Suchergebnisse

The paper analyses the most important aspects of the draft Act on antitrust damages which is the result of the legislative efforts to implement the EU Directive on Antitrust damages into Croatian legislation.

Le présent mémoire de traduction se compose de plusieurs parties. L'exposé a pour but de donner des clés pour se repérer dans la tentative de règlement, à coups de sanctions, de la crise ukrainienne. La première partie traite des sanctions économiques en général : qu'appelle-t-on «arme économique» ? Quelle est la différence entre embargo et boycott ? etc. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la politique étrangère de l'Union européenne : quelles sont ses orientations ? Comment les sanctions sont-elles instaurées ? La troisième partie expose les sanctions prises par l'UE contre la Russie et les contre sanctions russes, puis aborde les conséquences économiques pour les deux parties. Il est suivi de la traduction en français d'un texte russe, portant sur la situation économique de la Russie dans le contexte des sanctions. La stratégie de traduction présente les difficultés rencontrées lors de la traduction et les solutions apportées. Un paragraphe est consacré à la langue économique et à son intérêt pour le traducteur. L' analyse terminologique comporte des fiches terminologiques, un glossaire et deux lexiques bilingues. Elle est suivie d'une bibliographie critique .

?Simon Wren-Lewis?s chapter in this volume outlines a general theory of austerity. Underpinning it is a desire for policymakers ? as well as the social sciences ? to learn from the experience of austerity over the last decade. In particular, Wren-Lewis makes the point that austerity was, at a global level, unnecessary. The asterisk to this finding relates to particular countries, where austerity at a national level was unavoidable. Ireland?s recent economic history is not only remarkable but also incredibly useful, if policymakers are to learn lessons from the experience of the last decade. The economic journey from ?the poor man of Western Europe? in the late 1980s, through the export-led growth of the 1990s and the credit-led growth of the early 2000s, to the sharp economic contraction in the years after 2007, contains much for other small open economic regions to learn. This is particularly true in the context of a region ? Ireland ? largely dependent on one city of global significance (Dublin), where that region lacks its own monetary policy and recourse to the traditional levers of trade policy to react to economic shocks. Exposed to global economic tailwinds, and later headwinds, and with an inadequate domestic policy response, two key aspects of the local economy ? government spending and housing ? bore much of the brunt of Ireland?s economic contraction. With Ireland once again one of Western Europe?s fastest growing economies, it is tempting for policymakers locally to assume that lessons have been learnt, or perhaps that Ireland was unlucky in its exposure to global shocks. It is the aim of this chapter to show that the poor management of two key domestically-focused sectors contributed separately and jointly to the severity of the economic correction in Ireland. In so doing, it hopes to highlight some key themes for policymakers to take away from Ireland?s experience in austerity and housing. The bulk of this chapter is organised around two key relationships. The first is the contribution that the housing sector made initially to the huge expansion in government spending and thus, by corollary, in austerity. Whereas that section focuses on the effect of housing on austerity, the next section focuses on the reverse: the impact austerity has had on the housing sector in Ireland. The penultimate section draws out the policy implications of the preceding analysis, outlining what principles should act as the foundation for housing policy into the future, after which the chapter concludes.

The new security regionalism in America during the post-Cold War period has failed to offer enough comparative empirical evidence in order to determine the presence of Regional Security Complexes (RSC) or Pluralistic Security Communities (PSC). In the face of this issue, this study intends to answer, to what extent do security practices prevailing in the continent during the post-Cold War (1992-2010) allow the differentiation between RSC and CPS at the regional and sub-regional level? Security practices were analyzed taking into account two indicators: militarized inter-state disputes by means of descriptive statistics and econometric models, and the persistence of the hypothesis of conflict in defense programmatic instruments through content analysis. The conclusion is that the most appropriate approach is offered by RSC due to the persistence of the threat and the use of force as security practice. The primacy of the American agenda in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean implies the presence of a RSC centered on its power projection and worldwide influence, while in South America there is a standard RSC. At the sub-regional level, Central American and the Andean zone constitute sub-complexes, whereas in the Southern extreme of the continent the occurrence is that of a pluralistic community ; El nuevo regionalismo de seguridad en América, durante la posguerra fría, ha fallado en aportar suficiente evidencia empírica comparada para determinar la presencia de Complejos regionales de seguridad (CRS) o Comunidades pluralistas de seguridad (CPS). Frente a este problema el estudio busca responder ¿en qué medida las prácticas de seguridad prevalecientes en el continente durante la posguerra fría (1992-2010) permiten diferenciar los CRS o CPS en los niveles regionales y subregionales?Las prácticas de seguridad se estudiaron a partir de dos indicadores: las disputas interestatales militarizadas mediante estadísticas descriptivas y modelos econométricos, y la persistencia de la hipótesis de conflicto en instrumentos programáticos de defensa, mediante el análisis de contenido. Se concluye que el abordaje más apropiado lo ofrecen los CRS dada la persistencia de la amenaza y del uso de la fuerza como práctica de seguridad. La primacía de la agenda estadounidense en América del Norte, América Central y el Caribe implican la presencia de un CRS centrado por su proyección de poder e influencia mundial, mientras que en América del Sur se presenta un CRS estándar. En el nivel subregional, América Central y la zona Andina constituyen subcomplejos, mientras que el Cono Sur una comunidad pluralista de seguridad. ; O novo regionalismo de segurança na América durante a pós-guerra fria falhou em aportar suficiente evidência empírica comparada para determinar a presença de Complexos regionais de segurança (CRS) ou Comunidades pluralistas de segurança (CPS). Em frente a este problema o estudo procura responder em qual medida as práticas de segurança prevalecentes no continente durante a pósguerra fria (1992-2010) permitem diferenciar os CRS o CPS nos níveis regionais e sub-regionais? As práticas de segurança se estudaram a partir dos indicadores: as disputas interestatais militarizadas mediante estadísticas descritivas e modelos econométricos, e a persistência da hipóteses de conflito em instrumentos programáticos de defesa mediante a análises do conteúdo. Se conclui que a abordagem mais apropriada oferecem os CRS dada a persistência da ameaça e do uso da força como prática de segurança. A primicia da agenda estadunidense na América do Norte, América Central e ou Caribe implicam a presença de um CRS centralizado por sua projeção de poder e influência mundial, enquanto que na América do Sul se apresenta um CRS estandardizado. No nível sub-regional América Central e a zona Andina constituem sub-complexos, enquanto que o Cono Sul uma comunidade pluralista de segurança.

"National Secession" published on by Oxford University Press.

The social regulation of robotic systems with some elements of inbuilt artificial intelligence, and capable of interacting with the physical world without human control, poses challenges of extraordinary complexity. In particular, when their characteristics make them suitable for being used in military operations as autonomous devices under specific conditions. My purpose is to do a case-study research about the viability of some elements of "embedded Ethics" in different devices, with built-in sensors and a variable range of functionality, starting with Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS). Based on the revision of recent literature and prototypes, the expected results should give a clearer perspective about the viability of 'embedded Ethics' instructions in the programming of intelligent robotic systems, including those intended for military use. As a preliminary conclusion, the heterogeneity of designs, lethal capacity and degrees of functional complexity in operational contexts –highly unpredictable-, reinforces the importance of preserving human intervention in the decision loop, when the lapse for the sequence of decisions makes it possible. [Additional references available in: http://sl.ugr.es/zaec2017] ; Supported by R+D Project [ref. FFI2016-79000-P]: "Artificial Intelligence and moral bio-enhancement. Ethical aspects" (IP: F.D. Lara). State Program for the Promotion of Scientific and Technical Research of Excellence, Subprogram of Knowledge Generation. Oct. 2016 - Sept. 2019.