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International audience ; Qu'y a-t-il de « typiquement » habsbourgeois dans le réseau des villes placées plusieurs siècles durant sous la domination de la dynastie impériale ? Lieu de production artistique et intellectuelle, cœur économique, centre décisionnel, l'espace limité de la ville agit en interaction avec l'empire. Les contributions rassemblées ici étudient les influences et les échanges (relations économiques, culture politique, productions artistiques) qui ont façonné les territoires gouvernés par les Habsbourg en Espagne, en Italie, aux Pays-Bas, en Hongrie, en Autriche et en Amérique, de l'époque moderne à l'époque contemporaine. Les traces de ces interactions témoignent du rôle exceptionnel qu'a joué la coopération urbaine dans le fonctionnement d'une monarchie composite.

International audience ; Anthropological studies of Lebanon are as varied as the approaches and career paths of the researchers who conduct them. This diversity mirrors the diasporic tendencies of this small, hemmed-in country (10,452 km2, the official, if contested), while also illustrating the density and power of the knowledge to which it contributes. This chorus of anthropological voices, however, is ultimately a reflection of turbulent and uncertain times, and even by contrast with other Arab countries, Lebanon is a complex country in which to do research. Its accessibility and conflictual history offer rich fields in which to develop innovative methods for the study of societies which are undergoing structural political crises.

International audience ; This article analyzes the use of social and environmental clauses in public procurement contracts. After describing the current French legal context, it shows how a mechanism design approach can explain the factors that theoretically justify such practices, potentially including favoritism and rent-seeking. An empirical analysis is then carried out on the French public procurement data set for the year 2017. It illustrates the weight of political preferences in the choice to resort to social clauses and the weight of the preferences of the local chief executive to explain the use of environmental clauses. It also highlights that social and environmental clauses do not seem to be used as a tool for favoritism.

This article illustrates the admissibility of the Colombian Hass avocado in the Japanese market: The challenges of the fruit at the production and commercialization level in Colombia, the challenges in developing an innovative packaging that allows preserving the Hass avocado and, therefore, achieving effective commercialization in international markets, as well as the challenges in carrying out efficient monitoring of the crop in order to avoid the spread of quarantine pests, strictly regulated by Japan, to avoid damage within its territory. Finally, it also demonstrates the importance of the role of government institutions and avocado cooperatives in Colombia in providing support and training to producers for the optimal fulfillment of exports and opportunities in new markets, such as the Japanese market.

Today K-pop has become a global phenomenon; present in the lives of millions of people around the world. Beyond being a musical genre, it is considered as a cultural revolution originating in South Korea that has spread to every corner of the planet, strategically designed by the Korean government to elevate the country and its culture as important figures on the international stage. How have they achieved this? The response to this phenomenon is due to a key combination of political and technological changes, a competitive industry, control of the media, and to a great extent the development of artistic talent under a unique formula.

Education is well-established by the United Nations (1948) as a fundamental human right, though there is a paucity of literature specifically surrounding higher education as a human right. Financial access to post-secondary education is a growing issue in Canada as provincial governments implement neoliberal policies that increasingly privatize higher education, passing the burden of affordability to students. This paper explores Canada's commitment to higher education as a human right through international human rights law and examines neoliberal policies preventing the equitable realization of this right through case studies of Ontario and Alberta while recommending a reimagined system of PSE management to ensure equitable and inclusive participation in PSE throughout Canada.

International audience ; Diffusion des logiques partenariales, mise en place d'indicateurs de performance, développement de polices régionales ou au contraire nationalisation des polices : les recompositions des systèmes policiers européens restent peu analysées de façon comparée. A partir des trajectoires de réformes de trois pays (un de tradition napoléonienne, France ; et deux de pluralisme modéré, Angleterre et pays de Galles, Pays-Bas), cet article propose d'identifier les tendances dominantes, en explorant les variations dans deux dimensions (centralisation ou décentralisation ; intégration ou fragmentation). L'article met notamment en évidence les logiques contrariées de centralisation associées à la mise en œuvre des réformes néo-managériales, ainsi que les différentes formes de politisation liées aux questions de police et délinquance.

International audience ; Dans le cadre de la table-ronde sur "La valorisation des territoires par la culture" qui s'est tenue durant le colloque "Culture : essentielle ?" organisé par le Théâtre 14, cette communication avait pour objectif de mettre en perspective les différentes formes de valorisation des territoires par la culture : des stratégies politiques inspirées par le modèle Bilbao visant la transformation d'image et la redynamisation économique des territoires, jusqu'à la participation des acteurs culturels (artistes et autres) à la vie sociale et culturelle dans les territoires de proximité notamment via le développement de projets artistiques contextualisés et situés. L'intégralité de la table-ronde est disponible sur le lien suivant : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bteSYSU8FME

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the expert input provided into the scope of these recommendations from participants in an international Delphi procedure. The following people took part in the Delphi procedure and participants had a range of views. Participation in the Delphi procedure does not necessarily mean agreement with the recommendations FUNDING The MERIT study was funded by the MRC/NIHR Methodology Research Programme (reference MC_PC_17229); funders have had no role in the design of the study or the writing of this manuscript. The work of RD and AL (members of MERIT Collaborative Group) is funded by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

The literature about digitalization in agriculture and rural areas is vast and sectorial at the same time. Both international political institutions and practitioners are interested in promoting digital technology, indicating and describing potential benefits and risks. Meanwhile, academics analyze the actual and possible impacts of digital technologies by using case studies. However, the extensive literature makes it challenging to derive a comprehensive synthesis of the possible impacts that digital technologies are and might generate in the rural domains. In the given context, the present work aims at contributing to the construction of a framework providing a first classification of the digital technologies' impacts to use in both research and a political agenda.

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit group that functions independently of any government. NGOs, sometimes called civil societies, are organized on community, national and international levels to serve a social or political goal such as humanitarian causes or the environment. Non-governmental organizations are those organizations which aim at promoting the welfare of the people and which are non-profit making. They have voluntary decision-making structure, and are free from the interference of the government. They may be fully or partially financed by the government or any other financial agency. However, the NGOs have to abide by the rules provided in the government regulations regarding them.

No one shall be subjected to torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatments or punishments (Art. 5, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention for the protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms). Torture significantly undermines and violates fundamental human rights, humiliates human dignity and basic values in modern society. An extremely important and relevant conclusion is that torture is recognized as one of the most serious crimes of all time, and even more so in the present time. We draw attention to the fact that torture is prohibited by both international legal norms and national legislation. The analysis of this problem is the research topic of this article.

The literature about digitalization in agriculture and rural areas is vast and sectorial at the same time. Both international political institutions and practitioners are interested in promoting digital technology, indicating and describing potential benefits and risks. Meanwhile, academics analyze the actual and possible impacts of digital technologies by using case studies. However, the extensive literature makes it challenging to derive a comprehensive synthesis of the possible impacts that digital technologies are and might generate in the rural domains. In the given context, the present work aims at contributing to the construction of a framework providing a first classification of the digital technologies' impacts to use in both research and a political agenda.

This unit was published in "International Cooperation of Competition Authorities in Europe: from Bilateral Agreements to Transgovernmental Networks" Błachucki, M., ed., (2020). The ECN+ Directive aims to create a 'homogeneous' plane for the operation of antitrust authorities in the EU. Therefore, it is intended above all to harmonise the functioning of the national competition authorities in all the Member States, so that they can exercise the same powers and apply identical legal instruments when enforcing EU competition law. This article describes how to implement the ECN+ Directive into Polish antitrust law. Ensuring objective standards for the appointment of the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection is the basic way to achieve this goal.

There is a recognized, increasing need for developing countries to sustain the growing demand for energy which has given rise to multiple policy development needs and energy resource scaling. This study also highlights the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy based electrical structures and implementation policy strategy for energy demanding developing countries exploring the options of their future. In examining the intersection of climate policy and national development policy, this paper investigates the influence and implications of national and local politics when developing complex national energy strategies, and which strongly influences the prospects of realizing goals of international climate change policy with renewable energy development for developing countries.