Suchergebnisse

Following Portugal's post-1974 transition to democracy and entry into the European Union in 1986, state reformulations of national identity increasingly stressed Portugal's expertise in multicultural, especially international, affairs. By the 1990s, almost all discourses of national culture, history, and identity asserted Portuguese people's historic facility in promoting dialogue and communication among the world's cultures and nations and emphasized a history of mediation and brokerage, cross-cultural exchange and fusion, hybrid forms, and multiculturalism. Political and cultural leaders pointed to the existence of a wider lusophone or Portuguesespeaking world, stretching across Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia, as concrete evidence of past and continuing Portuguese global leadership in this domain.

This review is intended to provide a broadly based survey of doctoral theses in urban history completed at British and North American institutions. As in previous years the definition of 'urban history' has deliberately been given a wide interpretation that allows the inclusion both of theses that address the physical form of the city and those that address the diversity that emerges from urban life. It is the latter aspect that dominates the topics dealt with in this year's review. While this review provides a brief summary of theses, access to a comprehensive range is available electronically. The Index of Theses is located at http://www.theses.com/ and Dissertations Abstracts International at http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

Recent events have focused attention on international labor standards, with some special attention being paid to child labor. The diverse forms of child labor are often merged into one: a stereotype of "children sewing Nikes," although the situation varies widely from that model. Certain forms of child labor are not substitutable by adult labor; others are more appropriately modeled as a form of apprenticeship. A simple family utility function helps elucidate the reasons. The ultimate purpose of the paper is to challenge the policy ambiguity—we cannot tell whether restrictions on child labor are good or bad—that was a result in Basu and Van's earlier (1998) modeling of child labor

Marking its fiftieth anniversary in late 2001, the ANZUS alliance remains Australia's primary security relationship and one of the United States' most important defence arrangements in the Asia‐Pacific region. It is argued here that ANZUS has defied many common suppositions advanced by international relations theorists on how alliances work. It thus represents an important refutation of arguments that they are short‐term instruments of mere policy expediency and are largely interest‐dependent. Cultural and normative factors are powerful, if often underrated, determinants for ANZUS's perpetuation. ANZUS may thus constitute an important test case for expanding our understanding of alliance politics beyond the usual preconditions and prerogatives normally associated with such a relationship.

La reconnaissance internationale de Marc Ravalomanana étant l'une des préoccupations majeures de ses partisans, ceux-ci ont accordé beaucoup d'attention aux prises de position des bailleurs de fonds. Mais ils en sont venus à plus de réalisme géopolitique, en acceptant la médiation de l'OUA dans le règlement de la crise, ce qui conduit à des changements notables dans leurs représentations de l'Afrique. L'intervention de la France, avec laquelle ils entretiennent des relations ambiguës, pose la question de l'influence, réelle ou supposée, des puissances étrangères. Cet article analyse les discours qu'une certaine catégorie de Malgaches tient sur le rôle des étrangers dans un contexte où l'imagination se nourrit de la rumeur.

Pakistan needs to knit itself into global information economy
in order to ensure economic development. E-commerce is the essential
tool through which this objective can be met. Currently, the economy is
in a transition, the span of which needs to be shortened in order to
meet the global challenges in the coming years. An institutional
approach is essential to develop e-commerce. An appropriate
institutional framework will shorten the time span of the transition
period and will ensure a smooth transition to information economy. It
will provide an effective and efficient use of the existing
institutional infrastructure and development of new institutions. It
calls for close coordination between the government, industry, and
international organisations.

Develops an original 12‐step management of technology protocol and applies it to 51 applications which range from Du Pont's failure in Nylon to the Single Online Trade Exchange for Auto Parts procurement by GM, Ford, Daimler‐Chrysler and Renault‐Nissan. Provides many case studies with regards to the adoption of technology and describes seven chief technology officer characteristics. Discusses common errors when companies invest in technology and considers the probabilities of success. Provides 175 questions and answers to reinforce the concepts introduced. States that this substantial journal is aimed primarily at the present and potential chief technology officer to assist their survival and success in national and international markets.

We decompose labor-productivity growth into components attributable to (1) technological change (shifts in the world production frontier), (2) technological catch-up (movements toward or away from the frontier), and (3) capital accumulation (movement along the frontier). The world production frontier is constructed using deterministic methods requiring no specification of functional form for the technology nor any assumption about market structure or the absence of market imperfections. We analyze the evolution of the cross-country distribution of labor productivity in terms of the tripartite decomposition, finding that technological change is decidedly nonneutral and that both growth and bipolar international divergence are driven primarily by capital deepening.

The Palestinian refugee problem is one of the longest-lasting refugee crises in the world——now exceeding fifty-three years——without a real solution in sight. Although at its core a political problem, the Palestinian refugee crisis is also a problem of legal distortion: Palestinian refugees fall into a legal lacuna that sets them outside minimal international protections available for all other refugee groups in the world. This paper provides background to the legal anomaly that sets Palestinian refugees apart; discusses the legal, practical, and political implications of that status; and proposes a framework and mechanisms aimed at promoting a rights-based solution for the Palestinian refugee problem.

AbstractI examine the effect of different forms of foreign investment liberalization on risk in emerging equity markets, including international cross‐listings and closed‐end country funds, and in the domestic equity market as foreign investment restrictions are eliminated. I find that in Latin American markets volatility declines significantly with different forms of foreign investment liberalization, and in Asian markets volatility does not increase significantly. Volatility is driven by domestic factors in South America, but the transmission of volatility from the United States to Mexico increases after liberalization. The market risk exposure increases in Argentina after liberalization, in Chile with an index of American Depositary Receipts, and in Thailand with greater foreign ownership, reducing the diversification benefits of these markets.

While Germany's employment relations are commonly seen as a high value added trust relationship built around the well publicised "new production concepts", this paper aims to show that there is also another side to Germany's ER. Using a detailed case study of the shipping industry, the authors show how the implementation of the International Ship Register during the late 1980s and 1990s challenged Germany's traditional system of employment relations and regulatory framework. The authors conclude that evidence from the shipping industry illustrates a strong departure from Germany's long‐established employment relations, where deregulation of shipping and labour law has led to the adoption of a "low road" approach.

Im vergangenen Jahr wies Deutschland mit 2,7% die mit Abstand größte Defizitquote in der EU auf. Vor diesem Hintergrund empfahl die EU-Kommission, dass der Ecofin-Rat im Rahmen des Haushaltsüberwachungsverfahrens eine Frühwarnung aussprechen sollte. Da sich die Bundesregierung daraufhin verpflichtete, sicherzustellen, dass die 3%-Grenze nicht überschritten und ein annähernd ausgeglichener Haushalt im Jahr 2004 erreicht wird, sah der Ecofin-Rat hiervon ab. Für Wolfgang Gerhards, Finanzminister von Sachsen-Anhalt, ist dieses Ziel »nicht nur möglich, sondern auch nötig«. Dazu bedarf es allerdings, »dass Bund und Länder auf gleicher Augenhöhe agieren. Dies muss notwendigerweise eine starke Rückkoppelung der Bundesebene mit der Länderebene bedeuten, insbesondere wenn es um internationale Absprachen und Verpflichtungen geht.« Auch für Dr. Jürgen Stark, Vizepräsident der Deutschen Bundesbank, »kann dieses Ziel erreicht werden. Im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Glaubwürdigkeit der für die Währungsunion beschlossenen Haushaltsregeln, aber auch unter Berücksichtigung der voraussichtlichen gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und der finanzpolitischen Herausforderungen der Zukunft ist eine solche Politik nicht nur realisierbar, sondern sie ist im nationalen Eigeninteresse auch sachgerecht und notwendig.« Prof. Dr. Helmut Frisch, TU Wien und Präsident des Staatsschuldenausschusses, beschreibt in seinem Beitrag den Weg Österreichs zu einem »Nulldefizit«.

Deutschland wird auch in Zukunft ein bedeutendes Zuwanderungsziel in Europa sein. Angesichts der längerfristigen Arbeitsmarkterfordernisse und der EU-Osterweiterung wird aber in der Öffentlichkeit eine verstärkte Steuerung von Immigrationen diskutiert. Das neue Zuwanderungsgesetz erkennt zum ersten Mal in der Geschichte Deutschlands die Notwendigkeit einer umfassenden Regelung an. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden zunächst unter ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten unterschiedliche Zuwanderungsszenarien diskutiert und arbeitsmarktspezifische Steuerungskriterien formuliert. Dabei stellt sich nicht nur die Frage nach der Bedeutung von Konjunktur und Wachstum der Wirtschaft für die Steuerungskonzeption, sondern auch die nach der technologischen Entwicklung und der "Globalisierung". Weiter analysieren die Autoren die Operationalisierbarkeit und Überprüfbarkeit von Steuerungskriterien - auch mit Blick auf die "klassischen" Einwanderungsländer, wie Australien, Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten, und was die Übertragbarkeit der dortigen Erfahrungen auf Deutschland angeht. Die juristischen und institutionellen Aspekte des Themas adressieren schließlich Fragen z. B. danach, welche Institutionen die Auswahl der Neuankömmlinge treffen sollten und inwieweit etwaige Zuwanderungsregelungen auch europarechtlich eingebettet werden können und müssen. Vor dem Hintergrund vergleichender internationaler Betrachtungen auch in der EU werden mit Blick auf die Kontingentierung und Steuerung zukünftiger Zuwanderungen Anforderungen an eine Gesetzgebung gestellt, die namentlich den Zusammenhang von Einwanderung und Integration Rechnung trägt.

International audience ; Les Technologies d'Information et de Communication (T.I.C.), en changeant les modes de production et de diffusion de l'information, sont à l'origine d'une évolution importante des pratiques professionnelles dans de nombreux secteurs. Ces changements sont rapides, brutaux et ils interviennent autant sur le plan technique (nouveaux supports et outils de communication) que cognitif, social, économique, culturel et politique. Ces nouvelles technologies génèrent des écosystèmes dont les règles et les enjeux se transforment constamment. Ainsi, l'individu est contraint de s'adapter en permanence en développant de nouvelles compétences. Notre recherche s'intéresse au champ de la formation professionnelle, précisément aux nouvelles compétences développées par les formateurs en langues.

This book examines how the United States uses limited military force and other means to influence adversaries and potential adversaries. It reviews when limited force can and cannot work and examines a range of current challenges, including those of guerrilla groups or minor powers armed with nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons. It also looks at the complications arising from domestic politics and the difficulties of using force in an alliance. Most up-to-date survey of coercion in international relations; focus on US Examines problem from adversary's point of view as well as US Covers range of challenges, including guerrilla warfare, nuclear/chemical/biological warfare, smaller state aggression (e.g. Iraq) ; https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/1176/thumbnail.jpg