Suchergebnisse

Den seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre international geführten Debatten um die ethischen und rechtlichen Herausforderung der Forschung mit Biobanken liegt ein grundsätzlicher Konflikt zu Grunde: Während auf der einen Seite ein begründetes Interesse an Fortschritten der Forschung besteht, die letztlich dem Wohl der Allgemeinheit nützen könnten, gilt es dieses Ziel auf der anderen Seite mit den individuellen Interessen der Spender von Körpermaterialien und den damit verbundenen genetischen Daten in Einklang zu bringen. Als Antwort auf diese, nicht nur die Biobankforschung kennzeichnende, Problemkonstellation wird in der Medizinethik üblicherweise auf die Notwendigkeit informierter Zustimmung verwiesen. Dabei handelt es sich um ein grundlegendes Prinzip der Medizin- und Forschungsethik, das seit Mitte des vergangenen Jahrhunderts die Legitimität ärztlichen Handelns ebenso wie der Forschung am Menschen maßgeblich bestimmt. Vor dem Hintergrund der konzeptuellen Unübersichtlichkeit wird im vorliegenden Beitrag eine Systematisierung der in der Debatte kursierenden Antwortstrategien vorgenommen. Es wird dabei für eine spezifische Trennung zwischen dem Konzeptinhalt des "informed consent" und den konkreten Mitteln zu seiner Realisierung plädiert. Denn da diese beiden Aspekte in der bisherigen Debatte häufig in eins gesetzt werden, eröffnet ihre Trennung alternative Wege für den Umgang mit den in der Biobankforschung zutage tretenden Grenzen informierter Zustimmung. (ICI2)

The paper uses time series and cross-section data to examine the impact of the Global War on Terror (GWOT) on the U.S. bilateral aid allocation in 144 countries. For its theoretical and conceptual basis, the paper draws on international and development economics. It uses descriptive statistics (1996-2007) to analyze the data and multivariate analysis (1996-2006) to test the hypotheses. The paper finds that aid allocation is affected by the GWOT. While the GWOT may have increased the amount and the number of countries receiving aid, the paper finds that the degree to which aid focuses on low income countries has not changed. Adapted from the source document.

Taking into account the discourse on the soccer world championship in South Africa, Gerald Hodl focuses on its economical aspects. He takes a look at the impact on the marginalized parts of the South African people & the opposition to this major event. While in international discourse matters of development & national integration prevail, the preparations on locale are dominated by the need to show that South Africa can compete internationally. The costs involved in this strategy are high, but this strategy merges the interests of SA's political & economic elites with FIFA's. Opposition to this strategy does not question the championship as a whole but tries to dampen its exclusionary tendencies. Adapted from the source document.

In an increasingly interdependent world, Europe will need its regions to tackle the challenges of globalization effectively, and to remain a leading partner on the international scene. Regions should therefore reorient their administrations towards the European Union (EU), focus more on the EU's rolling political agenda, and dare to better steer the EU's decision-making process. On the flipside, the EU itself should be based upon a model of multi-level governance, allowing the EU to work in partnership with its regional and local authorities. Having experienced politics himself at all levels of governance during his career, Dr Luc Van den Brande gives his practitioner's view to future policy-makers. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; This paper aims at testing the existence of yardstick competition by estimating a fully specified vote-function on a panel data set of 104 French local governments from 1989 to 2001. When comparing the performance of their incumbent to the one of their "neighbours", voters might consider their close geographical neighbours but also the nearby cities that are similar according to some socio-economic characteristics such as population size. The estimation results show that voters sanction their incumbent if their own local housing tax is high. Moreover, we find that voters reward their incumbent when neighbouring cities that are similar in terms of demographic characteristics have high local taxes.

The 2008–2009 global financial and economic crisis was a result of the global balance disturbance in world economy and international relations. The global leader – the U.S. has been weakened, but temporarily. As long as there is no serious alternative candidate, American domination will continue. In the foreseeable future, the world is likely to face plenty of economic upheavals and political conflicts linked to the development of new technologies, the asymmetry of demographic trends in various regions resulting in mass migration, climate change and environmental problems including scarcity of fresh water. One of the major new trends is globalization, and no single nation, however powerful, is capable of managing it.

Social complexity involves inter-relationships between various actors and systems that enjoy considerable autonomy to define their own interests and operating procedures. This provides a backdrop for the development of models of social coordination that combine autonomous actors and systems pursuing coherent objectives. Drawing on examples from Chile, this article reviews: (i) policy-network models (public works concession system); (ii) deliberation systems (presidential advisory commissions); and (iii) reflexive law systems (international trade arbitration). It is found that the high level of reflexiveness of these models makes it possible, albeit with limitations, to combine principles of autonomy and coherence in the implementation of public policies. (CEPAL Rev/GIGA)

International audience ; Speech can be divided into discourse genres based on the contextual environment it occurs in (e.g. political speech, sport commentary speech, etc.). The present study investigated whether listeners can distinguish between speech from different discourse genres on the basis of acoustic prosodic cues only. In a perception experiment with delexicalized speech 70 listeners with varying experience in French (native speakers, non- native speakers, and non-speakers) were asked to identify four different types of discourse genres (church service, political, journal, and sport commentary). Results revealed a fair identification ability with a significant increase in performance with increasing experience in French. Identification confusion was used to cluster discourse genres according to their perceptual similarity.

В настоящей статье рассматривается место и роль концепции сателлитизма в историографии советско-монгольских отношений. Зародившись в эпоху холодной войны, эта концепция продолжила пользоваться популярностью и в последние два десятилетия. Это объясняется рядом причин, лежащих в плоскости внутриполитических процессов в Монголии, а также международно-политическими процессами, в которые вовлечена эта страна. ; In the article the role and significance of conception of satellitism in the Soviet-Mongolian historiography of relations are considered. The conception was appeared in the period of cold war and continued to be popular during two last decades. It can be explained by numbers of reasons of domestic political processes in Mongolia, as well as by international political issues of the region.

Исследуется феномен терроризма на Кавказе, его значение в контексте противостояния крупнейших акторов международных отношений. Делается попытка определения понятия терроризма, оценивается эффективность методов противодействия и борьбы с данной геополитической угрозой национальной безопасности России, исследуются типологии и принципы терроризма, дается его юридическая и политическая оценка. ; The authors investigate the phenomenon of terrorism in the Caucasian region and its significance in the context of the standoff between major actors in international relations. An attempt is made to define terrorism, the effectiveness of the methods to counter and fight this geopolitical threat to Russias national security is estimated, the typology and principles of terrorism are examined, and a political and legal appraisal is given.