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Despite the large amounts of human and financial resources invested to foster democratic governance in developing countries, statistics show that the majority of these countries have not yet achieved significant improvements in living standards. While some regions make strides towards improving the living conditions of their citizens, Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, is still trapped in poverty with more than 40% of its 600 million people living below the internationally recognized absolute poverty line of one US dollar per day. Poor governance and corruption should be highlighted as the most important systemic factors contributing to poverty in developing countries. As a result the institutional foundations of these countries are weakened, public funds are misappropriated, and policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty and fostering sustainable economic growth are undermined. It is therefore not surprising that a 2008 Transparency International report found a direct link between corruption and the failure of the societal institutions designed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the majority of developing countries. This book investigates the problems of democratic governance, particularly as they relate to corruption, and also whether democracy should be based on universal principles or local context and historical factors. It also analyses the rule of law, in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption and if governmental, non-governmental organizations, and civil societies are effective in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption. This book will go beyond identifying the challenges and offer plausible solutions that could be adapted to various developing countries. It is premised on the importance of bridging theory and practice, which has been lacking in most local and international development publications, making of interest to scholars and policy-makers alike concerned with public administration in developing countries

Placing Human Rights at the Centre of Sovereign Financing /Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky and Jernej Letnar Černič --Rational Choice and Financial Complicity with Human Rights Abuses : Policy and Legal Implications /Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky and Abel Escribà-Folch --UN Sanctions that Safeguard, Undermine, or Both, Human Rights /Patricia Pinto Soares --The Significance of Human Rights for the Debt of Countries in Transition /Dustin Sharp --Establishing Liability for Financial Complicity in International Crimes /Nadia Bernaz --Human Rights and Sovereign Debt Workouts /Matthias Goldmann --A Sovereign Debt Overhang, Human Rights and the MDGs : Legal Problems through an Economist's Lens /Kunibert Raffer --Debts and State of Necessity /August Reinisch and Christina Binder --Global Financial Architecture and Human Rights /Rosa M. Lastra --Sovereign Financing and Corporate Responsibility for Economic and Social Rights /Jernej Letnar Černič --Ethical Sovereign Investors : Sovereign Wealth Funds and Human Rights /Angela Cummine --Sovereign Financing and the Human Rights Responsibilities of Private Creditors /Nicola Jägers --Project Finance and Human Rights /Sheldon Leader --Enhancing the International Monetary Fund's Compliance with Human Rights : The Issue of Accountability /Giuseppe Bianco and Filippo Fontanelli --Extraterritorial Human Rights Violations and Irresponsible Sovereign Financing /Fozia Nazir Lone --Sovereign Debt and Human Rights : The United Nations Approach /Cephas Lumina --Bloody Bucks? : Foreign Finance and Armed Conflicts in Africa /Dan Kuwali --Development, Sovereign Support to Finance and Human Rights : Lessons from India /Surya Deva --Contemporary Lessons from Carter's Incorporation of Human Rights into the Financing of Southern Cone Dictatorships /Robert Bejesky and Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky --Engagement, Divestment or Both? Conflicts and Interactions : The Case of the Norwegian Pension Fund /Andreas Follesdal --Towards Making Blood Money Visible : Lessons Drawn from the Apartheid Litigation /Ingrid Gubbay.

PART ONE: Trade and Industrial Policy in Africa: Theoretica! Debates and Experiences from Developing Regions. - 1. The Case for a Developmental Trade and Industrial Policy for Africa / Theresa Mojo 1. - 2. The Theoretical Basis, Elements and Impact of Nigeria's Trade and Industrial Policy under the Structural Adjustment Programme / Anthony I. Monje-Emina 31. - 3. Trade, Industrial Policy and Development in the Era of Globalization in Africa: The case of Botswana and Tanzania / Stephen M. Kapunda 47. - 4. Economic Reforms in Zambia and India: Comparative Trade and Industrial Policy Düring 1991-1992 / Euston Chiputa 67. - 5. The Emergence of China in Cameroon: Trade Impact and Evolution of Trade Configuration / Sunday A. Khan 99. - PART TWO: Trade and Industrial Policy: International and Regional Context. - 6. EU-Africa Economic Partnership Agreements: Risks, Rewards and Requisites for Agricultural Trade and African Development / Aderibigbe S. Olomola 123. - 7. Trade Facilitation: Implications for Intra-African Trade in a Globalized Economy / Ntangsi Max Memfih 159. - 8. Facilitating the Production and Export of Manufactured Goods in Africa and Asia/Pacific: A Comparative Analysis Using Panel Data / Oluyele Akinkugbe 181. - 9. Africa's Development, Climate Change and Carbon Trade: Whose Agenda is it, Anyway? / Godwell Nhamo 199. - PART THREE: Intellectual Property Rights, Technology Transfer and Culture Policy. - 10. Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer Towards African Countries: Is International Law a Beneficial Policy? / Patrick Juvet Ljowe 225. - 11. The UNESCO Convention for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression: Implications for African Trade and Culture Policy / E. S. Nwauche 245. - PART FOUR: Institutional Dimensions of Trade and Industrial Policy. - 12. Rethinking Industrial Policy in Africa: Towards an Institutional Framework / Howard Stein 277. - 13. Institutional Foundation of Trade and Industrial Policies in Africa /

Traces the dynamics of state-building in Juba, Southern Sudan 2005-2011, revealing how underlying ties of ethnicity and land dominated the actions of the various parties in post-conflict reconstruction and how these may continue to influence power and resource-sharing in the newly independent state of South Sudan. Naseem Badiey examines the local dynamics of the emerging capital city of Juba, Southern Sudan, during the historically pivotal transition period following the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Focusing on the intersections of land tenure reform and urban development, she challenges the dominant paradigm of 'post-conflict reconstruction' and re-conceptualizes state-building as a social process underpinned by negotiation. Badiey explores local resistance to reconstruction programmes, debates over the interpretation of peace settlements, and competing claims to land and resources not as problems to be solved through interventions but as negotiations of authority which are fundamental to shaping the character of the 'state'. While donors and aid agency officials anticipated clashes between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) following the CPA, they did not foresee internal divisions that impeded reconstruction in Southern Sudan, raising serious questions about the viability of an independent state. In Juba local elites interpreted the CPA in line with their economic and political interests, using claims to land, authority and political power to challenge the SPLM's agenda for urban reconstruction. In revealing how local actors strategically interpreted the framework of land rights in Southern Sudan, the book offers a basis for understanding the challenges that confront the nascent South Sudan's state-builders and their international partners in the future. NASEEM BADIEY is Assistant Professor of International Development andHumanitarian Action at California State University Monterey Bay.

Despite the large amounts of human and financial resources invested to foster democratic governance in developing countries, statistics show that the majority of these countries have not yet achieved significant improvements in living standards. While some regions make strides towards improving the living conditions of their citizens, Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, is still trapped in poverty with more than 40% of its 600 million people living below the internationally recognized absolute poverty line of one US dollar per day. Poor governance and corruption should be highlighted as the most important systemic factors contributing to poverty in developing countries. As a result the institutional foundations of these countries are weakened, public funds are misappropriated, and policies and programs aimed at reducing poverty and fostering sustainable economic growth are undermined. It is therefore not surprising that a 2008 Transparency International report found a direct link between corruption and the failure of the societal institutions designed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the majority of developing countries. This book investigates the problems of democratic governance, particularly as they relate to corruption, and also whether democracy should be based on universal principles or local context and historical factors. It also analyses the rule of law, in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption and if governmental, non-governmental organizations, and civil societies are effective in promoting democratic governance and curbing corruption. This book will go beyond identifying the challenges and offer plausible solutions that could be adapted to various developing countries. It is premised on the importance of bridging theory and practice, which has been lacking in most local and international development publications, making of interest to scholars and policy-makers alike concerned with public administration in developing countries.

This is the first encyclopedic guide to the history of relations between Jews and Muslims around the world from the birth of Islam to today. Richly illustrated and beautifully produced, the book features more than 150 authoritative and accessible articles by an international team of leading experts in history, politics, literature, anthropology, and philosophy. Organized thematically and chronologically, this indispensable reference provides critical facts and balanced context for greater historical understanding and a more informed dialogue between Jews and Muslims. Part I covers the medieval period; Part II, the early modern period through the nineteenth century, in the Ottoman Empire, Africa, Asia, and Europe; Part III, the twentieth century, including the exile of Jews from the Muslim world, Jews and Muslims in Israel, and Jewish-Muslim politics; and Part IV, intersections between Jewish and Muslim origins, philosophy, scholarship, art, ritual, and beliefs. The main articles address major topics such as the Jews of Arabia at the origin of Islam; special profiles cover important individuals and places; and excerpts from primary sources provide contemporary views on historical events. Contributors include Mark R. Cohen, Alain Dieckhoff, Michael Laskier, Vera Moreen, Gordon D. Newby, Marina Rustow, Daniel Schroeter, Kirsten Schulze, Mark Tessler, John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and many more. Covers the history of relations between Jews and Muslims around the world from the birth of Islam to today Written by an international team of leading scholars Features in-depth articles on social, political, and cultural history Includes profiles of important people (Eliyahu Capsali, Joseph Nasi, Mohammed V, Martin Buber, Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin, Edward Said, Messali Hadj, Mahmoud Darwish) and places (Jerusalem, Alexandria, Baghdad) Presents passages

A practical guide to the challenges and successes of global fundraising, written by an international team of highly respected philanthropy professionals and edited by two of the leading nonprofit thinkers, Global Fundraising is the first book to genuinely offer a global overview of philanthropy with an internationalist perspective. As the world becomes more interdependent, and economies struggle, global philanthropy continues to increase. More than that, nonprofits are taking up roles that have traditionally been filled by the government-including social welfare, healthcare, and human rights. Global Fundraising provides complete coverage of the implications of this growth for nonprofit culture and how it drives changes in fundraising practices. Organized into thematic chapters-a mixture of geographic and topical issues-it places North American philanthropy in a wider context It features a companion website with a variety of online tools and materials The book includes contributions by international leading experts Matt Ide, Mair Bosworth, Usha Menon, Anup Tiwari, Paula Guillet de Monthoux, Angela Cluff, Norma Galafassi, Mike Muchilwa, Tariq Cheema, Lu Bo and Nan Fang, Masataka Uo, Chris Carnie, Sean Triner, Andrea McManus, Marcelo Inniarra, Ashley Baldwin, Rebecca Mauger, YoungWoo Choi, R.F. Shangraw, Jr., Sudeshna Mukherjee, and Anca Zaharia. The book skillfully tracks how the world of fundraising is changing rapidly due to a number of factors including: continuing growth of great wealth; non-profit innovation emerging everywhere; growth of indigenous NGOs; increased professionalism in fundraising; and the value and role of new and social technologies. Written by a team of philanthropy leaders, Global Fundraising offers timely coverage of fundraising around the world. A must-have for INGO leaders and anyone, anywhere, interested in the

Production and innovation activities are being re-distributed across the world. The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are proving the major engine of global growth, being less impacted by the financial crisis than developed economies or able to recover more quickly. Asia in the Global ICT Innovation Network takes a close look at the information and communication technologies (ICTs) landscape, not only in two BRICS countries, India and China, but also in South Korea and Taiwan. The book documents the size of the ICT sector for each of the selected countries, and assesses their R & D expenditure and its place in the international innovation network. The selected countries play a major role in shifting patterns of international trade and global value chains. The countries offer different historical profiles, with reforms dating back from the nineties for "Chindiai and earlier policies for the "dragonsi, with later reforms focusing on IT. The book accounts for their specificity, and emphasises the fact that the four countries have achieved impressive results in terms of economic growth. The ICT sector was a major contributor to this growth and led a pioneering role for other sectors. This title consists of three parts: ICT in emerging economies, covering China and India; the return of the dragons, covering South Korea and Taiwan; and Network knowledge and trade, covering regional networks of R & D centres, India as an S & T cooperation partner, Asian countries in the global production network, and Asia in the process of internationalisation of ICT and R & D. Provides a well-supported look at the ICT sector in Asia, an area where extant literature consists mostly in a scattering of articles in various and heterogeneous journalsFocuses on innovationSpeaks to a growing interest in the role of emerging countries in ICT innovation

1. Introduction to part I / Allyson MacVean -- 2. Theory of professional standards and ethical policing / Jonathan Hughes -- 3. The Taylor review / William Taylor -- 4. Policing the police : investigating professional standards / Len Jackson -- 5. The duality if police oversight in Scotland : an examination of the role of the police complaints commissioner for Scotland and the crown office and procurator fiscal / Ian Todd -- 6. Introduction to part II / Allyson Macvean, Peter Spindler and Charlotte Solf -- 7. Deaths in or following police custody : an examination of cases from 1998/99-2008/09 / Maria Hannan -- 8. Police deviance : child sexual abuse / Ray Robins -- 9. Computer misuse and information leakage / David Perryman -- 10. A good buy : promoting probity in police procurement / Julie Ayling -- 11. Professional and ethical considerations for the role of the undercover operative in investigations / Mark Daly -- 12. Introduction to part III / Allyson MacVean, Peter Spindler and Charlotte Solf -- 13. Ethical working and M15 / Frank Gregory and David Langley -- 14. Trans-national crime investigation : professional standards in relation to joint international operations : a new challenge / Paul Evans -- 15. Counter corruption : an international perspective / Stephen Foster -- 16. Risk and the management of integrity / Clive Harfield and Karen Harfield -- 17. Navigating the moral minefield : leadership, professional standards and ethical policing / John Grieve -- 18. Introduction to part IV / Allyson MacVean, Peter Spindler and Charlotte Solf -- 19. Through a glass darkly : some future influences on professional standards in policing / Peter Neyroud and Stan Gilmour -- 20. Prevention and organisational learning : a new paradigm in professional standards / Brian Dillon -- 21. Does the training of police recruits in England and Wales meet the needs of professional and ethical practice? / Richard Heslop -- 22. Unethical policing on trial / Michael Mansfield -- 23. Some reflective observations and conclusion / John Grieve.

The withdrawal of most international troops by 2014 will have a profound and lasting impact on the country's economic and development fabric. This book explores some of these ramifications. Development progress since 2001 has been mixed. The country has recorded some major achievements such as rapid economic growth, relatively low inflation, better public financial management, and gains in basic health and education. Key social indicators, including life expectancy and maternal mortality, have improved markedly, and women are participating more in the economy. Yet in other respects, particularly governance and institution building, the country has fared less well, and many indicators have worsened in recent years. Afghanistan remains one of the world's least developed countries, with a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of only 528. More than a third of the population live below the poverty line, more than half are vulnerable and at serious risk of falling into poverty, and three-quarters are illiterate. Additionally, political uncertainty and insecurity could undermine Afghanistan's transition and development prospects. The large aid inflows that have benefited Afghanistan have also brought problems. Aid has underpinned much of the progress since 2001-including that in key services, infrastructure, and government administration-but it has also been linked to corruption, poor aid effectiveness, and weakened governance. Aid is estimated to be 15.7 billion-about the same as the size of the GDP in fiscal year 2011. Despite the large volume of aid, most international spending 'on' Afghanistan is not spent 'in' Afghanistan, as it leaves the economy through imports, expatriated profits of contractors, and outward remittances. Other countries' experience shows that the impact of large aid reductions on economic growth may be less than expected. The

This book proposes a new, pragmatic way of approaching economic development which features policy learning based on a comparison of international best policy practices. While the important role of government in promoting private sector development is being recognized, policy discussion often remains general without details as to what exactly to do and how to avoid common pitfalls. This book fills the gap by showing concrete policy contents, procedures, and organizations adopted in high-performing East Asian economies. Natural resources and foreign aid and investment can take a country to a certain income level, but growth stalls when given advantages are exhausted. Economies will be caught in middle income traps if growth impetus is not internally generated. Meanwhile, countries that have soared to high income introduced mindset, policies, and institutions that encouraged, or even forced, accumulation of human capital – skills, technology, and knowledge. How this can be done systematically is the main topic of policy learning. However, government should not randomly adopt what Singapore or Taiwan did in the past. A continued march to prosperity is possible only when policy makers acquire capability to formulate policy suitable for local context after studying a number of international experiences. Developing countries wanting to adopt effective industrial strategies but not knowing where to start will benefit greatly by the ideas and hands-on examples presented by the author. Students of development economics will find a new methodological perspective which can supplement the ongoing industrial policy debate. The book also gives an excellent account of national pride and pragmatism exhibited by officials in East Asia who produced remarkable economic growth, as well as serious effort by an African country to emulate this miracle.

One of our deepest needs is for a sense of identity and belonging. A common feature in this is human attachment to landscape and how we find identity in landscape and place. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw a remarkable flowering of interest in, and understanding of, cultural landscapes. With these came a challenge to the 1960s and 1970s concept of heritage concentrating on great monuments and archaeological locations, famous architectural ensembles, or historic sites with connections to the rich and famous. Managing Cultural Landscapes explores the latest thought in landscape and place by: airing critical discussion of key issues in cultural landscapes through accessible accounts of how the concept of cultural landscape applies in diverse contexts across the globe and is inextricably tied to notions of living history where landscape itself is a rich social history record widening the notion that landscape only involves rural settings to embrace historic urban landscapes/townscapes examining critical issues of identity, maintenance of traditional skills and knowledge bases in the face of globalization, and new technologies fostering international debate with interdisciplinary appeal to provide a critical text for academics, students, practitioners, and informed community organizations discussing how the cultural landscape concept can be a useful management tool relative to current issues and challenges. With contributions from an international group of authors, Managing Cultural Landscapes provides an examination of the management of heritage values of cultural landscapes from Australia, Japan, China, USA, Canada, Thailand, Indonesia, Pacific Islands, India and the Philippines; it reviews critically the factors behind the removal of Dresden and its cultural landscape from World Heritage listing and gives an overview of Historic Urban Landscape

Increasing concerns over the effects of climate change have heightened the importance of accelerating investments in green growth. The International Energy Agency, for example, estimates that to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent by 2050, global investments in the energy sector alone will need to total US750 billion a year by 2030 and over US1.6 trillion a year from 2030-2050. Despite global efforts to mobilize required capital flows, the investments still fall far short. Bloomberg New Energy Finance argues that by 2020 investments will be US150 billion short from the levels required simply to stabilize CO2 emissions. For the East Asia and Pacific region alone, the World Bank study Winds of Change suggests that additional investments of US80 billion a year over the next two decades are required.Multiple factors affect green investments, often rendering them financially not attractive. Private investment flows, therefore, depend on public sectors interventions and support. As in many countries public sector resources are scarce and spread across many competing commitments, they need to be used judiciously and strategically to leverage sufficient private flows. Many governments, however, still lack a clear comprehensive framework for assessing green investment climate and formulating an efficient mix of measures to accelerate green investments and are unfamiliar with international funding sources that can be tapped. To address this challenge, the World Bank, with support from AusAID, conducts the work on improving the financing opportunities for green infrastructure investments among its client countries. This activity attempts to identify practical ways to value and monetize environmental externalities of investments and improve the promotion and bankability of green projects. This research report, as a key step in this activity,

The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and the Environment explores and critically evaluates the debates and controversies inherent to tourism's relationship with nature, especially pertinent at a time of major re-evaluation of our relationship with the environment as a consequence of the environmental problems we now face. It brings together leading specialists from range of disciplinary backgrounds and geographical regions, to provide state-of-the-art theoretical reflection and empirical research on this complex relationship and future direction. The book is divided in to five interrelated sections. Section one evaluates the philosophical basis, rationale and complexity of what is meant by the term 'environment' considering the major influences in the construction of how we understand our surroundings and the types of values we place upon them. Section two evaluates the types of eco-systems that are used as natural resources for tourism and the negative and positive impacts upon them. Section three evaluates relevant environmental policy and management mechanisms for the impacts of tourism on the natural environment. Section four focuses on the changing tourism-environment relationship, and the types of tourism that have become established in the tourism industry, market and policy. Section five, analyzes contemporary and future issues of the tourism-environment relationship, based upon themes of environmental and social welfare. This timely book will provide an invaluable resource for all those with an interest in tourism's relationship with the natural environment, encouraging dialogue across disciplinary boundaries and areas of study. The book is international in its focus, emphasizing that issues of tourism and the natural environment are not only localized but transcend national boundaries that sometimes require both international and

"Presenting current practice and procedures from all major air traffic and regulatory agencies, this book covers the entire commercial aviation safety system--from human safety to accident investigation. Commercial aviation safety, fifth edition greatly expands the focus of the fourth edition to include the international and safety management systems (SMS) knowledge required by today?s aviation safety professional. Most aviation safety-related texts cover only issues related to the FAA and NTSB. However, as a practicing professional in the aviation field, one must also be knowledgeable about ICAO, SMS, OSHA, and EPA. This book delivers on this need. Offering a comprehensive analysis on the entire aviation safety system, this authoritative guide provides a broad understanding of aviation safety for students entering the field, and serves as a handy reference for the practicing aviation safety professional. Commercial aviation safety, fifth edition: now includes International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations provides organization and rule-making process of all four relevant regulatory agencies in one place; contains expanded accident causation models Features new research on human factors in aviation safety offers new information on air traffic control and aircraft safety systems Includes updated airport and airline safety information; contains a new chapter on Safety Management Systems (SMS); provides knowledge on hot-button safety topics like runway incursions and security student learning features: chapter outlines with each major topic covered chapter objectives after the outline Heavily illustrated with tables, figures, and exhibits Key terms--each chapter ends with a listing of key terms used in the text review questions at the end of each chapter cover all the important points. A listing of suggested readings included after each chapter ".