Suchergebnisse

* This record is given in both English and Spanish The new Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 on novel foods has included new categories in the concept of novel food. These include engineered nanomaterials, whole animals (including insects) and food from material of mineral origin. However, the definition of novel food as such has not undergone any significant changes with respect to the previous definition, keeping the date from which it is con­sidered that a food product that has not been used for human consumption to a significant degree must be subject to assessment. The application of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 implies a significant change in the regulation and authorization procedure for novel foods. The new criteria applicable from 2018 include the requi­rement that the assessment should no longer be conducted by the Member States but should be carried out by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the establishment of a specific procedure for traditional foods from third countries when a history of safe food use has been demonstrated for at least 25 years, and the establishment of time periods for consultation, assessment and autho­rization. In addition, data protection is offered when the scientific evidence or data on which the application is based are essential for the assessment of the safety of the novel food such that the data shall not be used for the benefit of a subsequent application during a period of five years from the date of the authorization of the novel food without the agreement of the initial applicant. In any case, and in spite of the changes introduced, experience obtained to date will be essential for improving the authorization procedures for novel foods, making the authorization process more efficient, and stimulating innovation in the food sector and, at the same time, guaranteeing the safe­ty of European consumers and increasing the variety of available food products ; EN; PDF; pfefsa@mscbs.es

The book examines whether EU competition policy is applied fairly and consistently to EU and non-EU firms despite persistent political pressure from member states for a relaxation of the rules and deals with the dilemma of regional organisations in the global political economy. Focussing on the EU's desire to achieve balance between the promotion of market competition and the enhancement of international competitiveness, the book explores the validity of its attempts successfully to ensure a 'stringent competition policy' which is nationality-blind and comparatively strict. Finally, it shows that the competition-competitiveness dilemma remains unresolved because the EU's capability to set global regulatory standards is constrained by competition and the need to engage in multilateral forums, such as the WTO and the International Competition Network. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of European Union studies, EU competition law and policy, EU external action and more broadly to global governance, international political economy and international relations.

The book examines whether EU competition policy is applied fairly and consistently to EU and non-EU firms despite persistent political pressure from member states for a relaxation of the rules and deals with the dilemma of regional organisations in the global political economy. Focussing on the EU's desire to achieve balance between the promotion of market competition and the enhancement of international competitiveness, the book explores the validity of its attempts successfully to ensure a 'stringent competition policy' which is nationality-blind and comparatively strict. Finally, it shows that the competition-competitiveness dilemma remains unresolved because the EU's capability to set global regulatory standards is constrained by competition and the need to engage in multilateral forums, such as the WTO and the International Competition Network. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of European Union studies, EU competition law and policy, EU external action and more broadly to global governance, international political economy and international relations.

PART 1. INTRODUCTION -- Twenty-five years after 1989 : issues in postcommunist Europe / Sharon L. Wolchik and Jane L. Curry -- PART 2. POLICIES AND ISSUES -- The political transition / Valerie Bunce -- Re-creating the market / Sharon Fisher -- Social aspects of transformation / Alfio Cerami -- Ethnicity, nationalism, and the expansion of democracy / Zsuzsa Csergo -- Women's participation in postcommunist politics / Marilyn Rueschemeyer -- Transitional justice in Central and Eastern Europe / Peter Rožič and Brian Grodsky -- EU accession and after / Ronald Linden with Shane Killian -- Security issues : NATO and beyond / Joshua Spero -- PART 3. CASE STUDIES -- Poland : the politics of "god's playground" / Jane L. Curry -- The Czech and Slovak Republics : two paths to the same destination / Sharon L. Wolchik -- Hungary : from postcommunism to populist nationalism / Federigo Argentieri -- The Baltic countries : changes and challenges in the new Europe / Daina S. Eglitis -- Bulgaria : progress and development / Janusz Bugajski -- Romania : old problems and new challenges / Daniel Brett -- Albania : the challenges of transition / Elez Biberaj -- Former Yugoslavia and its successors / Mark Baskin and Paula Pickering -- Ukraine : leaving the crossroads / Taras Kuzio -- PART 4. CONCLUSION -- Twenty-five years after 1989 : a balance sheet / Sharon L. Wolchik and Jane L. Curry

AbstractIn the new post-Cold War security era, there is a perception that the nature of cross-border security threats has changed. The need to respond to these new threats has led to a proliferation of multilateral international and regional treaties in this area, as well as unilateral demands made by the United States post-9/11. We have, then, seen a process of globalisation of criminal law, a field traditionally linked to State sovereignty. This chapter examines, first, EU action with regard to UN multilateral conventions and the impact of those conventions on internal EU law, as well as the impact of EU action within the framework of the regional treaties of the Council of Europe; secondly, the interrelationship between Union law and the global production of norms in criminal matters by the UN Security Council and by the Financial Action Task Force; thirdly, bilateral cooperation between the EU and the US, in particular in connection with the transfer of Passenger Name Records data; fourthly, the question of compliance by the EU in this area, in both the internal and the external context; and, fifthly, the Court of Justice's approach to the protection of fundamental rights when global criminal law is engaged. The EU has managed to take centre stage in international developments in the field of global criminal law through a clear commitment to multilateral negotiations as well as a clear political will to implement at the Union level norms agreed internationally without a high degree of transparency. The Court of Justice has also been reluctant to overturn Union security decisions in the name of fundamental rights. The coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty will eliminate some complexity in this area, but not all, and it still remains to be seen whether in the process of globalisation of criminal law the European values proclaimed in Article 2 of the new EU Treaty will be promoted or compromised.

The authors of the article analyze the effect of corruption on foreign direct investments in most corrupt European Union countries. Corruption in the context of the analysis is understood as an act where government officials enter into an agreement with a foreign investors against the interest of society. It takes place when illegal payments for government are made. Such payments acts as an additional tax on investments in foreign country, thus decreasing attractiveness of investment for foreign investors. There are various types of corruption, but most common classification include grand corruption, petty corruption and public sector corruption. However, this article focuses on the effect of grand corruption, because it directly affects FDI inflows in particular country. Results of the research made by the authors shows that corruption has adverse effect on FDI inflows, however particular corrupt actions may postively effect FDI inflows. In order to determine corruption effect on FDI in corrupt EU countries statistical analysis of 2000–2014 period has been implemented and conceptual model of effect on FDI created.

The economic crisis has wiped out the progress of European economies achieved in the years before the crisis. Steady economic growth and employment growth that characterized the decade before the crisis are gone. In terms of growth and economic prosperity, the asymmetry of the European Union and the euro zone did not cause major problems. However, the economic crisis in the European Union had a stronger intensity and longer duration compared to the US and the unequal intensity of the individual Member States of the European Union. The crisis has revealed fundamental weaknesses of the European Union. The European Union is facing a great challenge, to ensure prosperous development in the future? The EU needs a greater degree of political and fiscal integration, greater investment in research and development to develop economies based on knowledge and, innovation, quality education, higher level of employment and protection of the environment. The European Union should solve their own weaknesses and further the process of integration to provide new sources of power.

Aim: The article is devoted to the problem of financial abuses and frauds that undermines the public finances of EU and public interest.Motivation: The problem is not new and it is known for several years. There is no doubt that investments funded by the EU are common. A huge amount of EU money is also a huge temptation and purpose of economic crimes. Over the years, the EU and the Member States already took some action to prevent from embezzlement of the EU budget. Until now, the main institution that coordinated the fight against these phenomena was the European Commission and its structure, especially the European Anti-Fraud Office. Fighting against economic crimes violating the interests of the EU is difficult for the procedural reasons. European investigators have no prosecuting power. Investigative role is limited to gathering evidence and transferring it to the national prosecuting authorities. After that European investigators lose the control over conducted case. The Treaty on the functioning of the European Union gives us another tool to fight the frauds. It seems that the solution is to establish the European Public Prosecutor Office (EPPO) with full procedural rights to prosecute violators. That's why the general thesis is that EPPO should be established as soon as it is possible to help prevent EU citizens money in more effective way than it is today. However this could be a contribution for the next article concerning the economic analysis of the law and the impact of new regulations on security funds entrusted to the EU.Results: The idea of establishing an EPPO has almost 10 years and was initiated in the connection with the latest financial crisis. Unfortunately, despite declarations and attempts to start it in January 2015 it is still not known if and when it will actually work. The article also takes the issue of commitment and various visions of the Member States of achieving the EU budget safety and other problems on this ground.

Aim: The article is devoted to the problem of financial abuses and frauds that undermines the public finances of EU and public interest.Motivation: The problem is not new and it is known for several years. There is no doubt that investments funded by the EU are common. A huge amount of EU money is also a huge temptation and purpose of economic crimes. Over the years, the EU and the Member States already took some action to prevent from embezzlement of the EU budget. Until now, the main institution that coordinated the fight against these phenomena was the European Commission and its structure, especially the European Anti-Fraud Office. Fighting against economic crimes violating the interests of the EU is difficult for the procedural reasons. European investigators have no prosecuting power. Investigative role is limited to gathering evidence and transferring it to the national prosecuting authorities. After that European investigators lose the control over conducted case. The Treaty on the functioning of the European Union gives us another tool to fight the frauds. It seems that the solution is to establish the European Public Prosecutor Office (EPPO) with full procedural rights to prosecute violators. That's why the general thesis is that EPPO should be established as soon as it is possible to help prevent EU citizens money in more effective way than it is today. However this could be a contribution for the next article concerning the economic analysis of the law and the impact of new regulations on security funds entrusted to the EU.Results: The idea of establishing an EPPO has almost 10 years and was initiated in the connection with the latest financial crisis. Unfortunately, despite declarations and attempts to start it in January 2015 it is still not known if and when it will actually work. The article also takes the issue of commitment and various visions of the Member States of achieving the EU budget safety and other problems on this ground.

The European Union is not merely an economic and monetary union, even if its predecessors, the European Communities, had their focus on economic integration. This was caused by the fact that the more ambitious projects of a European Defence Community and a European Political Community had failed in 1954; after this setback it was considered wise to start by laying the economic grounds for a later more comprehensive Union. Keywords: European Union, economic and monetary Union, European Communities, economic integration, European Defence Community, European Political Community