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Introduction: In West Africa, traditional funerals and burials have proven main contributors to the spread of infectious diseases, such as Ebola, plague, the Marburg virus, and others. Although the World Health Organization has provided guidelines for the safe burial process after learning of the culture of the afterlife in Ebola-affected areas, little effort has been made to integrate theoretical interventions and models for changing West Africans' funeral behavior. This research was conducted to study 1) the background of traditional burial rituals, 2) interventions to contain Ebola outbreaks in West Africa, and 3) a strategic approach to future disease outbreak in the region.Methods: A narrative review was conducted by using four electronic databases—PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus—using search key terms and a manual search of Google Scholar and gray literature. A date range was open to all years, up to 2017 to include a historical aspect of Africans' funerary rituals and 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.Results: West Africans believe that performing funeral rituals enables them to cement unity between the living and ancestral spirits and to receive spiritual gifts from deaths. Funeral rituals include several actions, such as washing and cleaning the body, washing one's hands in a common bowl after touching the face of the deceased, and lying over the corpse of a prominent person. Although Ebola-affected countries created national Ebola response and communication strategies in 2014, the efforts at the government level were not sufficiently effective to contain the disease's outbreak.Conclusion: Traditional funeral and burial practices are a part of the culture in West Africa and should be evaluated and respected. Policymakers should design a theory- and practice-based socioecological model based on social and behavioral strategies for villagers in remote areas to prevent the spread of infectious diseases via traditional burial practices.

Dieser Fallbeschreibung liegt ein Gesellschafterstreit zugrunde, welcher in der zweiten Generation zwischen vier Geschwistern entbrannte. Einer der beiden Söhne wollte aus dem Unternehmen aussteigen und gefährdete in der Einschätzung der anderen Geschwister mit seinem Verhalten dessen Fortbestand. Die Beendigung des Streits war auf der Sachebene drängend, die Beziehungsprobleme waren es ebenfalls. Daher konzentrierte sich die – lösungsorientiert durchgeführte – Mediation auf die Sach­themen eines Ausscheidensszenarios. Nicht behandelt und auch nicht gelöst wurde der zugrundeliegende familiäre Konflikt. Nachhaltig gesichert wurde jedoch der Fortbestand des Unternehmens als Existenzgrundlage nicht nur für die dort verbliebenen Gesellschafter, sondern auch für die damit verbundenen sonstigen Stakeholder.

"Just in the last four years, $80 billion in federal funding has come to West Virginia — $22 billion more than we've ever received."

Two introductory chapters have been used to give the necessary background to the main subject-matter of the thesis. The first of these chronologizes the significant steps in the development of aerial photographic interpretation from the first recorded aerial photograph to the present day respected position of the art in both military and civilian professional circles. The second introductory chapter deals with the fundamental principles involved in airphoto interpretation and of their specific application to soil engineering mapping for road projects in Southern Africa. This is followed by the major theme of the thesis, which concerns the direct location by aerial photographic interpretation of the various classes of material used in the construction of a modern day road. Although aerial photographs have been employed in recent years for direct interpretation and interpolation of certain specific road building materials, their use in this manner has been limited to a few special cases. This thesis sets out to show that under certain conditions, which pertain in many regions of the world, airphoto interpretation can be used for the direct location of 1materials possessing particular engineering characteristics. Further, it sets out to show, that this can be done for the full range of engineering properties required of materials for all the significant layers of construction, despite the fact that the materials involved may be of widely differing composition and geological origin. The actual interpretation is based on the fundamental recognition of the elements of form, tone, and texture making up the total photographic pattern. Similar features reflected on photographs are shown to be comprised of similar materials, not merely geologically speaking, but more especially in respect of their significant engineering characteristics; it is still further demonstrated that this is applicable even when such features are situated some considerable distance apart. Variations of notable engineering importance within one and the same geological occurrence, are also shown to be identifiable on the aerial photographs. For major road projects in areas subjected to certain environmental conditions, these possibilities form the basis of a new prospecting technique, which incorporates the full use of the science or art of interpretation. The basic concept governing the applicability of this technique and the steps necessary to ensure the development of the full potential of aerial photography in its application, are discussed and illustrated by detailed accounts of a number of specific projects. These projects incorporate both materials appraisals of wide strips of country for route location purposes and intensive prospecting along chosen routes. The techniques thus developed, constitute a new approach to materials investigations for major road projects and in this respect contribute to knowledge in this field. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the relative merits of materials investigation methods in current use in South West Africa and on how these methods affect the different organisations involved in the planning and construction of major road projects. The use made of airphoto interpretation for similar engineering works in other countries, as well as the possible future scope for the application of the particular method of materials investigation described in this thesis, are also covered.

For years now, developed countries face an epidemic of high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol, risk factors related to heart and circulatory disease, and a suite of psychological disorders ranging from depression, anxiety, to compulsive behaviours. These health risks have traditionally been associated with affluence, however by 2008 there is no clear link between national income and these diseases. E.g. according to Danaei, there was no relationship between national income and blood pressure in men, and in women blood pressure was even higher in poorer countries. This paper provides an in depth analysis of this correlation, applying spatial econometrics tools. The spatial aspect of the prevalence of western diseases does not seem to be obvious and, to our knowledge, is not widely explored in the literature. In particular, the paper investigates the spatial processes of selected diseases of affluence in regions of the European Union. The research covers 261 NUTS 2 regions for the period 2003–2010. This study provides the spatial analysis of circulatory and mental health disorders. In our opinion, the presented spatial econometric approach may constitute an important contribution to the field of epidemiology. ; Od lat kraje rozwinięte borykają się z epidemią wysokiego ciśnienia krwi, cukrzycą, podwyższonym poziomem cholesterolu, czynnikami ryzyka związanymi z chorobami serca i układu krążenia, ale także z szeregiem zaburzeń psychicznych, począwszy od depresji, stanów lękowych, aż po stany kompulsywne. Te zagrożenia wiązano zazwyczaj z zamożnością kraju, jednak do 2008 roku związek między dochodem narodowym a chorobami cywilizacyjnymi nie miał jasnego potwierdzenia w literaturze przedmiotu. Co więcej, według Danaei nie stwierdzono żadnej zależności między dochodem narodowym a ciśnieniem krwi u mężczyzn, u kobiet zaś ciśnienie krwi było nawet wyższe w krajach biedniejszych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przeprowadzenie pogłębionej analizy tej korelacji z użyciem narzędzi ekonometrii przestrzennej. Aspekt przestrzenny rozpowszechnienia chorób cywilizacyjnych nie wydaje się oczywisty, a zgodnie z naszą wiedzą nie jest szeroko opisywany w literaturze. Nasza analiza dotyczy procesów przestrzennych wybranych chorób cywilizacyjnych w regionach Unii Europejskiej. Badanie obejmuje 261 regionów NUTS 2 w latach 2003–2010. Stanowi ono analizę przestrzenną chorób układu krążenia oraz chorób psychicznych. Prezentowane w artykule podejście z zastosowaniem ekonometrii przestrzennej może stanowić istotny wkład w rozwój dziedziny epidemiologii chorób cywilizacyjnych.

Abstract Realizing that most Indonesian live in rural areas and use rural business activities as main source income, most of governmental policy released to promote all small business in this area including agriculture. Refers to the national constitution (UUD 1945), cooperative is considered the most suitable business form that can accommodate people interest. In 1978 under presidential instruction most of village unit cooperatives or Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) were established throughout the nation. However, this business organization is far left behind compared to private owned business and state owned business. Despite, some methods were introduced to evaluate the growth and performance of KUD, until reformation era the situation of this business is still unchanged. This paper tried to use a stepwise discriminant analysis to measure the KUD performance in West Lombok. Financial, organizational, and operational data were collected to support this analysis. Geometric index was applied to identify the performance of KUD. Selected variables were identified to classify individual cooperatives into bad or good performance groups with stepwise discriminant analysis. It is found that the length years of manager run KUD's business and participation of member doing business with KUD were the two variables that contribute the most significant influence on KUD performance. Abstrak Menyadari bahwa sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia berdomisili di pedesaan dan memanfaatkan aktivitas bisnis pedesaan sebagai sumber pendapatan utama, maka sebagian besar kebijakan pemerintah diluncurkan untuk meningkatkan usaha kecil termasuk bidang pertanian. Merujuk pada UUD 1945, koperasi adalah bangun usaha yang paling cocok untuk mengakomodasi kepentingan penduduk. Tahun 1978, dengan instruksi presiden banyak KUD didirikan di seluruh negara ini. Tetapi perkembangan usaha ini jauh tertinggal dibandingkan dengan usaha milik pemerintah dan usaha swasta. Walaupun banyak cara digunakan untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan performasi KUD, sampai era reformasi ini keadaannya tidak berubah. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk menggunakan Analysis Diskriminan Berjenjang untuk mengetahui kinerja KUD di Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Data financial, organisasional dan operasional dikumpulkan untuk mendukung analisis ini. Indeks Geometri juga digunakan untuk menghitung kinerja KUD. Dengan menerapkan Analysis Diskriminan Berjenjang variable-variabel terpilih digunakan untuk menggolongkan KUD yang kinerjanya baik dan buruk. Ditemukan bahwa lamanya manager mengelola KUD dan partisipasi anggota dalam usaha KUD adalah dua variabel yang mempengaruhi kinerja KUD paling signifikan.