverse le peu de réactions suscitées par d'autres. Les pratiques de lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent et le financement du terrorisme, ainsi que leur impact ...