Suchergebnisse

La croissance spectaculaire du volume des exportations chinoises au cours des deux dernières décennies, engendrant une augmentation très forte des parts de marché de ces produits dans le monde, a un impact très significatif sur la structure industrielle des pays développés. Face à cette très forte pression concurrentielle, un certain nombre de secteurs en Europe ou aux États-Unis (textile, jouet, acier, aluminium, cellules photovoltaïques...) ont vu, ou voient, disparaître des pans entiers de leur production. Cette émergence aussi rapide d'un pays en développement comme acteur majeur du commerce international est sans précédent et l'avantage comparatif en coût de la Chine dans beaucoup de secteurs ne suffit pas à l'expliquer. Dans cet article, nous déterminons certaines raisons majeures expliquant ce phénomène constaté. Nous investiguons à partir d'un modèle théorique d'organisation industrielle appliqué au commerce international les effets de l'entrée d'un grand pays émergent sur le marché mondial d'un bien. Les stratégies des entreprises sont la qualité et la quantité du bien et les échanges se font dans un cadre de commerce bilatéral. L'industrie du bien dans chaque pays est assurée par une firme représentative. Nous montrons ici, dans le cadre d'un jeu séquentiel où la firme du grand pays émergent joue en premier en qualité et en quantité, que c'est en choisissant une qualité plus faible qu'elle entre et s'installe sur le marché de l'autre pays. Nous obtenons les conditions sous lesquelles cela peut aboutir à une offre moins diversifiée et de moindre qualité pour les consommateurs. La probabilité de réussite de cette stratégie que nous appelons « sumo » est d'autant plus élevée que le pays émergent est grand et que la différence des dispositions à payer pour la qualité entre les consommateurs des deux pays est faible.

Jatropha curcas L., popularly known as the physic nut, is a monoecious, perennial lactiferous species belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Recently, interest in this species has been growing, due to its ability to flourish on degraded land and in soils with low natural fertility, the high oil content of its seeds, its rapid growth and easy propagation, and the identification of several secondary metabolites with medicinal importance. This study aims to report the main trends and gaps in the global scientific literature about J. curcas L, using a scientometric analysis. We have carried out this scientometric analysis on the global literature to identify: 1) temporal publication trends; 2) the quality of scientific production, estimated using citation numbers and journal impact factors; 3) the main journals and countries interested in this topic and the language of scientific divulgation; 4) the main research fields; 5) the use of wild or commercial cultivars; and 6) average authorship levels and international collaboration networks. Our findings have revealed a continuous increase in both quantitative and qualitative parameters in studies about J. curcas. The main trends in physic nut studies involve biofuel production and the plant's agronomic characteristics. The main knowledge gaps relating to J. curcas are in the fields of forestry, sustainability, animal nutrition, and genetic improvement. Another problem identified in this study is a lack of commercial seeds; none of the studies analyzed have used commercial seeds. India, Brazil, and China together are responsible for 55% of the knowledge about this species, obtained through scientific production. Only moderate international collaboration has been observed between countries, perhaps as consequence of conflicts of interest. Despite an increasing number of articles, some countries have stopped producing J. curcas L, and the worldwide crop production has decreased.

International audience ; Nous proposons une réflexion sur le rôle des normes et standards dans la gestion des données de la recherche, dans l'environnement de la politique de la science ouverte (open science).A partir d'une définition générale des données de la recherche, nous allons analyser la place et la fonction des normes et standards dans les différentes dimensions du concept des données, en particulier :•La nature factuelle (diversité, typologie),•Le lien avec les communautés (disciplines, instruments),•La finalité des données (processus, validation),•L'enregistrement des données (curation, arborescence et granularité).Chaque fois, nous dégagerons la tension entre plusieurs niveaux de standardisation, avant tout entre une approche générique au niveau des organismes et grandes infrastructures et l'insistance des communautés disciplinaires sur la spécificité des instruments et procédures, avec leurs propres normes et standards mais également avec une revendication assumée d'être différent, « hors norme ».Dans ce contexte, nous nous intéresserons à trois aspects faisant le lien entre le processus scientifique, l'environnement réglementaire et les données de la recherche : les protocoles éthiques, les systèmes d'information recherche (current research information systems) et les plans de gestion des données (data management plans).Se pose ici une autre question, celle de l'interopérabilité et de la mutualisation des services de l'information scientifiques. A partir des études menées par la Bibliothèque Scientifique Numérique (BSN) et le CNRS, nous essayerons de démontrer l'intérêt mais aussi les obstacles liés à la standardisation et normalisation dans le domaine des services de données.A l'échelle internationale, nous allons décrire l'effet normatif des principes FAIR sur la gestion des données de la recherche, ceci aussi avec un regard sur les initiatives et politiques qui s'y apparentent (GO FAIR etc.). Par la mobilisation d'autres normes et standards (métadonnées, protocoles d'échange, formats, data ...

The datasets described here bring together quality-controlled seawater temperature measurements from over 130 years of departmental government-funded marine science investigations in the UK (United Kingdom). Since before the foundation of a Marine Biological Association fisheries laboratory in 1902 and through subsequent evolutions as the Directorate of Fisheries Research and the current Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, UK government marine scientists and observers have been collecting seawater temperature data as part of oceanographic, chemical, biological, radiological, and other policy-driven research and observation programmes in UK waters. These datasets start with a few tens of records per year, rise to hundreds from the early 1900s, thousands by 1959, and hundreds of thousands by the 1980s, peaking with > 1 million for some years from 2000 onwards. The data source systems vary from time series at coastal monitoring stations or offshore platforms (buoys), through repeated research cruises or opportunistic sampling from ferry routes, to temperature extracts from CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) profiles, oceanographic, fishery and plankton tows, and data collected from recreational scuba divers or electronic devices attached to marine animals. The datasets described have not been included in previous seawater temperature collation exercises (e.g. International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set, Met Office Hadley Centre sea surface temperature data set, the centennial in situ observation-based estimates of sea surface temperatures), although some summary data reside in the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) archive, the Marine Environment Monitoring and Assessment National (MERMAN) database and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) data centre. We envisage the data primarily providing a biologically and ecosystem-relevant context for regional assessments of changing hydrological conditions around the British Isles, although ...

[EN] Over the last two decades the Slussen in Stockholm designed by Tage William-Olsson in 1935 has been the subject of an intense debate about how to update it to the contemporary needs. Tabula rasa, reconstruction or renovation? This lively discussion, however, has resulted in a final proposal granted by the expertise of an international firm but controversial for its political management, opposed to several social groups and, above all, highly problematic in terms of urban form and sustainability. The strategic location of this place, the indelible presence of its modern shape in the collective imaginary or the overwhelming force of the new paradigms of public space, have ended up provoking a range of more than twenty-five proposals in a short period of time. But while today this process seems to be settled and the demolition works of the original structure has already started, it would be still useful to draw some conclusions relevant to other similar interstitial sites in European compact cities where architecture, infrastructure, public space and landscape meet in such an intense way. Thus, this paper summarizes some of the last arguments of the on-going doctoral thesis about the recent evolution of Slussen according to four different outstanding topics: the form of place and history as an undeniable premise; the strength of tactics versus the power of the image in the process; the importance of time in the sequence of urban decision-making and, finally, the weight of urban culture as a key argument in contemporary urban transformation processes. ; Clua, A. (2018). Learning from Slussen: place, idea and process in the transformation of central urban interstices. En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1065-1076. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.6264 ; OCS ; 1065 ; 1076

The Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act might easily have been two statutes rather than one. There could have been a pair of uniform acts, one delineating the territorial competence of the provinces' superior courts and the other implementing a regime for the cross-border transfer of court proceedings. After all, these two matters are neither logically interdependent nor especially tightly linked. Part 3 of the CJPTA, dealing with transfers of proceedings, is not confined to lawsuits where the initial court takes jurisdiction under Part 2. It applies regardless of whether the initial court bases its jurisdiction on the CJPTA or on some other legislation, such as a specialized family law statute. Indeed, it applies when the transferring court does not have territorial competence at all. While the matters dealt with, respectively, in Parts 2 and 3 of the CJPTA certainly fall within the broad domain of private international law, they are no more closely affiliated than other fields where the CJPTA's progenitor, the Uniform Law Conference of Canada ("ULCC"), elected to deal with matters in discrete statutes. For example, the ULCC chose to address cross-border enforcement by drafting separate uniform acts dealing with recognition of (1) Canadian civil judgments, (2) foreign-country civil judgments, (3) international arbitral awards, (4) foreign subpoenas, (5) foreign maintenance and custody orders, (6) foreign child welfare orders, and (7) foreign judgments based on a contract containing an exclusive forum-selection clause. In short, the ULCC has not been in the habit of drafting sweeping, comprehensive uniform acts but rather has elected to advance in increments. It has been a splitter, not a lumper.

Türkei, Argentinien, Indonesien, Brasilien: Die Währungen vieler Schwellenländer befinden sich zunehmend unter Druck. Die Ursachen sind ähnlich: hohe Schulden, steigende Inflation und schwaches Wachstum. Es fällt den Ländern zunehmen schwer, internationales Kapital zu attrahieren. Stehen sie vor einer neuen Krise? Carsten Hefeker, Universität Siegen, legt dar, dass die Schwellenländer derzeit doppelt negativ von der amerikanischen Handels- und Währungspolitik betroffen sind. Die Konsequenzen der amerikanischen Handelspolitik und die Gefahr eines Handelskriegs seien Themen internationaler Diskussionen, aber auch die restriktiver gewordene amerikanische Geldpolitik habe negative Auswirkungen auf die Schwellenländer. Um diese negativen Effekte zu reduzieren, sollte die Fed die Folgen ihrer Geldpolitik stärker berücksichtigen. Eine moderatere Zinspolitik würde die Volatilität von Kapitalströmen reduzieren. Volker Treier, Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag, Berlin, sieht die Schwellenländer ebenfalls durch höhere US-Zinsen belastet. Allerdings zeigten sich die meisten Schwellenländer heute widerstandsfähiger als in früheren Zeiten. Die Türkei und Argentinien seien zwei Sonderfälle, deren Probleme in erster Linie hausgemacht seien: Ein immenses strukturelles Leistungsbilanzdefizit belaste beide Länder. Ulrich Kater, Deka Bank, sieht die Schwellenländer als festen »Bestandteil des Anlageuniversums« an. Die institutionelle und makroökonomische Stabilität sowie die Entwicklung der Finanzmärkte in diesen Ländern haben deutliche Fortschritte gemacht. Trotz einer Zunahme der Verschuldung in den Schwellenländern in den Jahren nach der Finanzkrise sorgen im Durchschnitt moderate Finanzkennzahlen für ausreichendes Vertrauen in die Finanzmärkte der Schwellenländer. Nach Ansicht von Jörg Krämer und Ulrich Leuchtmann, Commerzbank AG, ist eine umfassende Krise der Schwellenländer wenig wahrscheinlich, auch wenn Krisen einzelner Schwellenländer nicht ausgeschlossen werden können. Die Verschuldungssituation sei in den meisten Fällen wenig alarmierend und die Geldpolitik der Schwellenländer besser geworden. Das Ausbleiben einer Krise bedeute aber nicht, dass die Schwellenländer zum ungewöhnlich hohen Wachstum der frühen 2000er Jahre zurückkehrten. Valentin Lang, Universität Zürich, geht der Frage nach, welchen Effekt Krisenländer erwarten können, wenn sie in ein IWF-Programm eintreten: Nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen könne der IWF kurzfristig dem Vertrauensverlust von Investoren entgegenwirken und zu einer geld- und finanzpolitischen Stabilisierung verhelfen. Langfristig allerdings hänge der Erfolg davon ab, ob der IWF dem Land Reformen zumute, die dieses auch innenpolitisch umsetzen könne. Reformprogramme, die zu starke Wachstumseinbrüche mit sich brächten und deren Lasten sich zu ungleich auf die Bevölkerung verteilten, seien zum Scheitern verurteilt. Klaus-Jürgen Gern, Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Kiel, stellt fest, dass das Wachstum in den Schwellenländern, das in den 2000er Jahren und in den Jahren unmittelbar nach der Großen Rezession der stärkste Treiber der weltwirtschaftlichen Expansion war, bereits vor einiger Zeit ins Stocken geraten ist. Das Krisenpotenzial sei durch eine gestiegene Verschuldung größer geworden. Es sei damit zu rechnen, dass die Wachstumsdynamik in den Schwellenländern allgemein nachhaltig gebremst werde. Eine ausgewachsene Schwellenländerkrise, vergleichbar mit der Asienkrise 1997, sei aber derzeit nicht wahrscheinlich.

Global HIV control funding falls short of need. To maximize health outcomes, it is critical that national governments sustain reasonable commitments, that international donor assistance be distributed according to country needs funding gaps. We develop a country classification framework in terms of actual versus expected national domestic funding, considering resource needs donor financing. With UNAIDS World Bank data, we examine domestic donor HIV program funding in relation to need in 84 low middle income countries. We estimate expected domestic contributions per person living with HIV (PLWH) as a function of per capita income, relative size of the health sector, per capita foreign debt service. Countries are categorized according to levels of actual versus expected domestic contributions, and resource gap. Compared to national resource needs (UNAIDS Investment Framework), we identify imbalances among countries in actual versus expected domestic donor contributions: 17 countries, with relatively high HIV prevalence and GNI per capita, have domestic funding below expected (median per PLWH $143 $376, respectively), yet total available funding including from donors would exceed the need ($368 $305, respectively) if domestic contribution equaled expected. Conversely, 27 countries have actual domestic funding above the expected (medians $294 $149) but total (domestic+donor) funding does not meet estimated need ($685 $1,173). Across the 84 countries, in 2009, estimated resource need totaled $10.3 billion, actual domestic contributions $5.1 billion actual donor contributions $3.7 billion. If domestic contributions would increase to the expected level in countries where the actual was below expected, total domestic contributions would increase to $7.4 billion, turning a funding gap of $1.5 billion into a surplus of $0.8 billion. Even with imperfect funding resource need data, the proposed country classification could help improve coherence and efficiency in domestic international allocations.

Globalization in the pass decades has done significant impact on the agricultural as well as the economic sector of the third world nations particularly Nigeria. Nigeria is the most populous African Nation with the population of over 140 million according to the 2006 population census. Considering its position in Africa occupying number one position in terms of economic growth and development, over 52.7 percent of the nation population is living in rural areas and produced 90 percent of the food consumed. It is pertinent that any policy that would be introduced must positively have impact on these majority rural dwellers. Globalization has both negative and positive impact, to some, the changes are beneficial while to others are harmful. It eased international trade and commerce, facilitated foreign investment and the flow of capital. It also led to the cultural diffusion and the spread of new ideas and values, therefore it creates a global village out of the larger world. Despite these positive changes so introduced it neglects the African Nations in the political sphere to the extent that they have less control of their economies and fiscal matters as a result of the imposition of the policies by the International Monitory Fund (IMF) World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO) among which Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) have impacted the Nigerian rural economy which might be considered as the extension of neocolonialism. Illicit and drug trafficking of children and women, facilitate brain drain because of the free labour policy. The entire domestic agricultural sector is affected due to the importation of foreign mechanized and subsidized farm produced from the develop countries which make it difficult for them to compute in Nigerian market.

Signs of a worldwide trend towards the sexual rights as a basis for the individual realisation of sexual health are emerging. This perspective – a conception of sexual health that goes beyond the mere absence of illness and unwanted consequences of sexuality – is also reflected in the publications of national and international organisations, such as those of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (2008). This also bears an influence on sexuality education, in which sexuality-related human rights and associated basic democratic values now deliver the ethical frame of reference. The human rights trio of freedom, equality and solidarity should, in this context, be interpreted as sexual self-determination, non-discrimination and consensual sexual relations. This recent development takes account of comprehensive sexuality education at a technical and conceptual level, as propounded by the WHO Regional Office for Europe's Standards for Sexuality Education in Europe 2010. It aims to leverage educational contents to facilitate independent, informed decision making and point up realisation opportunities. The study presented at the conference aims to provide the political and technical discussion with knowledge-based principles for the conceptualisation of a comprehensive sexuality education programme in Switzerland, the intention being to instil objectivity and consolidation into the discussion, particularly in school as well as in child and youth welfare contexts. Building on a qualitative examination of the relevant actor system – youth, parent and professional – the study highlights the perception, interpretation and practice of sexuality education, taking account of the relevance of sexual rights. The findings shared in the presentation are based on 24 individual interviews conducted throughout Switzerland with professionals delivering sexuality education in schools. The results provide insights into the offerings and principles underlying sexuality education in Switzerland, the relevance of sexual rights ...

The article deals with the concept of "special needs children", "children with special educational needs" an attempt to etymology, the scientific debate on the issue of technology legal mechanism for the implementation and development of inclusive education in Ukraine. The main attention is paid to understanding the international experience and possibilities of its use in the practice of social work in Ukraine.Only official terminology for characteristics of children with special needs in Ukraine. In legislation and bylaws commonly used terms such as "children in need of physical rehabilitation or psychological care" and "persons with disabilities in physical or mental development and can't fully realize itself in society and are unable to attend in mass education institutions on an annual basis, "or most often - children with disabilities.The purpose of the study is a theoretical consideration of the etymology of the term "children with disabilities" in the national educational space on the basis of national and international experience by becoming innovative terminology for the humanization of social relations and create a sustainable foundation for the implementation of education - social initiatives that children with special educational needs.For the implementation of inclusive education into daily practice to formation of an adequate attitude towards children with special needs. For this reason it is important to join efforts for the realization of innovative terminology that adequately reflects the status and diversity issues is a child with disabilities in the battles of modern social life. ; В статті розглянуті поняття «діти з особливими потребами», «діти з особливими освітніми потребами», здійснена спроба їх етимології, наукового дискусу з проблеми технологій правового механізму впровадження та розвитку інклюзивної освіти в Україні. Основна увага приділена осмисленню міжнародного досвіду і можливостей його використання в практиці соціальної роботи в Україні.

Focus on Performance - World Bank Support to Higher Education in Latvia. Volume 1: System-Level Funding Since 2013, the World Bank has supported the Latvian government through a succession of advisory work focusing on performance at different levels of the higher education sector. This publication focuses on the development of a performance-based, system-level funding model for the higher education sector in Latvia and consists of three reports: i) Higher Education Financing in Latvia: Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses; ii) Assessment of Current Funding Model's "Strategic Fit" with Higher Education Policy Objectives; and iii) Higher Education Financing in Latvia: Final Report. Volume 2: Internal Funding and Governance Since 2013, the World Bank has supported the Latvian government through a succession of advisory work focusing on performance at different levels of the higher education sector. This publication focuses on the analysis of university-internal higher education funding and governance, followed changes at the system-level funding model. It consists of three reports: i) International Trends and Good Practices in Higher Education Internal Funding and Governance; ii) Internal Funding and Governance in Latvian Higher Education Institutions: Status Quo Report; and iii) Internal Funding and Governance in Latvian Higher Education Institutions: Recommendations. Volume 3: Academic Careers Since 2013, the World Bank has supported the Latvian government through a succession of advisory work focusing on performance at different levels of the higher education sector. This publication focuses on the analysis of the doctorate and human resource policies and on improving academic careers. It consists of three reports: i) Academic Careers: Learning From Good International Practice; ii) Academic Careers In Latvia: Status Quo Report; iii) Academic Careers In Latvia: Recommendations.

Focus on Performance - World Bank Support to Higher Education in Latvia. Volume 1: System-Level Funding Since 2013, the World Bank has supported the Latvian government through a succession of advisory work focusing on performance at different levels of the higher education sector. This publication focuses on the development of a performance-based, system-level funding model for the higher education sector in Latvia and consists of three reports: i) Higher Education Financing in Latvia: Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses; ii) Assessment of Current Funding Model's "Strategic Fit" with Higher Education Policy Objectives; and iii) Higher Education Financing in Latvia: Final Report. Volume 2: Internal Funding and Governance Since 2013, the World Bank has supported the Latvian government through a succession of advisory work focusing on performance at different levels of the higher education sector. This publication focuses on the analysis of university-internal higher education funding and governance, followed changes at the system-level funding model. It consists of three reports: i) International Trends and Good Practices in Higher Education Internal Funding and Governance; ii) Internal Funding and Governance in Latvian Higher Education Institutions: Status Quo Report; and iii) Internal Funding and Governance in Latvian Higher Education Institutions: Recommendations. Volume 3: Academic Careers Since 2013, the World Bank has supported the Latvian government through a succession of advisory work focusing on performance at different levels of the higher education sector. This publication focuses on the analysis of the doctorate and human resource policies and on improving academic careers. It consists of three reports: i) Academic Careers: Learning From Good International Practice; ii) Academic Careers In Latvia: Status Quo Report; iii) Academic Careers In Latvia: Recommendations.

Since the 1970s the age structures in the Federal Republic of Germany have changed as a result of a constantly aging population. Therefore, demographic change has become an urgent issue affecting German politics, economy and society. One consequence of this change is a lack of qualified personnel, often due to a premature exit from the labour force. In order to counteract this, it is necessary to retain older employees longer in the workplace and to de-termine the arguments for early retirement. The current German early retirement research is, compared to other international research efforts, so far not able to support equally meaningful findings on exact circumstances favour a premature exit from the labour force. The aim of this research was to use data from the fifth wave of the international panel study SHARE to establish correlations between job-related and individual early retirement reasons and different groups of workers. The following three core topics were considered: 1. Arguments for early retirement decisions of former workers 2. Arguments for working conditions that may lead to early retirement intentions 3. Differences in life satisfaction among economically active workers The aim of this paper was to contribute to early retirement literature in a German context in order to close research gaps and to finally give practical recommendations for action. There-fore, the research question was developed as follows: Are there any discernible and systematically categorical correlations with the tendency to premature retirement amongst German employees and different work groups, which may be influenced by company processes? In fact, this study successfully answered the research question in the affirmative whereby this section briefly summarises the main findings, whereby the research perspectives highlight limitations and presents further research possibilities.

The majority of the world's offshore oil and gas structures will need to be decommissioned in upcoming decades as they near the end of their production phase. Once decommissioned, there are three main options available for the now-obsolete structures: complete removal, partial removal, and re-use. Since New Zealand has yet to decommission any offshore structures, there are no past examples or legislative precedent to guide the process. International case studies indicate that social acceptance is crucial to the successful implementation of these projects, so the aim of this thesis was to examine perceptions of different decommissioning options for offshore oil and gas structures in the South Taranaki Bight of New Zealand. Grounded in agenda-setting theory, Study 1 examined the prominence and portrayal of offshore decommissioning in the media. We found an exceedingly low coverage (N = 13) which indicates that the public are likely unaware of the issue. Within the limited sample, the themes 'disregarding decommissioning' and 'addressing decommissioning' were identified which, when combined, suggest that New Zealand is in the pre-planning stage of decommissioning and has yet to explore the options available. Using a postal survey (N = 154), Study 2 measured how the Taranaki community currently understood different decommissioning options, and explored whether and which familiarity variables, psychological constructs, and demographic variables could predict support for different options. The results confirmed a lack of knowledge and awareness (but high levels of interest) among the sample and revealed heterogeneity in which option was supported. Moreover, path analyses showed that awareness, knowledge, age, individualist worldviews, and egalitarian worldviews were significantly associated with support for different options. As will be discussed, these findings have significant implications for communication, engagement, and policy-making in both New Zealand and the international context.