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1840-41 printed for the Percy society by C. Richards; 1842-52 printed for the Percy society by T. Richards. ; v. 29. Notices of fugitive tracts, and chap-books . By J. O. Halliwell. The man in the moone. A manifest detection of the most vyle and detestable use of dice play. [By Gilbert Walker] The loyal garland: a collection of songs of the seventeenth century. Poems and songs relating to George Villiers, duke of Buckingham; and his assassination by John Felton, August 23, 1628. Ed. . by F. W. Fairholt. -- v. 30. The garland of good-will by Thomas Deloney. Brittannia's pastorals: a third book. [By William Browne] The enterlude of John Bon & Mast Person. [By Luke Shepherd] -- v. 31. Pleasant quippes for upstart newfangled gentlewomen, by Stephen Gosson. ; v. 19. The civic garland . Ed. . by F. W. Fairholt. The life and martyrdom of Thomas Beket . from the series of lives and legends now proved to have been composed by Robert of Gloucester. -- v. 20. The affectionate shepherd: by Richard Barnfield. A dialogue on wit and folly, by John Heywood. A collection of proverbs and popular sayings relating to the seasons, the weather, and agricultural pursuits . By M. A. Denham. The most pleasant song of Lady Bessy. [By Humphrey Brereton] -- v. 21. Popular songs, illustrative of the French invasions of Ireland . Ed. by T. C. Croker. -- v. 22. The cytezen and uplondyshman . By Alexander Barclay. The interlude of the four elements. The interlude of the disobedient child, by Thomas Ingelend. Autobiography of Mary countess of Warwick. Westward for smelts. -- v. 23. Songs and carols . of the fifteenth century. Ed. by T. Wright. Festive songs, principally of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; with an introduction by W. Sandys. Descriptive notices of popular English histories. By J. O. Halliwell. -- v. 24-26. The Canterbury tales of Geoffrey Chaucer. -- v. 27. Believe as you list . By Philip Massinger. Satirical songs and poems on costume: from the 13th to the 19th century. Ed. by F. W. Fairholt. -- v. 28. An Anglo-Saxon passion of St. George. [By Aelfric] A poem on the times of Edward II. The religious poems of William de Shoreham. The interlude of the trail of treasure. ; v. 11. The owl and the nightingale. Thirteen psalms and the first chapter of Ecclesiastes, translated into English verse by John Croke. An historiall expostulation: against the beastlye abusers, both of chyrurgerie and physyke, in oure tyme . by John Halle. The honestie of this age . By Barnaby Rich. -- v. 12. The history of Reynard the fox, from the edition printed by Caxton in 1481. -- v. 13. The keen of the south of Ireland . Collected and ed. . by T. C. Croker. Six ballads, with burdens, from ms. no. CLXVIII in the library of the Corpus Christi college, Cambridge. Ed. by J. Goodwin. Lyrical poems, selected from musical publications between the years 1589 and 1600. Ed. by J. P. Collier. -- v. 14. The poems of John Audelay. St. Brandan: a medieval legend of the sea. The romance of the Emperor Octavian. -- v. 15. Friar Bakon's prophesie . [By William Terilo, pseud.] Poetical miscellanies from a manuscript collection of the time of James I. Ed. by J. O. Halliwell. The crown garland of golden roses . By Richard Johnson. Pt. 2. -- v. 16. The seven sages. The romance of Syr Tryamoure. -- v. 17. Scottish traditional versions of ancient ballads. Ed. by J. H. Dixon. Ancient poems, ballads, and songs of the peasantry of England . Collected and ed. by J. H. Dixon. -- v. 18. The pastime of pleasure . By Stephen Hawes. ; v. 5. Kind-heart's dream . By Henry Chettle. A knight's conjuring . By Thomas Dekker. The meeting of gallants at an ordinarie . Ed. by J. O. Halliwell. The two angry women of Abington, by Henry Porter. -- v. 6. Ancient poetical tracts of the sixteenth century . Ed. by E. F. Rimbault. Cock Lorell's bote . Ed. by E. F. Rimbault. The crown garland of roses. By Richard Johnson. Pt. 1. Follie's anatomie . By Henry Hutton. Poems by Sir Henry Wotton. -- v. 7. The harmony of birds. A paraphrase on the seven penitential Psalms, in English verse. Supposed to have been written by Thomas Brampton. The harmony of the church by Michael Drayton. Jack of Dover, his quest of inquirie. A Kerry pastoral in imitation of the first eclogue of Virgil. [By Murroghoh O'Connor, pseud.] -- v. 8. A selection of Latin stories, from manuscripts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Ed. by T. Wright. A dialogue concerning witches & witchcrafts, by George Gifford. -- v. 9. The four knaves . by Samuel Rowlands. A poem to the memory of William Congreve, by James Thomson. The pleasant conceits of old Hobson, the merry Londoner. [By Richard Johnson] Maroccus extaticus: or, Bankes' bay horse in a trance. Old ballads illustrating the great frost of 1683-4 and the fair on the river Thames. Collected and ed. by E. F. Rimbault. -- v. 10. Lord mayor's pageants . By F. W. Fairholt. ; v. 1. Old ballads, from early printed copies of the utmost rarity. Ed. by J. P. Collier. A collection of songs and ballads relative to the London prentices and trades; and to the affairs of London generally. Ed. . by C. Mackay. The historical songs of Ireland: illustrative of the revolutionary struggle between James II and William III. Ed. . by T. C. Croker. The pain and sorrow of evil marriage. The king and a poor northern man; or, Too good to be true. By Martin Parker. -- v. 2. A selection from the minor poems of Dan John Lydgate. The early naval ballads of England. Collected and ed. by J. O. Halliwell. A search for money; or, The lamentable complaint for the loss of the wandering knight, Monsieur l'Argent. By William Rowley. The mad pranks and merry jests of Robin Goodfellow. -- v. 3. Political ballads published in England during the commonwealth. Ed. by T. Wright. Strange histories: consisting of ballads and other poems principally by Thomas Deloney. A marriage triumph, on the nuptials of the Prince Palatine, and the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I. By Thomas Heywood. The history of patient Grisel. -- v. 4. Specimens of lyric poetry, composed in England in the reign of Edward the First. Ed. by T. Wright. The boke of curtasye . Ed. by J. O. Halliwell. Specimens of old Christmas carols . [Ed. by T. Wright] The nursery rhymes of England, collected principally from oral tradition. Ed. by J. O. Halliwell. ; Mode of access: Internet.

У овом раду представљају се резултати у истраживању доприноса Ђуре Даничића српској медиевистици током његовог активног деловања у Друштву српске словесности (1841–1861). Пажњу аутора рада најпре заокупљају Даничићеви прикази посебно значајних књига објављених на страни и код нас, а посвећених српској средњовековној књижевности. Публикујући ове приказе, Даничић је настојао да српску јавност упозна са најновијим научним сазнањима, али и да подстакне трагање за још неоткривеним књижевним делима и ствараоцима. Аутор рада затим представља Даничићев непосредни допринос упознавању са књижевном баштином (описивао рукописе, приређивао издања). Унеколико осветљава Даничићев текстолошки рад, а знатнo већу пажњу посвећује његовим настојањима да вреднује књижевна дела и одреди им место у оквирима средњовековне књижевности. Темељнијој анализи подвргава садржаје Даничићевих сачуваних предавања на Лицеју, у којима се, на систематичан начин, приказују карактеристике српске средњовековне књижевности и оцртава, унеколико, њен развој. ; In this paper, the author presents the results of her research into the contribution of Đura Daničić to Serbian mediaeval studies during his active participation in the work of the Slavic Literacy Society (1849–1861). She also takes into consideration Daničić's scientifi c projects initiated during this period and completed somewhat later. The author considers the forms of Daničić's engagement in the sphere of mediaeval studies. She points out that Daničić, striving to present the latest scientifi c insights, early on began to publish reviews of particularly important books and editions published abroad and in our country. His aim was undoubtedly to inform the Serbian public, and also to stimulate searching for the as yet undiscovered literary works and writers from the medieval era. He presented the signifi cant works of P. J. Šafarik, F. Miklošić, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and others. As this paper points out, Daničić strove to contribute himself to getting acquainted with the literary heritage. He therefore took upon himself to provide descriptions of signifi cant manuscripts and edit the actual works. He provided descriptions of manuscripts from the collections of the National Library and the library of the Slavic Literacy Society. In separate books, Daničić published the writings of some of the most important Serbian writers of the Middle Ages – Domentijan, Teodosije, Danilo the Second and his Disciple. He also published a number of smaller works. The author also partially sheds light on Daničić's work in the sphere of textology. Her attention was drawn, to a signifi cant degree, to Daničić's observations on the formal and stylistic characteristics of works and his value judgements. The contents of Daničić's preserved lectures at Belgrade's High School were subjected to a thorough analysis. In them, Daničić systematically reviewed the essential characteristics of old Serbian literature, its dominant genres, and partly delineated its development. Daničić dedicated his lecture entitled The Beginnings of Serbian Literature primarily to the literature of the era of Nemanja and St. Sava. However, he manifested a very lively interest in the literature that preceded this very well known one, of which there are no visible traces left (no works were preserved). In Daničić's view, Serbian literature reached its peak achievement ("fl ourished to the utmost") at its very beginnings. This happened, Daničić thinks, on account of favourable social circumstances (the state was growing stronger). Daničić sees the subsequent development of Serbian literature as regressive; his evaluation of literary works from the centuries that followed is that they were less successful artistically. He ascribes this line of development to changed social circumstances (the upheavals and power struggles in the Serbian state). Daničić's understanding of literary history as a regressive process, as the author of this paper observes, is not an isolated phenomenon; P. J. Šafarik had an identical view of mediaeval Serbian literature. Like other scholars of that time, Daničić saw literature as a forceful refl ection of the current political and social circumstances. In his lecture entitled Offi ces to Serbian Saints, Daničić pointed to the time of the creation of Offi ces, to the works and authors known to him. The author's attention was particularly drawn to the segment of this text dedicated to Jefi mija's Praise of Prince Lazar; it appears in a manuscript (that of Kiprijan) as an integral part of The Offi ce to Prince Lazar. Daničić evaluates Jefi mija's work as exceptional and presents an interesting hypothesis on the circumstances that contributed to its being included in the Offi ce. He even posits a rather bold hypothesis that Jefi mija is the authoress of the Offi ce. It is the conclusion of this paper that Daničić undertook archaeographic and textological work, preparing editions at a time when there were not many scholars equal to these tasks. He adopted methods from European science, but also founded them himself, through concrete work on manuscripts. Daničić was undoubtedly oriented towards philology in the original meaning of the termExcept in his lectures, he did not undertake literary-aesthetic analyses and evaluation of literary works to such an extent. That he was gifted for such an undertaking is evidenced, most of all, by his concise but exemplary essay on Jefi mija the nun's Praise to Prince Lazar. It is to be assumed that in those lectures of his that have not been preserved he dealt with the work of other writers known at the time. ; Научни скупови; 168 ; Одељење језика и књижевности; књ. 29 ; Naučni skupovi = Scientific Meetings

Die Mittelgebirge Deutschlands gelten aufgrund ihrer mittelalterlichen Besiedlung und Landnutzung als Jungsiedelland. Wenig bekannt ist bisher über die Auswirkungen der Landnutzung auf die Geomorphodynamik in einem hohen Mittelgebirge wie dem Schwarzwald. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit den Fragen, wann die Sieldungs- und Landnutzungsgeschichte im Mittleren Schwarzwald tatsächlich beginnt und wie sich die mannigfaltigen Eingriffe des Menschen auf die Reliefformung ausgewirkt haben. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht ist sie daher der geographischen Teildisziplin der "Anthropogenen Geomorphologie" zuzuordnen. Das Gebiet der europäischen Hauptwasserscheide im Mittleren Schwarzwald bietet sich als Untersuchungsraum besonders zur Beantwortung der Fragestellungen an, da in ihm verschiedene Relief- und Entwässerungssysteme (danubisch und rhenanisch) aufeinander treffen, die eine vergleichende und umfassende Beurteilung der anthropogenen Reliefformung ermöglichen. Die Arbeit beruht im Wesentlichen auf geomorphologischen Untersuchungen, die jedoch durch zahlreiche weitere Methoden und Herangehensweisen ergänzt werden. Dazu gehören geophysikalische Methoden, aber auch innerhalb des Graduiertenkollegs "Gegenwartsbezogene Landschaftsgenese" angewandte Methoden wie die Holzkohlenkunde und die Pollenanalyse. Neben den Bio- und Geoarchiven wurden auch historische Archive hinsichtlich der Landnutzungsgeschichte im Untersuchungsraum ausgewertet. Eine zentrale Rolle bei der Interpretation der Ergebnisse spielt neben den geomorphologischen Labormethoden die geochronologische Einordnung der Sedimente mittels Radiokarbondatierungen besonders an Holzkohle. Die Ergebnisse der Datierungen untermauern insbesondere die stratigraphische Einordnung von Substraten zu Schichten und machen eine zuverlässige Zuordnung der Sedimente zu Landnutzungsphasen erst möglich. Die vorliegenden umfassenden Ergebnisse zu den Beziehungen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen Landnutzung und Reliefformung im Mittleren Schwarzwald belegen, dass sich die durchgeführte interdisziplinäre Herangehensweise bewährt hat. Ein erster anthropogener Eingriff kann demnach für die Nachlimeszeit festgestellt werden. Er ist allerdings ohne flächenhafte und nachhaltige Wirkung für die Reliefformung im Untersuchungsraum. Ab dem Früh- und Hochmittelalter – und damit früher als bisher von Historikern belegt, die von einer Besiedlung im Zuge der Klostergründung St. Georgen 1084 sprechen – kann sowohl in den Geoarchiven als auch in den pollenanalytisch untersuchten Niedermoortorfen eine erste systematische Urbarmachung verbunden mit einer umfassenden Nutzung des Raumes festgestellt werden. Ausdruck dieser ersten Landnutzungsphase ist auch die Errichtung einer Motte im Gewann Vogte. Die anhaltende intensive landwirt-schaftliche Nutzung an den Hängen führt zu starken Bodenerosionsprozessen, die sich einerseits in der weiteren Ausräumung der periglaziären Sedimente an den Hängen (Kappung der Fließerden) und im Taltiefenbereich (Erosion der Nieder-terrassenschotter) auswirken und andererseits zur Akkumulation von mächtigen Kolluvien und Auensedimenten führen. Heute existieren die periglaziären Fließ-erden flächenhaft lediglich aus Basislagen, die Mittel- und Hauptlagen wurden im Untersuchungsraum großflächig erodiert. Auch in den nachfolgenden Jahrhunderten bis ins 19. Jh. hinein erreichte die Bodenerosion verursacht durch Landnutzungsformen wie der Reutbergwirtschaft immer wieder extreme Ausmaße, die sich ebenfalls in Kolluvien und Auen-sedimenten /-lehmen äußern. Neben dem Hochmittelalter ist das 18./19. Jh. aus geomorphodynamischer Sicht als besonders aktive Phase zu bewerten. Letztere geht einher mit einer in den historischen Karten dokumentierten starken Land-nutzung. So sank der Anteil der Waldfläche um 1800 auf 17% der Gesamtfläche. In den Zwischenzeiten sind Phasen geomorphodynamischer Ruhe festzustellen. Sie stimmen mit den Ruhephasen der Landnutzung im ausgehenden Spätmittelalter und während und nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg überein. Auch in den letzten beiden Jahrhunderten kam und kommt es zu einer anthropogenen Reliefgestaltung, wie das Kerbenreißen im Hexenloch der letzten 50 Jahre ein-drucksvoll belegt. Zukünftig könnte es durch die prognostizierte Zunahme der Starkregenereignisse im Schwarzwald im Zuge der globalen Klimaveränderungen zu einer Destabilisierung der großflächig auftretenden Lockersedimentdecken im Schwarzwald kommen. Wie die Beispiele der Rutschung im Rohrbachtal und des Kerbenreißens im Hexenloch zeigen, können relativ kleine Eingriffe des Menschen in die Landschaft starke Auswirkungen auf die Reliefgestaltung haben. ; In the Black Forest the onset of continuous settlement and agricultural activities only started during medieval times. In the last millennium human influence let to various changes of the landscape, but the triggered geomorphodynamical processes in the higher areas of the Black Forest are rarely studied so far. The aim of the research project was to investigate the relief shaping due to human activity and to compile an environmental and land use history of the middle Black Forest. The research project was conducted as part of the DFG Postgraduate Research Group "Formation and Development of Present-Day Landscapes" at the University of Freiburg, Germany. The study area is located at the main European watershed and comprises the very different relief and drainage pattern of the Danube and Rhine rivers, which enables a comparison and comprehensive evaluation of anthropogenic influence on the relief. Different geo- and bioarchives were investigated using geomorphological and geophysical methods, complemented by pollenanalysis and anthracological (charcoal) studies. By radiocarbon dating stratigraphic units were further allocated and sediments correlated with different phases of land use. Besides the study of environmental archives historical maps and old aerial photographs were evaluated to document landscape changes. The results of the research project document the great benefit of this multidisciplinary approach. The earliest detected human impact in the study area dates back to the late Roman period (after the abandonment of the limes), but had had little neither lasting nor extensive effect on the relief. For the Early and High Middle Ages the geoarchives as well as the mires show a first systematic land cultivation and colonisation of the area – earlier than assumed by historians. The intense land use caused geomorphic processes with erosion of periglacial sediments from the slopes and incision of streams at the valley grounds on the one hand and accumulation of colluvial sediments and flood loams on the other hand. Today only the lowermost part of the solifluction layers can still be found extensively in the study area while the two upper layers are missing widely. In the following centuries until the 19th century, soil erosion due to agricultural techniques still remained intense and resulted in further colluvial sediments and flood loams. Especially the High Middle Ages and the 18/19th century AD can be regarded as main periods of geomorphodynamic activity. The later period is associated with vast woodland clearings with a remaining overall woodland area of only 17 %, as documented by historical maps. Besides there were periods of relative geomorphological tranquillity, which go along with phases of lower land-use intensity like the Late Middle Ages or the time while and after the Thirty Years' War. Even though the woodland widely recovered in the last two centuries, minor anthropogenic impacts are still causing severe relief changes, as documented by the development of a gully at the study side "Hexenloch" and by the land slide in the "Rohrbachtal". In regard to the predicted rise of intense rainfall events in the Black Forest due to global climate change a destabilisation of the widespread loose sediments may occur.

The book "Themes and Portraits of Music in Istria from 16th to 19th Centuries" is a revised collection of essays previously published in Italian, Croatian and Slovenian. It can offer a comprehensive survey on various aspects of music history of Istria between 16th and 19th century. In a wider sense, it considers the role of music in different contexts examining the patronage of churches, academies and noblemen within the frame of a multilingual area, in which Italian and Slavic cultures co-existed, Divided between Venice and Habsburg government, and now between Slovenia, Croatia and Italy (with the small town of Muggia), the peninsula, till today, represents an unsolved issue if the historians watch to Italian music as the unique "national" model of music art. On the contrary, until 19th century Italian music was a supranational/cosmopolitan phenomenon that covered both the coastal towns, namely inhabited by Italians, and the inner cities, where Slovenians and Croats settled. The first chapter is devoted to Gabriello Puliti, a Tuscan friar appointed organist and chapel master in Trieste, Muggia, Koper, Piran, Labin, Pula. Puliti, the most representative composer who increased the 17th-century monody in Istria, worked as a protégé of some local noblemen and the Habsburgs, as Ferdinand archduke of Graz. His three voices "mascherate" ("Ghirlanda odorifera", 1612), composed in honour of Tranquillo Negri, a nobleman and poet of Labin, are compared to the carnival masquerades described by the chorographer Giacomo Filippo Tomasini (cf. the 17th-century manuscript "Commentari storici-geografici della provincia dell'Istria"). The primary poetic source of "Ghirlanda" is Giulio Cesare Croce's "Le ventisette mascherate piacevolissime" (1603), and the theatrical suggestion in these "Ghirlande" is frequently emphasised by the openings of the poems where the characters are represented by the motto "Noi siamo". They represent an imaginary gallery of the Italian comedy based on parodies of several dialects and languages. Puliti's approach to this genre is linked in various ways to musical painting. Almost every piece is marked by some distinctive features, whose purpose is to depict the characters in a very refined manner. To this end Puliti resorts to three different degrees of mimesis: onomatopoeic sounds, the imitation of human voices, and the abstract imitation of words through mensuration and the intensive use of the "coloured" notes ("Augenmusik"). Probably Puliti entered to the Palladia Academy of Capodistria (now Koper) with the nickname "Accademico armonico detto l'Allegro". This academy was an important circle of intellectuals that in seventy years of activity (from 1567 to 1637) promoted some pastoral plays with music (cf, "Filliria" 1585, "Selve incoronate" 1590 and other pastorals) and published an important treatise titled "Dieci de' cento dubbi amorosi" (posthumous, 1621). To demonstrate the extraordinary effect of music in human behaviour, this platonic dialogue contains a series of references drawn from Plato, Horace, Macrobius, Boetius, Ficino and Jewish theologians collected in Francesco Zorzi's "Harmonia mundi" (1525). In choosing different sources from the classic and medieval philosophies, Giambattista Zarotti, one of the authors of the dialogue, exceeds the lavish quotations, which are used as a tool for a new proposal. He aimed at giving a modern commentary on the debate on music and feelings, evaluating the ancient theories on the basis of modern music. Another study focuses on the unknown book "Ghirlande conteste" (1588), a set of intermedi staged in the island of Cres and published by Stefanello de Petris in honour of Sebastiano Quirini. These mythological spectacles, with chorus, consort and singers, exalt the benefits in behalf of the island, given generously by the cleaver count Quirini. The accuracy of description lets us acquire a detailed reconstruction of the sceneries and performances of musicians, even though, as it is custom in theatre, the score was not printed. The following chapters deal with Antonio Tarsia's monodies written for the Koper's cathedral, which are compared with the contemporaneous work of Giovanni Legrenzi, and two treatises written by Gianrinaldo Carli during his stay in Padua (1740/50), on the concepts of genius and "sentimental music" applied to Giuseppe Tartini's instrumental works ("Dell'indole del teatro tragico", "Osservazioni sulla musica antica e moderna"). Influenced by the English Enlightenment, on the example of Richardson's "Pamela", Carli developed a revolutionary idea of "sentimental theatre and music" inspired by nature. He promoted both a simple music and a simple stage upon realistic performances, without any implication with the cultivated tragedies of the conservative Italian writers of his time. Finally, the author analyses the operas "Pittori fiamminghi" (1893) and "Nozze istriane" (1895) of Antonio Smareglia, in which the technique of the Wagnerian leitmotif appears. Smareglia, educated in Milan and Vienna, as an Italian-Croatian-German speaking rejected the national ideas of his time. Involved in the cosmopolitan atmosphere of Central Europe, he did not accept the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy and, as a consequence, he developed a special feeling for a supranational drama based on the Italian librettos translated into German. Alike some artists and writers, after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Smareglia experienced and shared the unhappiness of the so-called "Austrians without Austria".

XII. A metacosmic world order -- A redeemed social order must be sacramental -- The medieval vision and the source of its practical failure -- Contributions of Karl Marx to scientific social understanding -- Function of the political state -- Marx's view of the foundation of religion -- The Marxian social objective: "withering away" of the political state and the disappearance of religion -- The Marxian view of the disappearance of religion -- The necessary Christian witness -- A Christian analogue of the Marxian error -- Agreement of Christians and Marxists upon immediate goals -- A brief recapitulation -- The withering away of the state and the establishment of the church -- The church's offertory in a socialist order: the Christian duty to work for this end. ; VIII. The liturgy and the atonement -- Sins and contingencies -- Defects within the offertory: penance and absolution -- Contingencies: their classification and the conditions for their consecration -- The contingencies of the first group -- The attempted reduction of these contingencies by severing relationships with the world -- The incarnational method of dealing with contingencies -- Conditions for the application of the atonement to contingencies of the first group -- Scientific economic understanding a modern development -- The possession of a material basis for rational social planning also a modern phenomenon -- Present meaning of reconciliation with out brother -- Contingencies of the second group -- Contingencies of the third group -- IX. Character of the secular order now demanded by the liturgy -- No answer in Christian dogma -- a problem for enlightened human reason -- Possibility and means of agreement among Christian upon secular problems -- Some practical considerations -- Problem of secular violence: relation of means and ends -- Evolution and revolution in social change -- Present social revolution moving in a Christian direction -- Christian offertory rooted in the world's material arrangement -- X. Material basis of metacosmesis -- The material basis of spiritual relationships in the offertory -- Dangers of parallelism in thinking of spiritual and material things -- The material basis of the consecration -- Metacosmic cycle borne upon a movement within the material level -- Urgency of the memorial -- XI. Characteristics of a sacramental metacosmic humanity -- The apostolic church -- The church in later ages -- The natural and the supernatural virtues -- The tension between personal freedom and corporate social allegiance -- Human resolutions of this tension always sought in compromise -- Full resolution found in the incarnation -- Sources of defects in the metacosmic humanity of the contemporary church ; V. Metacosmesis -- Remarkable qualities of our Lord's earthly humanity -- Our Lord's earthly humanity a true humanity -- Source of the remarkable qualities of our Lord's humanity -- Definition of metacosmesis -- Social extension of metacosmesis during our Lord's earthly life -- Social metacosmesis rendered incomplete by human sin -- VI. Metacosmesis after the ascension -- Problem of the continuation of our Lord's social humanity after his individual ascension -- What happened at Pentecost -- Evidence of metacosmesis in the life of the early church -- The means of the Church's access to the metacosmic process -- Our Lord's historical life made eternally accessible -- Historical and eternal aspects of our Lord's life and work -- The eternal Lord incarnate present in his memorial -- The natural bread and wine of our Lord's social humanity -- Natural bread and wine as structures of creative social growth -- Our Lord's memorial as a twofold movement -- Contingencies found in the offered natural bread and wine -- The absolute perfection of the bread and wine in their consecration -- The memorial as a sacrifice -- Completion of the cycle of metacosmesis in the holy communion -- VII. The liturgy of the memorial of our Lord's body and blood -- Its threefold structure -- The offertory -- Misconception concerning the offertory -- The offertory and the immaculate conception of our Lord's mother -- The offertory and the baptized community -- The offertory and symbolic liturgical emphasis -- The consecration: thanksgiving and remembrance -- The meaning of thanksgiving -- The meaning of remembrance -- Consecration as sacrifice -- Priest and victim within the consecration -- Representative character of the church's ministers -- The holy communion -- Our Lord's memorial as the heart of his social humanity ; I. Some basic philosophical concepts -- The centrality of the sacrament of the altar -- Two opposing views of the material world -- The non-Christian analysis: world as essentially evil -- The Christian analysis: world as essentially good -- The source of evil traced to man -- Christian idea of salvation -- Non-Christian confusion in Christian thinking -- II. The problem of the redemption of the world: First stage -- Problem from the point of view of man: the obstacle of disorder in history -- A practical illustration of the time problem -- A philosophical illustration of the time problem -- Problem from the point of view of God: obstacle of man's free reason -- The incarnation as the solution of both problems -- Method of the incarnation: its individual organism -- Summary: solution of the problems of time and of the conservation of human freedom -- Our lady as the prototype of redeemed and free humanity -- Incarnational definition of redemption -- III. The problem of the redemption of the world: second stage -- The redemption of man carries beyond the natural world -- The limitations of perfection attainable in the natural world -- Redeemed perfection in this world always contingent -- Human salvation requires an absolute perfection -- Mediation of the contingent into the absolute: the two natures of our Lord -- IV. Meditation as sacrifice -- Failure of pre-Christian sacrifices -- Our Lord's sacrifice: full attainment of its end -- The effects of mediating sacrifice -- Contingent perfection as the necessary basis of absolute perfection ; Mode of access: Internet.

International audience In the fifteenth-century, many literary texts in english have concerns about good government and common good. Some of them are translations or adaptations from French, whether they are original texts (Guillaume de Deguileville, Alain Chartier…) or translations from Latin (Laurent de Premierfait…). There are also many informal influences. Christine de Pizan is well known in England as soon as the end of the fourteenth-century : Henry IV invited her at his court (but she refused to come) and manuscripts of her works are already circulating in England. Some of her texts are also translated or adapted during all the fifteenth-century and at the beginning of the sixteenth-century. What is Christine providing to these authors-translators ? First, her eloquence and its use may have been seductive – this is certainly an important reason in a century where English is constituting in a learned, political and literary language. But, more broadly, we may interrogate ourselves about the question of the articulation between these developments of English and the political use of Christine de Pizan by these writers, even though Christine is a woman, during a period where England and France construct themselves in part by their confrontation. This paper approaches this question by the study of three examples of translations from three different moments : the Letter of Cupid by Thomas Hoccleve at the beginning of the fifteenth-century, the Epistle of Othea by Stephen Scrope in the 1440s and The Book of Fayttes of Armes and Chyvalrye by William Caxton, published in 1489. ; De nombreux textes littéraires en anglais, au XVe siècle font preuve d'une préoccupation pour le bon gouvernement et le bien commun. Plusieurs d'entre eux sont des traductions ou des adaptations du français, qu'il s'agisse de textes originaux (Guillaume de Deguileville, Alain Chartier…) ou de traductions du latin (Laurent de Premierfait…), sans compter les influences plus informelles. Christine de Pizan est bien connue en Angleterre dès le ...

What is happening to architecture?For several decades, starting from the publication of Hundertwasser's Manifesto, we have heard: "Architecture is seriously ill. Architecture is going to die". Many prominent voices are already singing for the repose of its soul.In the past, architecture experienced the highest rises. Classical antiquity, mature Middle Ages, Modern and Constructivism – during those periods architecture acquired the best things produced by science, art and craft. It took from science a precise problem statement, logic and succession of methods, as well as mathematical precision of thinking. It took from art the courage in dealing with motions of the soul, the constant searching for new forms and a keen interest towards achievements of previous generations. It took from craft the skills of dealing with the material, respect towards the practical experience and commitment to economic efficiency. It is no wonder that in its flourishing periods architecture was a role model in the broadest sectors of culture, from politics to fashion.It seems that, within recent decades, architecture set out to take only drawbacks and vices from the same fields. It borrows from science a tendency to the scholastic and pointless playing with terms. From art – egoistic subjectivism and endless intrigues. From craft – monotony and boredom of standardized flow production. Seriously ill architecture chooses not even the greater evils, but all the evils from this variety.Anyway, throughout the history of mankind architecture has not been more timely than today. The mass movement of people to cities poses great challenges. Rural habitat is full of life. Nature itself fills it with living characters, rhythms and Life and Death cycles. The urban environment is created by humans from nonliving materials. This man-made environment offers no chance for a harmonizing impact of nature – the urban ecosystem is too simple, monopolar and dependent upon humans. In regards to emotions, today's city looks as unsanitary and pathogenic as a medieval city used to look in regards to everyday hygiene. Contemporary citizens pour out their anger, disgust and despair like it used to be with pigwash up to the 19th century. Today's pandemic of depression is similar to plague and cholera that devastated Europe in the past centuries.Only healthy and proper architecture open for the best can relieve cities from their disaster and turn the global urbanization into a more sensible and healthy channel. To do this, architecture has to thoroughly reconsider its methodological tools.Fifteen years ago PROJECT BAIKAL journal was founded by architects of the 1960s and their apprentices. Since then, professional scientists, artists and designers have been contributing to the journal. Throughout its 60 issues, the journal has been speaking about the possibility to combine the best and the most efficient features of science, art and craft. With that, the journal found like-minded fellows in different cities of Russia and other countries.We have reasons to be optimistic. ; Что происходит с архитектурой? Вот уже несколько десятилетий, начиная с опубликования Манифеста Хундертвассера, мы слышим: «Архитектура тяжело больна. Архитектура при смерти». И многие авторитетные голоса уже поют по ней нечто заупокойное.В прошлом архитектура знала высочайшие взлеты. Классическая античность, зрелое средневековье, эпоха модерна и конструктивизма – в эти периоды именно архитектура собирала в себе лучшее, что порождали наука, искусство и ремесло. От науки она перенимала четкую постановку задачи, логику и последовательность методов, математическую точность мышления. От искусства – самоотверженную смелость в работе с движениями души, неустанный поиск новых форм, живое отношение к достижениям предыдущих поколений. От ремесла архитектура получала навыки диалога с материалом, почтительного отношения к практическому опыту и стремление к экономической эффективности. Ничего удивительного, что в периоды расцвета архитектура служила примером и образцом для подражания в самых обширных областях культуры – от политики до моды.Но вот уже несколько последних десятилетий архитектура как будто задалась целью перенять из тех же областей не лучшие достижения, а одни лишь пороки и недостатки. Из науки извлекается склонность к схоластической, бесплодной игре с терминами. Из искусства – эгоистический субъективизм и бесконечные интриги. Из ремесла – монотонность и скука стандартизованного поточного производства. Из множества зол тяжело больная архитектура выбирает даже не худшие, а все.Между тем, за всю историю человечества еще не было момента, когда архитектура была бы настолько актуальна. Огромное по масштабам переселение людей в города ставит перед нами потрясающие задачи. Сельская среда обитания насыщена жизнью. Сама природа наполняет ее живыми образами, ритмами, циклами Жизни и Смерти. Городская, урбанистическая среда полностью создана человеком из неживых предметов. Рукотворность этой среды не оставляет надежды на гармонизирующее воздействие природы – слишком проста экосистема города, слишком монополярна и подчинена человеку. В эмоционально-образном плане современный город выглядит столь же антисанитарным и болезнетворным, как выглядел средневековый город в плоскости повседневной гигиены. Современные горожане выплескивают на улицы гнев, отвращение и уныние – как выплескивали помои вплоть до девятнадцатого века. Нынешняя пандемия депрессии – полный аналог опустошавших Европу чумы и холеры.Только здоровая, полноценная, открытая к лучшему архитектура способна вывести города из этого гибельного положения. Повернуть ход глобальной урбанизации в более разумную и здоровую сторону. Но для этого архитектуре предстоит пережить глубочайший пересмотр методологического инструментария.Пятнадцать лет назад журнал «ПРОЕКТ БАЙКАЛ» был основан архитекторами поколения шестидесятников и их учениками. С момента основания в журнале сотрудничали профессиональные ученые, художники, проектировщики. На протяжении шестидесяти выпусков журнал работал над тем, чтобы напомнить о возможности сочетания в архитектуре лучших, наиболее плодотворных особенностей науки, искусства и ремесла. На этом пути журнал нашел единомышленников в самых разных городах России и в других странах. У нас есть причины для оптимизма.

L'objectif de l'étude est d'analyser la nature de la relation appelée « amitié » dans la société de cour de la France du XVIIe siècle, ainsi que ses formes concrètes et ses fonctions. Comme le travail s'appuie sur des sources tirées de l'entourage des princes de Condé, la période étudiée a été limitée en fonction de ces sources ; elle va des années 1620 jusqu'aux années 1680, embrassant la vie du Grand Condé et aussi les décennies de part et d'autre de la Fronde. La première partie expose d'abord l'état de la recherche sur le sujet de l'amitié, tant en histoire que dans les disciplines voisines. Ensuite, elle explique la méthodologie utilisée. Puis, les sources sont décrites ; elles comprennent d'une part des sources manuscrites provenant des archives des Condé à Chantilly, et d'autre part des sources imprimées, surtout des mémoires et des autobiographies. La première partie se termine par la description du contexte historique des phénomènes étudiés. Cela concerne d'une part le milieu nobiliaire et la société de cour, et d'autre part la famille Condé et son entourage ; ce chapitre expose aussi des détails prosopographiques sur les personnages les plus importants qui sont mentionnés tout au long de l'étude. La seconde partie du travail présente l'amitié nobiliaire en France au XVIIe siècle de manière synchronique, analysant donc les différents aspects de ce lien social. La partie s'ouvre sur une analyse sémantique des notions d' « ami » et d' « amitié » dans la période étudiée. Ensuite, les représentations de l'amitié sont décrites, c'est-à-dire les idées, discours, normes et valeurs qui se lient à la notion d'amitié dans la période concernée. Puis, les langages de l'amitié sont étudiés ; il s'agit là de décrire en détail le vocabulaire et la rhétorique utilisés par les nobles dans leurs relations amicales. L'analyse se poursuit avec les pratiques de l'amitié, c'est-à-dire ses rituels et ses gestes ; dans ce contexte sont aussi analysés les objets qui deviennent symboles de l'amitié, par exemple quand ils sont échangés comme cadeaux entre amis. Finalement, les services entre amis sont thématisés, qui se manifestent dans des domaines aussi divers que le politique (avec l'entraide pour obtenir des charges et offices), l'économique (avec des crédits), la protection mutuelle contre la violence (par exemple par des escortes pour voyager), mais aussi quand un ami fait figure de second pour un autre dans un duel ou quand il l'aide pour arranger son mariage. Tandis que la deuxième partie adopte donc une approche synchronique, la troisième partie est dédiée à une approche diachronique de l'amitié. Il s'agit d'insérer les constats sur l'amitié parmi l'aristocratie française du XVIIe siècle dans une histoire de l'amitié dans la longue durée. Les influences de la pensée de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Age sur l'amitié dans la période étudiée ayant déjà été analysées dans le contexte des représentations de l'amitié, le XVIe siècle a été choisi comme point de départ de cette histoire. Dans un premier temps, l'évolution du phénomène amical pendant la Renaissance et l'âge classique est analysée. Ensuite, les mutations de ce lien social pendant les Lumières et le Romantisme sont examinés. Un tournant important se dessine : c'est dans le dernier XVIIIe et le premier XIXe siècle que l'on peut voir l'essor d'une nouvelle pensée sur l'amitié, qui base celle-ci non plus sur la loyauté et l'entraide, mais sur la sincérité et les sentiments profonds. Un épilogue sur l'amitié à l'époque contemporaine et postmoderne termine cette partie : bien que l'on puisse voir des modifications du phénomène amical au long de ces périodes, même la conception de l'amitié qui est dominante dans les sociétés occidentales actuelles reste largement l'héritière de la conception romantique. Il est donc crucial d'historiciser la notion même d'amitié, pour ne pas juger les amitiés de l'époque moderne à l'échelle de l'amitié romantique. Ce n'est que par ce procédé méthodologique qu'il devient possible de comprendre les amitiés plus utilitaires de l'époque moderne, où, en l'absence d'un Etat fort et d'un marché qui permettraient de satisfaire aux besoins matériels de la vie en traitant avec des inconnus, le réseau amical est crucial pour toutes sortes d'affaires pratiques. Dans le cas d'une élite politique telle que l'était la noblesse française du XVIIe siècle, cela concerne particulièrement les carrières que font les aristocrates, les relations de pouvoir entre les nobles à la cour et leur influence politique, tant sur le monarque que sur les autres nobles. Par conséquent, quand on analyse les relations amicales et plus largement les relations sociales dans le milieu étudié ici, on ne peut pas établir une séparation nette entre ce qui est privé, d'une part, et ce qui est public ou politique, d'autre part. Dans le contexte de la cour, toute relation amicale devient alliance politique – et toute alliance politique se doit d'être aussi une relation amicale. ; The aim of this study is to analyze the nature of the relationship that was called "friendship" in 17th-century French court society and its specific forms and functions. As the inquiry is based on sources from the princes of Condé and their entourage, the period which is analyzed has been defined according to these sources; it goes from the 1620s to the 1680s and spans the life of the Grand Condé as well as the decades before and after the Fronde. The first part begins with an overview of the state of research concerning the subject of friendship, in history as well as in neighbouring disciplines. Then, the method is explained. Subsequently, the sources are described; they encompass both manuscript sources from the archives of the princes of Condé in Chantilly and printed sources, particularly memoirs and autobiographies. The first part finishes with a description of the historical context of the phenomena under inquiry. This concerns the milieu of the nobility and the court society, as well as the house of Condé and their entourage; this chapter also exposes prosopographical details about the most important persons who are mentioned in the study. The second part presents aristocratic friendship in 17th-century France under a synchronic perspective, analyzing the different aspects of this social relationship. This part opens with a semantic analysis of the words "ami" (friend) and "amitié" (friendship) in the period under consideration. Subsequently, the representations of friendship are described, that is the ideas, discourses, norms and values that are attached to the notion of friendship in this period. Then, the language of friendship is examined through an in-depth description of the vocabulary and rhetoric used by the nobles in their friendships. The analysis goes on to describe the practices of friendship, that is, its rituals and gestures. In this context, the objects that become symbols of friendship are analyzed, too; that concerns for example gifts that are exchanged between friends. Finally, the services exchanged between friends are examined, which concern domains as diverse as politics (mutual aid in order to obtain posts and titles), economy (credits), mutual protection against violence (for example in form of escorts when friends are travelling), but also the situation when one friend serves as a second at another's duel, or when one friend helps another arrange his marriage. The third part is dedicated to a diachronic analysis of friendship. What has been found out about friendship among 17th-century French aristocrats is now inserted in a history of friendship in the longue durée. As the influences of ancient and medieval thinking about friendship on the friendships of the period under consideration had already been analyzed in the context of the representations of friendship, the 16th century has been chosen as the point of departure of this history. In a first step, the evolution of the phenomenon of friendship during the Renaissance and the French Classical period is described. Then, the changes that this social relationship undergoes during the Enlightenment and the period of Romanticism are examined. An important turning-point becomes visible: during the late 18th and the early 19th century, one can observe the rise of a new thinking about friendship, in which this relationship is no longer based on loyalty and mutual assistance, but on sincerity and deep feelings. An epilogue about friendship during the modern and post-modern periods closes this part: though one can see evolutions of the phenomenon of friendship during these periods, even the conception of friendship that is dominant in today's Western societies is still to a large extent shaped by the heritage of the concept of friendship as developed in the age of Romanticism. It is thus crucial to historicize the notion of friendship itself, in order not to judge the friendships of the early modern age according to the norms and values of romantic friendship. It is only through this methodological procedure that it becomes possible to understand the more instrumental friendships of the early modern age where the network of friendship is crucial for all sorts of practical affairs, as there is neither a strong state nor a well-developed market which would allow satisfying material needs through interaction with strangers. In the case of a political elite like the nobility of 17th-century France, this concerns in particular the careers of the aristocrats, the power relations between the nobles at court and their political influence on the monarch as well as on each other. Thus, if one analyses friendships in the milieu under consideration here, one cannot draw a clear line between what is private on the one hand and what is public or political on the other. In the context of the court, each relationship of friendship becomes also a political alliance – and each political alliance must also be a relationship of friendship.

Woodlard (1998: 16) states: "The equation of language and nation is not a natural fact but rather a historical, ideological construct". Based on that, this study serves to point out how the change of political, social and cultural ideologies of the January generation led to a similar change in their language ideology and consequently a remarkable change in their use of written Arabic. The attempt is to answer the following questions: How do new language ideologies reflect on the practices of written Arabic, and how to map these to certain genres or social contexts? How can the power of changing language ideologies help in revitalizing Arabic and connecting it to the international community? To achieve this, the study depends on a qualitative approach of analyzing and discussing written practices introduced in the years following January 2011. The study falls in four sections: the first is an introduction to the concept of language ideology and its role in shaping the linguistic practices and features that get selected for cultural attention and social marking (Schieffelin & Doucet 1998). Section two presents the literature on the history of standardizing Arabic and a description of the crucial issue of diglossia (Ferguson 1959, 1996; Eisele 2002) in Egypt and the Arab world. Section three discusses the relationship between language and politics as well as language ideologies behind the different conflicting language varieties. Section four investigates the changes that took place in the language ideologies held by the Egyptian youth after the January 2011 by the means of analyzing and discussing data extracted from written practices of variable genres of media. Finally, the study suggests some approaches to revitalize the Arabic language by deploying different ideologies in the sense of using this diversity for the benefit of the language. ; Assiut University, Egypt ; Walaa Hassan is an Associate Professor of Linguistics at the English Department, Faculty of Arts, Assiut University, Egypt. She received her PhD in Linguistics from Assiut University, Egypt, and Michigan State University, USA (a collaborative program administered jointly by both Assiut University and Michigan State University). She has also been a researcher and a language consultant for 6 months at MSU, USA. Her research is in the area of comparative Arabic-English analysis, particularly the syntax-semantics interface, comparative syntax, and the lexicalization of loanwords into Arabic. She is also interested in investigating language acquisition, specifically accent acquisition and the effect of variable linguistic input on the development of one's native language. ; whassan@aun.edu.eg ; 4 ; 32 (1/2021) ; 15 ; Aboelezz, M. 2014. Deconstructing Diglossia: Language Ideology and Change in Revolutionary Egypt (2010-2014). [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. Lancaster University. ; Aboelezz, M. 2018. Language as proxy in identity politics: The case of revived Egyptian nationalism in Egypt. In: A. Alnajjar & Y. Mendel (eds.), Language, Politics and Society in the Middle East, 126-147. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Anderson, B. 2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso Books. ; Bartsch, R. 1989. A normtheoretical approach to functional and status types of language. In: U. Ammon (ed.), Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties, 197-215. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ; Bassiouney, R. 2009. Arabic Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Bassiouney, R. 2012. Politicizing identity: Code choice and stance-taking during the Egyptian revolution. Discourse and Society 23 (2): 107-126. ; Bassiouney, R. 2013. Language and revolution in Egypt. Telos. 85-110. ; Bassiouney, R. 2014. Language and Identity in Modern Egypt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Borg, G. 2007. How to be KOOL in Arabic writing: Linguistic observations from the sideline. In: E. Ditters & H. Motzki (eds.), Approaches to Arabic Linguistics, 527-542. Leiden: Brill. ; Bourdieu, P.1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press. ; Brustad, K. 2011. Standard language ideology and the construction of modern standard Arabic. In: Workshop on Language, Literacy and the Social Construction of Authority, March 3-5, 2011. Stanford University. ; Brustad, K. 2017. Diglossia as ideology. In: J. Høigilt & G. Mejdell (eds.), The Politics of Written Language in the Arab World, 41-67. Leiden: Brill. ; Carter, M.G., 1983. Language control as people control in medieval Islam: The aims of the grammarians in their cultural context. In: R. Baalbaki (ed.), Arab Language and Culture, 76-84. Beirut: American University of Beirut. ; Chejne, A.G. 1969. The Arabic Language: its Role in History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ; De Silva, S. 1982. Some consequences of diglossia. In: W. Haas (ed.), Standard Languages, Spoken and Written, 94-122. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ; Eisele, J.C. 2002. Approaching diglossia: Authorities, values and representations. In: A. Rouchdy (ed.), Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme, 3-23. London/New York: Routledge. ; Ferguson, C. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15: 325-40. ; Ferguson, C. 1996. Sociolinguistic Perspectives: Papers on Language in Society, 1959-1994. New York: Oxford University Press. ; Ferguson, C. 1997 [1959]. Myths about Arabic. In: K.R. Belnap & N. Haeri (eds.), Structuralist Studies in Arabic Linguistics: Charles A. Ferguson's Papers, 1954–1994, 250-256. Leiden: Brill. ; Gal, S. 1998. Multiplicity and contention among language ideologies: A commentary. In: B.B. Schieffelin, K.A. Woolard & P.V. Kroskrity (eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, 445-449. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Gumperz, J. J., 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Hachimi, A. 2013. The Maghreb-Mashreq language ideology and the politics of identity in a globalized Arab world. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17 (3): 269-296. ; Hachimi, A. 2015. "Good Arabic, bad Arabic". Mapping language ideologies in the Arabic-speaking world. Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik 61: 35-70. ; Haeri, N. 2003. Sacred Language, Ordinary People. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Ibrahim, Z. 2010. Cases of written code-switching in Egyptian opposition newspapers. In: R. Bassiouney (ed.), Arabic and the Media: Linguistic Analyses and Applications, 23-46. Leiden: Brill. ; Lippi-Green, R.1994. Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts. Language in Society 23: 163-198. ; Neely, A.A. & Palmer Jr, G. 2009. Which way is the Kiowa way? Orthography choices, ideologies and language renewal. In P.V. Kroskrity & M.C. Field (eds.), Native American Language Ideologies: Beliefs, Practices, and Struggles in Indian Country, 271-298. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. ; Schieffelin, B. B. & Doucet, R. 1998. The 'real' Haitian creole: Ideology, metalinguistics, and orthographic choice. In: B.B. Schieffelin, K.A. Woolard & P.V. Kroskrity (eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, 285-316. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Schulthies, B. 2015. Do you speak Arabic? Managing axes of adequation and difference in pan-Arab talent programs. Language and Communication 44: 59-71. ; S'hiri, S. 2002. Speak Arabic please! 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Hindu nationalism has seen a dramatic growth in India and abroad from the nineteen eighties. This growth has coincided with – and relates in complex ways to – several other highly significant developments, including (in no particular order) the instituting of liberalization in the economy; the legislation on reservations for 'Other Backward Castes' and its implementation; the intensification of the integration of the middle classes into the global economy; and the intensifying pauperization of the rural poor. These developments as well as Hindu nationalism's links with them have been the subject of scholarly attention from a variety of perspectives and disciplines. Apart from these however, one may also note the unfolding of less obvious, but equally significant and related developments in this period: the growth and intensification of female feticide and infanticide; the increase in dowry related violence and deaths; the targeting of women as objects of sexual violence, especially during communal riots, but also routinely; the increasing presence of women in rightwing organizations and mobilizations; an intensification in the policing of sexual discourses and sexuality; conversely and paradoxically, there has also been an increase in the visibility of women in the public sphere (through for instance, the widening of options for employment for women). Feminist scholarship has addressed several of these issues, independently and in their intersections; it has also addressed the rise of Hindu nationalism. However, there is little work on the relations that obtain between these issues and the more obvious ones set out above. Specifically, there was and remains a serious deficiency of attention to the relations between masculinity and Hindu nationalism. This study hopes to contribute towards addressing this deficiency in several ways. Firstly, it seeks to locate itself in the theoretical and analytical spaces between gender studies and political economy. It attempts to do so by reviewing and then parting from, the dominant trends in the theoretical and analytical debates on men and masculinity. In my thesis I have therefore focused, not on kinds and forms of masculinity – which remains the dominant approach in masculinity studies – but on the ways in which institutions, organizations and structures come to be gendered, and consequently, on the processes of gendering that are invoked in the articulation and elaboration of power within specific structural, institutional and/or organizational relations. I have sought to develop this argument specifically with regard to masculinity/ies by proposing the idea of 'masculine hegemony'. Briefly, through this term I wish to suggest that uneven power distribution may be understood in Gramscian hegemonic terms, and that this hegemony is usually gendered as masculine. Any given society is organised along multiple and intersecting hierarchies of domination and subordination that determine the access to and exercise of power – the distribution and possession of its resources and rights – within it, as well as the terms within which that power is (to be) exercised. Further, the organisation of these hierarchies may be discerned as hegemonic formations that favour specific social groups and/or alignments. Any given hegemonic condition is thus layered by multiple and intersecting hierarchies of domination and subordination that extend far beyond conventionally recognised macro manifestations –race, nation, region, religion, community, class – to its manifestations at the fundamental 'cellular' (or in Gramsci's terms, 'molecular') level of the family and the organisation of sexuality. Thus, while the multi-layered hegemonic formations that constitute the given hegemonic condition are all diversely marked by other signs – of race, class, age, region, religion, etc – they are all inflected by the foundational discourse of gender. This is the broad theoretical perspective within which the thesis is elaborated, because it provides for the multiple articulation of complex phenomena with each other, across history as well as across regions. Based on this, and secondly, it seeks to approach the issue of Hindu nationalism from a historical perspective. The study therefore begins by chronologically examining the term 'Hindu' and the various semantic and social transformations in its history, beginning with its early derivation from 'Indus', through the medieval period when it gradually but nebulously came to identify a community, to its coalescence into the more concrete religio-social entity that emerged through the colonial encounter and the caste and other reform movements of the nineteenth century, to its politicization under B G Tilak and V D Savarkar (among others) into a religio-cultural nationalism in the early part of the twentieth century. Crucial to understanding this evolution, the study argues, is the pan-Indian spread of the Brahmin castes (as opposed to the localized presence of the lower-castes), and the consequent identification of 'Hindu' territory with the presence of the Brahmins. In mapping this process, I emphasize the gender and caste dynamics inherent to the construction of this identity, especially in the concretizing of communal lines around the issue of personal laws, and elaborate on the economic, communal and political determinants of this gendered dynamic in the construction of the identity 'Hindu'. It thus argues that the strongly Brahmanical caste-profile of the anti-colonial nationalist movement indicates the extent to which Brahmanical patriarchy (or masculine hegemony) and its practices came to define the hegemonic understanding of the identity 'Hindu' as well as 'India' – and continued to do so even after independence. The argument of the thesis is that, unless one takes account of these processes, it is difficult to fully comprehend the depth, scale and reach of Hindu nationalism – as a latent and as an active ideology. Thirdly, I argue the need to factor in another process in the understanding of Hindu nationalism, which also has its roots in the colonial encounter but which gains a different dynamic after independence: the idea and practice of 'development'. The study proceeds to briefly historicize the idea of development and then to chart the trajectories of its implementation through the Nehruvian emphasis on Planning and state driven social change, and the consequent impact on the changing social, economic and political theatre of the country after independence. It analyses this impact specifically on the gender and caste dynamics of this period, arguing that the Brahmanical hegemony of the pre-independence period begins to transform in the seventies, as it negotiates with and then accommodates the increasing visibility and volubility of lower caste presence in the political domain. Similarly, even as women's movements successfully moved the state to implement policies that actually empowered women and made possible their greater participation in the public sphere, the gradual and ongoing process of shifting control of the economy from the state to the private sector has ensured that safeguards for women, labor, lower castes and other marginal groups are almost non-existent, or at best, remain arbitrary and at the mercy of the private sector. The study proposes that the processes of liberalization and privatization were thus crucial to the transformation of Brahmanical masculine hegemony, in its strategies to retain hegemonic power. In other words, the study argues that the developmentalist agenda of the post-independence Indian state contributed, in no small measure, to the resurgence of Hindu nationalism on the political stage, from the late seventies and particularly in the eighties, into the present. Finally, the study explores the tensions and relations that obtain between the multiple dichotomies generated in the thesis – the personal and the political, the hegemonic and the hegemonised, upper caste and lower caste, Hindu and non-Hindu, masculine and feminine, modern and traditional, etc. I argue that Hindu nationalist positions should not be understood as manifest only in its organizational and/or institutional manifestations, but in and through this field of beliefs, actions and relations that constitute the masculine hegemony of Brahmanical patriarchy, within and from which Hindu nationalism finds its visceral roots. I close by proposing that unless we take cognizance of this, and look beyond the electoral performances of the Bharatiya Janata Party to the ways in which hegemonies are maintained using the very tools and structures intended to dismantle them we will not truly be able to counter the Hindu right or its masculinist violences.

This PhD analysing Christianism, liturgical space and decoration in protobyzantine territory of the actual Bulgaria purpose to define Christian protobyzantine art in Bulgaria. Bulgaria, which borders always kept moving during the medieval period, is a country of great interest as far as its geographic position as a crossroads is concerned. Indeed, since the Thrace era, many different ethnic groups and civilizations met and mingled with each other: Bulgaria is a convergence spot between the cultures of West and East Roman Empires on one hand, ethnic groups from the North and from the Mediterranean and Central Asian areas, located between both the Aral and the Caspian Seas, on the other.Moreover, this is such an interesting area as it is close to the imperial capital, Constantinople, and also a important christian center Salonica. Therefore, it seems useful to analyse the Byzantine power's influence over the development and progress of Christian art in these Balkan lands since the Late Antiquity to under Boris-Michel the First's reign. The point of this analysis is to initiate some serious thinking over the issue of artistic production drawn according to the multi-cultural and multi-ethnical heritage. But also to think about the great influence of an artistic, political, economical and religious spot. In the end, the analysis of the art expression cannot be clearly understood without a focus on the relationships between Christian art and the faithful people or clergy member.However, this study is mainly based on the observation of architectural art with the analysis of the design of cultural buildings, i.e. plans, spatial organizations and their evolution, but also on monumental and plastic decorative art. In this way, we wish to understand to what extent the liturgical space in Bulgaria today is a place of fusion between an official art defined by political and religious powers and an art of the faithful endowed with a technical, cultural and artistic heritage coming from the different cultures present on these lands, however, by measuring its limits and the impact of its conception in the face of its proximity to a radiant and influential cultural and religious centre, what is Constantinople? The study is based in particular on a critical corpus and a database containing a large majority of Christian buildings discovered in present-day Bulgaria in order to provide a better understanding of the relationships established between architecture and object, but also on the circulation and organisation of buildings and the roles assigned to certain spaces. Archaeological sources as well as written sources are naturally the fundamental tools for this study and for understanding the mentalities, customs, liturgy and political, economic and religious contexts of these regions. In this way, we hope to bring new avenues of work in the field of research on Byzantine art and artistic productions from territories often perceived as Constantinople's "hinterlands". We also wish to bring new elements to the understanding of mentalities during the protobyzantine period, of the perception of art by the faithful and of their relations not only with the Christian religion but especially with the house of God. ; Ce doctorat a pour objectif, en étudiant le christianisme, l'art architectural et décoratif, de comprendre et d'analyser les interactions et les relations qui peuvent exister entre la liturgie, les pouvoirs étatiques et religieux, les fidèles et l'art sur le territoire de la Bulgarie actuelle. La Bulgarie, aux frontières fluctuantes durant toute la période médiévale est d'un grand intérêt par sa situation géographique de carrefour où depuis l'époque thrace se croisent et fusionnent différentes ethnies et civilisations. D'autre part, elle présente également une région intéressante pas sa proximité avec la capitale impériale, Constantinople, ou encore avec le grand centre chrétien qu'est Thessalonique. Il est donc nécessaire d'analyser dans ce sujet le poids et le rôle de cette puissance sur le développement et l'évolution de l'art chrétien produit sur ces terres balkaniques l'Antiquité Tardive jusqu'au règne de Boris Michel Ier. L'objectif est de s'interroger plus profondément sur la production artistique adoptée face à cet héritage multi-ethnique et multi-culturel, et la présence d'un pôle artistique, politique, économique et religieux à fort rayonnement. Par ailleurs, l'adoption de la religion chrétienne en tant que religion d'État en 864 conduit à nous interroger sur la naissance d'un État, avec en parallèle, cette mise en place officielle de la religion chrétienne. Cependant, cette étude repose surtout sur l'observation de l'art architectural avec l'analyse de la conception des édifices cultuels, c'est-à-dire les plans, les organisations spatiales et leurs évolutions mais également sur l'art décoratif monumental et plastique. Nous souhaitons ainsi comprendre dans quelle mesure l'espace liturgique en Bulgarie actuelle est un lieu de fusion entre un art officiel définit par les pouvoirs politiques et religieux et un art des fidèles pourvus d'un héritage technique, culturel et artistique issu des différentes cultures présentes sur ces terres, en mesurant cependant ses limites et l'impact de sa conception face à sa proximité d'un centre culturel et religieux rayonnant et influent, qu'est Constantinople ? L'étude s'appuie notamment sur un corpus critique et une base de données comprenant en grande majorité des édifices chrétiens mis au jour en Bulgarie actuelle de manière à apporter une meilleure compréhension des rapports établis entre l'architecture et l'objet, mais aussi sur la circulation et l'organisation des édifices et les rôles assignés à certains espaces. Les sources archéologiques comme les sources écrites sont naturellement les outils fondamentaux à cette étude et à la compréhension des mentalités, des mœurs, de la liturgie et des contextes politiques, économiques et religieux de ces régions. Nous espérons ainsi apporter de nouvelles pistes de travail dans le domaine de la recherche sur l'art byzantin et les productions artistiques des territoires souvent perçus comme des « hinterlands » de Constantinople. Nous souhaitons également apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension des mentalités durant la période protobyzantine, de la perception de l'art par les fidèles et de leurs relations entretenues non seulement avec la religion chrétienne mais surtout avec la maison Dieu

This PhD analysing Christianism, liturgical space and decoration in protobyzantine territory of the actual Bulgaria purpose to define Christian protobyzantine art in Bulgaria. Bulgaria, which borders always kept moving during the medieval period, is a country of great interest as far as its geographic position as a crossroads is concerned. Indeed, since the Thrace era, many different ethnic groups and civilizations met and mingled with each other: Bulgaria is a convergence spot between the cultures of West and East Roman Empires on one hand, ethnic groups from the North and from the Mediterranean and Central Asian areas, located between both the Aral and the Caspian Seas, on the other.Moreover, this is such an interesting area as it is close to the imperial capital, Constantinople, and also a important christian center Salonica. Therefore, it seems useful to analyse the Byzantine power's influence over the development and progress of Christian art in these Balkan lands since the Late Antiquity to under Boris-Michel the First's reign. The point of this analysis is to initiate some serious thinking over the issue of artistic production drawn according to the multi-cultural and multi-ethnical heritage. But also to think about the great influence of an artistic, political, economical and religious spot. In the end, the analysis of the art expression cannot be clearly understood without a focus on the relationships between Christian art and the faithful people or clergy member.However, this study is mainly based on the observation of architectural art with the analysis of the design of cultural buildings, i.e. plans, spatial organizations and their evolution, but also on monumental and plastic decorative art. In this way, we wish to understand to what extent the liturgical space in Bulgaria today is a place of fusion between an official art defined by political and religious powers and an art of the faithful endowed with a technical, cultural and artistic heritage coming from the different cultures present on these lands, however, by measuring its limits and the impact of its conception in the face of its proximity to a radiant and influential cultural and religious centre, what is Constantinople? The study is based in particular on a critical corpus and a database containing a large majority of Christian buildings discovered in present-day Bulgaria in order to provide a better understanding of the relationships established between architecture and object, but also on the circulation and organisation of buildings and the roles assigned to certain spaces. Archaeological sources as well as written sources are naturally the fundamental tools for this study and for understanding the mentalities, customs, liturgy and political, economic and religious contexts of these regions. In this way, we hope to bring new avenues of work in the field of research on Byzantine art and artistic productions from territories often perceived as Constantinople's "hinterlands". We also wish to bring new elements to the understanding of mentalities during the protobyzantine period, of the perception of art by the faithful and of their relations not only with the Christian religion but especially with the house of God. ; Ce doctorat a pour objectif, en étudiant le christianisme, l'art architectural et décoratif, de comprendre et d'analyser les interactions et les relations qui peuvent exister entre la liturgie, les pouvoirs étatiques et religieux, les fidèles et l'art sur le territoire de la Bulgarie actuelle. La Bulgarie, aux frontières fluctuantes durant toute la période médiévale est d'un grand intérêt par sa situation géographique de carrefour où depuis l'époque thrace se croisent et fusionnent différentes ethnies et civilisations. D'autre part, elle présente également une région intéressante pas sa proximité avec la capitale impériale, Constantinople, ou encore avec le grand centre chrétien qu'est Thessalonique. Il est donc nécessaire d'analyser dans ce sujet le poids et le rôle de cette puissance sur le développement et l'évolution de l'art chrétien produit sur ces terres balkaniques l'Antiquité Tardive jusqu'au règne de Boris Michel Ier. L'objectif est de s'interroger plus profondément sur la production artistique adoptée face à cet héritage multi-ethnique et multi-culturel, et la présence d'un pôle artistique, politique, économique et religieux à fort rayonnement. Par ailleurs, l'adoption de la religion chrétienne en tant que religion d'État en 864 conduit à nous interroger sur la naissance d'un État, avec en parallèle, cette mise en place officielle de la religion chrétienne. Cependant, cette étude repose surtout sur l'observation de l'art architectural avec l'analyse de la conception des édifices cultuels, c'est-à-dire les plans, les organisations spatiales et leurs évolutions mais également sur l'art décoratif monumental et plastique. Nous souhaitons ainsi comprendre dans quelle mesure l'espace liturgique en Bulgarie actuelle est un lieu de fusion entre un art officiel définit par les pouvoirs politiques et religieux et un art des fidèles pourvus d'un héritage technique, culturel et artistique issu des différentes cultures présentes sur ces terres, en mesurant cependant ses limites et l'impact de sa conception face à sa proximité d'un centre culturel et religieux rayonnant et influent, qu'est Constantinople ? L'étude s'appuie notamment sur un corpus critique et une base de données comprenant en grande majorité des édifices chrétiens mis au jour en Bulgarie actuelle de manière à apporter une meilleure compréhension des rapports établis entre l'architecture et l'objet, mais aussi sur la circulation et l'organisation des édifices et les rôles assignés à certains espaces. Les sources archéologiques comme les sources écrites sont naturellement les outils fondamentaux à cette étude et à la compréhension des mentalités, des mœurs, de la liturgie et des contextes politiques, économiques et religieux de ces régions. Nous espérons ainsi apporter de nouvelles pistes de travail dans le domaine de la recherche sur l'art byzantin et les productions artistiques des territoires souvent perçus comme des « hinterlands » de Constantinople. Nous souhaitons également apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension des mentalités durant la période protobyzantine, de la perception de l'art par les fidèles et de leurs relations entretenues non seulement avec la religion chrétienne mais surtout avec la maison Dieu.

This book follows a new path of describing the Alps from the years 500 to 800. Instead of running through this mountain range from east to west (or reverse) and writing one local history after the other, relevant patterns were captured: patterns of control, borders, communication routes, Christendom, settlement, economy, local methods to establish power and traces of local identity. Comparing theses structures on an interregional level made it possible to establish a new view on the early medieval alpine regions. By the year 500 the inhabitants of this central European mountain range were typically roman-provincial. Some regional differences existed, yet the main factors were quite similar: language, laws, religion (Christendom) and social structures. From the 6th c. on this changed. New political developments made a large part of the alpine provinces turn northwards to the Frankish realms. As a consequence borders were created within the Alps. Many hilltop settlements and strongholds in the valleys were built to guarantee the security both of population and borders. Militia was installed to control these boundaries; they were either recruited from the local population or got especially settled for these means. This change of view made some Roman topoi disappear: the Alps were no longer regarded as hostile and as the walls of Italy. The routes through the Alps changed. One reason for this was the growing number of pilgrims from the British Isles made the passage through Maurienne and over the Mont Cenis more important than the ancient route via Montgenèvre. The central Alps in Curia remained a highly important point to cross the mountains, whereas more eastwards the once important crossing points became mere backroads. Farther east the Avarian-Slavic conquest caused the sources to silence, nevertheless the communication routes remained visible through archaeological findings and place names. A big change for the alpine population was the transformations in settlement patterns, first of all the diminishing importance of Roman cities. Some of them disappeared completely, such as Teurnia, Aguntum and Octodurum. Nevertheless, the wider settlement areas around these former towns always remained important. New centres emerged. Some had roman roots, for example Iuvavum/Salzburg, others were new foundations, like the numerous cloisters from the 8th c. The church played a significant role in this transformation, as a bishop's see or the burial church of a saint constituted a point of attraction for the local population. The antique transalpine and alpine networks of trade underwent some transitions. Goods like olive oil, high quality pottery and sea salt were no longer brought over the Alps. The eastern alpine ore deposits were not exploited on a grand scale anymore. New natural resources became important, for example the salt deposits in the northern Alps. There are some traces of exported products. The vineyards of the Southern Alps produced vine for export to the north-alpine regions and the central alpine soapstone production supplied the population of the whole mountain range with high quality cookware. In addition to this, products like cheese, wool, honey and lumber might have been exported. Alpine agriculture did not change much. Farming was based on subsistence and the surplus was sold locally to travellers or given to the owners of the land. The use of alpine pastures roots in pre-roman times and was practised continually, although the intensity of the pastoralism is difficult to estimate. Local power structures emerged out of late antique roots. In the 8th and beginning of the 9th c. the population of these parts of the Alps still spoke a roman language, were Christian and lived in a very differentiated social structure whose legal habits were based on roman law. Contrary to that, the eastern Alps saw a major cultural shift that resulted in the Slavic reign of Carantania. - Diese Arbeit wählte einen neuen Ansatz, um die Alpen in den Jahren 500 bis 800 zu beschreiben: Anstatt die einzelnen Regionen von Ost nach West - oder umgekehrt - durchzugehen und eine Herrschaftsgeschichte nach der anderen zu schreiben, wurden die relevanten Strukturen erfasst - also Zugriff, Grenzen, Verkehrsrouten, Christentum, Besiedlung, Wirtschaft, regionale Methoden der Machtentfaltung und Identitätsspuren der Bevölkerung. Diese Strukturen wurden miteinander verglichen. Dadurch war es möglich, einen neuen Zugang zu der Transformation der römischen Welt in eine frühmittelalterliche auf alpinem Gebiet zu erlangen. Um das Jahr 500 war die Bevölkerung der Alpen noch eine typisch provinzialrömische, die zwar regionale Unterschiede aufwies, sich aber in wesentlichen Punkten ähnelte: Sprache, Recht, Religion (Christentum) und Sozialstruktur. Ab dem 6. Jh. änderten sich diese Verhältnisse. Zunächst schufen die neuen politischen Bedingungen neue Zugehörigkeiten, die die Alpenprovinzen ab dem 6. Jh. an den Norden, an die Reiche fränkischer Herrschaft angliederten. Es entstanden zahlreiche Grenzpunkte Richtung Süden und später auch Osten, wo sich ab etwa 600 das awarisch-slawische Reich erstreckte. Zeuge der nun entstandenen Grenzen sind zahlreiche Höhenfestungen, eigens eingesetzte Grenztruppen und Talsperren zur Sicherung des Territoriums und der Bevölkerung. Der geänderte Blick brachte auch einige römische Alpen-Topoi zum Verschwinden, etwa den Topos der lebensfeindlichen Alpen oder von dem Gebirge als Mauern Italiens. Weitere Änderungen betrafen die Übergänge. Aus unterschiedlichsten Gründen entstanden neue Wege und alte verloren an Wichtigkeit. Ein Beispiel ist der Mont Cenis, der vor allem aufgrund der wachsenden Pilgerströme von den britischen Inseln den wichtigen römischen Alpenübergang Montgenèvre ersetzte. In den zentralen Alpen erfreute sich Churrätien, nicht zuletzt durch die stabilen politischen Verhältnisse, einer großen Beliebtheit, während Übergänge östlich davon lediglich als Nebenwege wahrgenommen wurden. Ein großer Bruch für die alpinen Menschen bedeuteten die spätantiken Veränderungen der Siedlungsstrukturen, die in allen Provinzen des ehemaligen römischen Reiches stattfanden und auch in den Alpen beobachtet werden können: die alten römischen Städte verloren ihre Substanz und verschwanden teilweise ganz, währenddessen neue Zentren erschaffen wurden, allen voran die Klöster. Einst weniger wichtige Siedlungen, wie das antike Iuvavum/Salzburg, gewannen massiv an Bedeutung, während andere römische Städte wie Teurnia, Aguntum aber auch Octodurum vergingen. Allerdings blieben die jeweiligen Siedlungskammern stets bedeutend - es ging nur die antike Stadtstruktur unter. Eine große Rolle in der Veränderung dieser Siedlungsmuster spielte die Kirche, da Bischofssitze und Kirchen von bedeutenderen Heiligen einen Anziehungspunkt für die lokale Bevölkerung darstellten. Die großen Umwälzungen der spätantiken Wirtschaft betrafen vor allem den transalpinen Handel, da viele Produkte, wie Olivenöl, hochwertige Keramik, Salz und Getreide kaum mehr über die Alpen gebracht wurden. Die lokale Landwirtschaft hingegen, die nur wenig Überschuss für Grundbesitzer und Reisende produzierte, änderte sich zunächst noch wenig. Die Bewirtschaftung mehrerer Höhenstufen bis hin zu den Almen oberhalb der Baumgrenze wurzelt in römischer und vorrömischer Zeit und blieb auch im frühen Mittelalter bestehen. Eine Spezialisierung betraf nur ganz wenige landwirtschaftliche Produkte, beispielsweise Wein und vielleicht Käse oder Wolle. Die lokalen Herrschaftsstrukturen konnten sich in den West- und Zentralalpen kontinuierlich aus ihren spätantiken Wurzeln weiterentwickeln. Im 8. und beginnenden 9. Jh. sprachen die Menschen aus diesem Teil der Alpen immer noch eine romanische Sprache, waren christlich und lebten in einer stark geschichteten Gesellschaftsstruktur, die sich laut Quellen nach spätantiken Rechtsgewohnheiten richtete. Im Gegensatz dazu erlebten

This document contains reviews of books published in the 1970s. ; N/A

In the article an attempt is made to comprehend Ukrainian state formation in cultural value aspects. It is indicated that all modern social processes are based on historical experience of past millenia. Topicality of this experience is most efficiently revealed in the moral sphere. O. Fedorenko calls it value-ethic paradigm of life, S. Troyan stresses out cultural-civilization system in the sphere of values and identity, I. Bredun defines this phenomenon as philosophic-culturological basis of national and civilization identifications.The author comes to decision about the existence of different forms of the singular cultural-civilization identification in broad layers of Ukrainian society. It's quite regular from the point of view that it is Ukrainian consciousness that reflects historical experience of generations. At the same time noncom-formity of some representatives of authority with new expectations from civil society and with the requ-irements of time is indicated.A short analysis of main stages of historical-ethnic development of Ukrainians is made in the article. It is shown that there are common beginnings with many European peoples that lasted big periods of time. For example, Indo-European community covered the period of several millenia. Germanic Balto-Slavic group evolved during 2–3 rd centuries B. C. The early political union «Rus Land» gradually arose within forest-steppe Ukraine. It was based on autonomous households of free owners-warriors, who formed the foundation of civil society. The same social structure was also in Early Medieval European societies.In the 8th century «Rus Land» felt the influence of eastern Muslim societies and Byzantium with its internal problems and external brilliance. On the contrary, Varangian factor and orientation to Western European world was increased. But it was ruined by means of total violence by Moscow Czardom during 17-18th centuries. Since that time Ukraine has fulfilled the mission of victim-donor for modernization of Moscovia in different ancient and new imperial forms. The most «successful» of them was post-reform Russian Empire of the late 19th century and the Soviet Union of the 60-70s of the 20th century. Unfor-tunately, modern Russia can't suggest anything analogical to the world neither by the level of governing nor by the civilization achievements. Nostalgia for the Soviet identity is completely ruined by Russian leaders in the East of Ukraine and in the Crimea. But an important problem is that Ukrainian political class can't suggest the world proper alternative either. An astonishing display of civil self-sacri-fice and cohesion can only at the beginning compensate the lack of well-laid-out state policy of the further deve-lopment of the country.Available scientific material about Slavic homeland and its further structuring completely denies poli-tical myth about «the cradle of three fraternal families». At least one of these «brothers» objectively can not belong to the great Slavic family. Current events doubt Slavic identity of modern Russia and Chris-tian character of its behaviour. The center of Eastern Slavic Christian-Orthodox civilization moves to Ky-iv. This civilization has archaic belief traditions which are expressed in the cultural and linguistic sphere, its own mentality and philosophic perception of reality. In modern conditions it has become the found-ation for structuring and identification of Ukrainian political nation.The article also examines the contradictions of modern Ukrainian history, including those of 2003–2004 and 2013–2014, which some Ukrainian historians interpret as stages of unfinished spiritual civilization revolution.It is noted that there is no effective public policy in the humanitarian sphere, particularly in the ap-proaches to solving the problems of information space and educational branch of Ukraine. They have to become powerful social institutions that will promote processes of cultural identification of inhabitants of our country. In this context, it is underlined that it is necessary to develop own innovative effective mechanisms of the state that should take into account positive international experience, particularly that of European countries ; В статье анализируется современное украинское государственное строительство в культурно-ценносных координатах.Отмечается, что в основе современных социальных процессов лежит историческое наследие минувших тысячелетий. Автор указывает на разные формы единой культурно-цивилизационной идентифика-ции в широких слоях украинского общества что общественное сознание отображает историческое насле-дие поколений. Указывается на несоответствие отдельных представителей власти новым ожиданиям со сторо-ны гражданского общества и требованиям времени.Прослеживаются общие истоки со многими европейскими народами, которые длились большие промежу-тки времени. Подчеркивается, что в современных условиях центр восточнославянской христианско-православной цивилизации перемещается в Киев. Эта цивилизация имеет архаические мировоззренчиские тра-диции, которые вы-ражены в культурно-языковой сфере, собственном менталитете и философском вос-приятии действительности. В современных условиях она стала основой для структурирования и идентифика-ции политической украинской нации.В статье также анализируются неоднозначности современной украинской истории, обращается особое внимание на отсутствие эффективной государственной политики в гуманитарной сфере, в частности в под-ходах к решению проблем информационого пространства и системы образования Украины. Они должны стать мощными социаль-ными институтами, которые будут содействовать процессам культурной иденти-фика-ции жителей нашего государства. В этой связи подчеркивается необходимость разра-ботки собствен-ных инновационных эффективных государственных механизмов кото-рые должны учитывать позитивный иностранный опыт, в частности европейских го-сударств. ; У статті робиться спроба осмислити українське державотворення в культурноцін-нісних координатах. Зазначається, що в основі сучасних суспільних процесів лежить історичний досвід минулих тисячоліть. Автор робить висновок про наявність різних форм єдиної культурно-цивілізаційної ідентифікації в широких верствах українського су-спільства, що саме суспільна свідомість відображає історичний досвід поколінь. Вказу-ється на невідповідність окремих представників влади новим очікуванням з боку грома-дянського суспільства і вимогам часу.Прослідковуються спільні витоки з багатьма європейськими народами, які тривали протягом довгого часу. Наголошується, що в сучасних умовах центр східно-слов'янської християнсько-православної цивілізації переміщається до Києва. Ця цивілі-зація має архаїчні світоглядні традиції, які виражені в культурно-мовній сфері, власному менталітеті і філософському сприйнятті дійсності. У сучасних умовах вона стала ос-новою для структурування та ідентифікації політичної української нації.У статті також аналізуються суперечності новітньої української історії наголошу-ється на відсутності ефективної державної політики в гуманітарній сфері, зокрема. в підходах до вирішення проблем інформаційного простору та освітянської галузі Украї-ни. Вони повинні стати потужними соціальними інститутами, що сприятимуть про-цесам культурної ідентифікації мешканців нашої держави. У цьому контексті зазна-чається необхідність вироблення власних інноваційних ефективних механізмів держа-вотворення, що повинні враховувати позитивний іноземний досвід, зокрема європейських країн