Suchergebnisse

The article covers the relationship of the citizens with the European Union and its predecessors since the beginnings of the European integration in the 1950s. It dis­tinguishes the period of the unquestioned citizen during the 1950s and 1960s, the period of the questioned and mobilized citizen since the 1970s and the period of the active citizen since around the turn the of century, in looking at European elec­tions, referendums, European movements, interest organizations, regular European opinion polls, complaints by citizens at the European Parliament, at the European Commission and at the European ombudsman and legal proceedings by citizens at the European Court in Luxemburg. In addition, the article looks at the change be­tween periods of trust and periods of distrust by citizens in the European institu­tions since the 1950s. It argues that the trend towards the mobilized and active citi­zen includes an eventual strong rise of distrust in periods of crisis, but also by a return of trust by the citizens even in difficult periods such as the recent Covid19 pandemic.

Customs are in a privileged position to contribute to the prevention and prosecution of IPR infringements, be it under the order of a judicial authority (criminal or civil - preventive or final decision) or on its own motion, particularly counterfeiting and piracy since these IPR violations are more easily identifiable for customs officials. This fact was soon recognised internationally, though it was not until the adoption of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) that specific international obligations were assumed by States as to the intervention of national customs authorities in this field. The EU gives –as has always done- extraordinary importance to IPR and their protection from infringements in the internal market as well as in international commercial relations. This work analyses the WTO and EU border measures on IP as well as the ATCA proposed rules in the field.

The energy issue is an essential factor of economic development. Moreover, since the World War II, it is one of the bases of European Union political genesis. Nowadays, the debate about the cooperation process between European Union and Mediterranean countries is partly focused on the energy issue. On the one hand, European energy dependency is raising, on the other hand, most of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries are economically dependent on their hydrocarbon exports. In this context, a new European energy policy emerged in the 90's structured by three main principles: - energy dependency requires to diversify the geographic origins of the energy imports; - renewable energies have to be developed due to the environmental issue and to the increasing prices of fossil fuels; - create an European energy market, which could become an Euro-Mediterranean one. These elements lead to the emergence of a new cooperation between Europe and the other Mediterranean countries. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership project launched in 2007 could be a political framework able to facilitate this new form of governance. Energy issue is a pertinent thematic to analyse territorial coherence and stakes of sustainable development in the Euro-Mediterranean region. In the first part, we will demonstrate the historical role of energy issue in European Union emergence. In the second part, we will present European initiatives in energy area which tend to include the other Mediterranean countries. Finally, we will discuss about energy stakes in the region and territorial differences between northern and southern coasts

The energy issue is an essential factor of economic development. Moreover, since the World War II, it is one of the bases of European Union political genesis. Nowadays, the debate about the cooperation process between European Union and Mediterranean countries is partly focused on the energy issue. On the one hand, European energy dependency is raising, on the other hand, most of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries are economically dependent on their hydrocarbon exports. In this context, a new European energy policy emerged in the 90's structured by three main principles: - energy dependency requires to diversify the geographic origins of the energy imports; - renewable energies have to be developed due to the environmental issue and to the increasing prices of fossil fuels; - create an European energy market, which could become an Euro-Mediterranean one. These elements lead to the emergence of a new cooperation between Europe and the other Mediterranean countries. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership project launched in 2007 could be a political framework able to facilitate this new form of governance. Energy issue is a pertinent thematic to analyse territorial coherence and stakes of sustainable development in the Euro-Mediterranean region. In the first part, we will demonstrate the historical role of energy issue in European Union emergence. In the second part, we will present European initiatives in energy area which tend to include the other Mediterranean countries. Finally, we will discuss about energy stakes in the region and territorial differences between northern and southern coasts

The energy issue is an essential factor of economic development. Moreover, since the World War II, it is one of the bases of European Union political genesis. Nowadays, the debate about the cooperation process between European Union and Mediterranean countries is partly focused on the energy issue. On the one hand, European energy dependency is raising, on the other hand, most of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries are economically dependent on their hydrocarbon exports. In this context, a new European energy policy emerged in the 90's structured by three main principles: - energy dependency requires to diversify the geographic origins of the energy imports; - renewable energies have to be developed due to the environmental issue and to the increasing prices of fossil fuels; - create an European energy market, which could become an Euro-Mediterranean one. These elements lead to the emergence of a new cooperation between Europe and the other Mediterranean countries. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership project launched in 2007 could be a political framework able to facilitate this new form of governance. Energy issue is a pertinent thematic to analyse territorial coherence and stakes of sustainable development in the Euro-Mediterranean region. In the first part, we will demonstrate the historical role of energy issue in European Union emergence. In the second part, we will present European initiatives in energy area which tend to include the other Mediterranean countries. Finally, we will discuss about energy stakes in the region and territorial differences between northern and southern coasts

This paper examines the shortcomings in the UK government's Brexit negotiation strategy which reflected Prime Minister Theresa May's weak political leadership. The Prime Minister focused on securing the short-term political survival of her government amidst turbulent and fractious domestic politics, over negotiations with the EU27. Brexit negotiations were poorly planned and the government was woefully unprepared. Brexit also threatens a serious re-opening of old wounds in Northern Ireland, as debate grows around the prospect of a united Ireland inside the EU. UK politics is in turmoil and in a chronic crisis. What route the Brexit saga takes next is uncertain. But the crossroads is approaching – either the UK leaves on 31 October 2019 with no deal or it finds a route towards an accommodation with the EU. The phenomenon of British exceptionalism towards the EU is set to take a new dramatic turn, while the UK's chaotic political divisions will not disappear any time soon.

Cette communication présente la situation du marché mondial des phosphates et discute de la place spécifique de l'Union Européenne dans ce marché. ; This paper presents the situation of the global phosphate market and discusses the specific role of the EU in this market.

This open access book focuses on the importance that EU politicization has gained in European democracies and the consequences for voting behaviour in six countries of the EU: Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Most of the studies which research the way the EU is being legitimised focus on the European Parliament elections. In this book we argue that to understand how EU accountability works, it is necessary to focus instead on national elections and the national political environment. Through a detailed, multimethod analysis this book establishes rigorously the paths of European accountability at the national level, its propitious contexts in the media and parliamentary debates, and whether the paths are similar from Greece to Germany. The findings have implications for both national and European Union democracy, underlining the importance that national institutions have in enabling citizens to hold the EU accountable.