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An introduction to the European Union -- Institutions of the European Union -- Sources of European Union law (including general principles of law and fundamental rights) -- Competences and supremacy of the Union -- Judicial methodology and preliminary rulings of the Court of Justice -- Review of the legality of Union acts -- Infringement proceedings against member states -- Direct effect, indirect effect and state liability -- European Union citizenship and free movement rights -- Free movement of workers -- Freedom of establishment and the free movement of services -- Free movement of goods.

BACKGROUND: High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. METHODS: A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. RESULTS: We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. CONCLUSIONS: The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control.

This book provides the definitive reference point on all the issues pertaining to dealing with the 'crisis of the rule of law' in the European Union. Both Member State and EU levels are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concrete legal bases and instruments that the EU may avail itself of for enforcing rule of law, and the volume clearly demonstrates that a number of legally sound ways of rule of law oversight are available. Contributors are leading scholars who assess the potential role to be played by the various bodies in the context of dealing with the EU's rule of law imperfections.

This book investigates the new challenges confronted by the EU as an international actor within the context of recent economic and political developments, with particular attention to common foreign and security policies; the appraisal of development-aid policies; EU sanctions in the post-Soviet space, as harder instruments complementing the toolbox of the EU "soft power" polity; preferential trade agreements as a key element of EU external trade policy; external relations of the EU; international aspects of the monetary policy of the ECB in the context of the financial and sovereign debt crisis; massive capital flows and the boom-bust cycle in the emerging Europe; and the macroeconomic modelling of the relationship between the EU and the rest of the world.Thoroughly up-to-date, the contributions to this volume offer analyses of recent, tense global events, including EU responses to the uprising in Arab countries and the Ukrainian conflict.The book concludes with the proposal of a unique macroeconomic model in which the EU is conceptualised as constituting a block "against" the rest of the world, but also a two country model in itself, made up of Eurozone and non-Eurozone members

A poster presentation regarding the evolvement of European Union regulations on innovative medicines. Introduction: Innovative medicines in the European Union (EU) must follow regulatory requirements appertaining to the centralised procedure for registration. The study of the evolvement of European regulations on centrally authorised products could shed light on the impact of the regulations on the access to innovative medicines. Aims: To study the impact of the evolvement of European regulations on centrally authorised products (CAPs) on the access to innovative medicines. ; N/A

This critical commentary discusses the strengths and lacunae in the European Union's policy on older adult learning. Late-life learning is deemed as a productive investment on the basis that it not only engenders positive returns of economic growth but also improves the quality of life and social development of older persons. This article argues that although European Union policy on lifelong learning does hold some promise toward more optimum levels of physical, psychological, and social well-being in later life, it remains characterized by a range of limitations ranging from mindless activism, to economic bias, to ageism. ; peer-reviewed

Cover -- Title Page -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Figures and Tables -- Table of Cases -- Introduction: Executive-Legislative (Im)balance in the European Union -- PART I: EXECUTIVE-LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS FROM A MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE -- 1. Recalibration of Executive-Legislative Relations in the European Union: Strategies Inspired by the Trilemma of Democracy, Sovereignty and Integration -- 2. The Anticipation Function of Interinstitutional Agreements: A Smooth Mechanism to Recalibrate Executive-Legislative Relations -- 3. Divided Accountability of the Council and the European Council: The Challenge of Collective Parliamentary Oversight -- 4. Executive-Legislative Relations and Delegated Powers in the European Union: Continuous Recalibration? -- PART II: EXECUTIVE-LEGISLATIVE (IM)BALANCE WITHIN MEMBER STATES -- 5. The Implementation of EU Law in Member States and its Impact on the Relationship between Parliaments and Governments -- 6. National Strategies of EU Law Transposition: Does the Distinction between Legislative and Executive Measures Matter in Practice? -- 7. Failed Constitutional Reforms and Silent Constitutional Transformations in Executive-Legislative Relations: The Case of Italy -- 8. Short-Lived Reparliamentarisation? A Year of Efforts to 'Take Back Control' from the Executive in the Brexit House of Commons -- PART III: EXECUTIVE-LEGISLATIVE (IM)BALANCE AND VARIATIONS ACROSS POLICY AREAS -- 9. How the Debates on Trade Policy Helped Rebalance the Executive-Legislative Relationship in Favour of the European Parliament -- 10. A Temporary Recalibration of Executive-Legislative Relations on EU Trade Agreements? The Case of National and Regional Parliaments on CETA and TTIP -- 11. Exploring Interaction between National Parliaments and the European Parliament in EU Trade Policy.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Timeline of the European Union -- Contents -- 1 A Hierarchy of Threats -- Historical Context -- Founding Aims -- Objectives of the EU -- The Long-Awaited Battle for the Soul of Europe -- The New EU Parliamentary Session -- Actions to Revive the European Project -- The New EU Parliament-Populism -- How the New European Parliament Will Be Different -- Is the USA an Existential Threat? -- External Threats to the EU Project -- 2 The Survival of the Euro? -- The Survival of the Euro: "Whatever It Takes" -- Germany and EMU -- Greece and the Default Threat from Italy -- Default Threat from Italy -- Efforts to Confront Weakness in the Eurozone -- Is the Euro a Bulwark Against the Dollar? The Euro-A Weapon to Enhance Global Power -- The Current International Role of the Euro -- US and Iran Sanctions-Implications for the EU -- The Euro as a Reserve Currency -- The EU Economy -- 3 Immigration: What Now? -- Migration-History of Intra-EU Mobility -- Freedom of Movement (FOM) and Fears Raised in the UK Referendum Campaign -- Freedom of Movement-Protecting the Rights of EU Citizens -- The New Immigration Regime-Search for Skilled Workers -- UK Expatriates-To What Extent Are Their Rights Preserved Post-Brexit -- Non-EU Migration: The Search for a Solution -- Causes of Non-EU Migration -- Opposition to Brussels Imposed Refugee Quotas -- Terrorism and Security Issues -- Stemming the Flow of Non-EU Migrants Status of the EU-Turkey Agreement -- Realpolitik in EU Foreign Relations-Negotiating with Autocratic Regimes in the Middle East -- EU-Dialogue with the Arab League Summit 2019 -- 4 Populism -- Populism and the Redrawing of the Political Map of Europe -- Right-Wing Populism -- Populism in the USA -- The Brexit Effect-And Its Effect on the EU and Eurosceptic Movements -- Anglo-Saxon Euroscepticism.