Suchergebnisse

Cram attempts to clarify the integration that is central to the European Union (EU). Scholarship by Spinelli, Deutsch, & Haas is cited, with the author leaning toward the last's view of integration as an organic, ongoing, & formative experience for participating nations. There is consideration of integration as the creation of a supranational political union that might outstrip & end in conflict with the momentum of individual nations. Haas's "spillover" theory is delineated. Examination of the issue of control of integration involves review of neofunctionalism & its critics, including Hoffmann. The shift of politics from between member states to within the EU has led to specialized zones of "high politics." It is suggested that the goal of determining the EU's identity may be partially satisfied by comparing it with nations or federal states. A look at the EU policy process further aids dissection, with the author focusing on the evolution of formal rules, informal aspects of policy, an outline of the policy process, examples of agenda-setting, the decision-making role of the Council of Ministers, & factors involved in implementation, enforcement, & specific policy areas. Majone's interpretation of the EU as a regulatory state is included. 20 References. M. C. Leary

The regional unemployment disparities are a common feature of the labor market in many EU countries. Nowadays, not only the existence but also the dynamics of these regional disparities are a very important issue. This is the reason why, in the present paper, we intend to identify and analyze the evolution of these differences, at the beginning of the XXIst century, as well as the possible causes that might generate them. In order to reach these objectives, we have collected, analyzed and interpreted the data obtained from various researches, statistical reports and databases. Our results show that, even if the regional disparities in employment and unemployment in EU states have diminished at the beginning of the XXIst century, they significantly started to increase after 2009, in the context of the economic and financial crisis. Some of the causes that determined the regional unemployment disparities in EU might be the level and the power of unions, the labor productivity and mobility, the labor market institutions and regulations.

A poster presentation regarding emerging treatments for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and retinitis pigmentosa. Introduction: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and Retinitis Pigmentos (RP) are rare-inherited diseases causing blindness with few treatments available within the European Union (EU). Raxon (idebenone) is the only approved medicinal product (MP) to treat LHON. Luxturna (voretigene neparvovec) is the only approved MP to treat RP. Aims: To understand emerging patterns pursued by pharmaceutical companies when developing medicinal products to treat LHON and RP. ; N/A

The renewable energy sector is becoming increasingly important in the global energy balance. This process can be explained by the depletion of fossil resources and the global environmental concern. Economies need more energy-efficient technologies to meet the growing volume of energy consumption. In the last quarter of the century, the European Union has seen a rapid development of renewable energy sources. Its aim is not only to diversify energy consumption, but to switch to renewable sources in order to reduce its dependence on traditional energy imports. The article examines the strategy of the European Union in the field of renewable energy technologies and their prospects. In the European Union, the renewable energy sector is regulated both at the organizational and national levels. The current regulatory framework is being improved; it establishes uniform requirements for all member states. However, each country has adopted its own national plans for renewable energy development. The European Union countries can independently determine the measures of state stimulation and support of renewable energy development. The most effective of them are: tax incentives, green tariffs, grants and loans. Despite certain difficulties, including those associated with the current level of technology development, renewable energy has a very high potential for further development, and the share of energy generated from renewable sources is increasing every year. ; Все большее значение в мировом энергетическом балансе приобретает сектор возобновляемой энергетики, что объясняется не только исчерпаемостью ископаемых ресурсов, но и обеспокоенностью мирового сообщества проблемами экологии и климата. В настоящее время необходимы более энергоэффективные технологии, которые смогут обеспечить растущие объемы энергопотребления. Быстрое развитие возобновляемых источников энергии за последнюю четверть века наблюдается в Европейском союзе, который стремится не просто диверсифицировать свое энергопотребление, но со временем полностью перейти ...

In this study, the effects of financial performance of banking sector on economic growth have been analyzed. The study covers the data for the period 1996-2017 of European Union countries. In the study in regard to economic growth, GDP growth (annual %); financial performance, bank ROA, bank ROE, bank cost to income ratio (%) and stock market capitalization to GDP (%) have been used. The relationship between financial performance and economic growth have been analyzed through panel data method. The results of the analysis suggest that the bank performance of European Union countries have positive effect on economic growth. A positive and significant relationship has been determined that the ROA, bank cost to income ratio and stock market capitalization and economic growth. EU countries will be able to expedite economic growth by increasing the financial performance of banks.

Band IV der 4. Auflage des fünfbändigen Großkommentars EuZPR/EuIPR enthält die verfahrensrechtlichen Instrumente zum Internationalen Familienrecht. Neben den EU-Instrumenten werden - wie in allen Bänden - auch die maßgeblichen Völkerverträge behandelt. Band IV umfasst die Brüssel IIa-Verordnung, die EG-Unterhaltsverordnung, das Haager UnterhaltsverfahrensÜbk 2007 sowie die EU-Schutzmaßnahmenverordnung. Zudem werden die VO-Vorschläge zum Europäischen Güterrecht für Ehepaare und Partnerschaften kritisch analysiert.

The enlargement of the European Union generates socio-economic costs and benefits for the citizens of new members and as such it is bound to affect their perceived legitimacy of the whole enterprise. The legitimacy of EU accession is likely to be enhanced by the inclusion of compensatory transfers and transition periods in the terms of accession, by the perception that EU membership represents the most favorable terms of exchange available and by the linking of accession to a sustained period of economic growth, a favorable movement in prices, improving relative incomes and the consolidation of a level playing field across new members

AbstractOur understanding of the role of firms in the making of European Union (EU) trade policy remains partial. This article contributes to expanding this literature by investigating under what conditions we observe more firm‐centric lobbying, compared to business associational lobbying, in EU trade policy. We advance the arguments that firm‐centric political lobbying in EU trade policy‐making is a function of both industry and country‐level characteristics. Relying on an original dataset of lobbying contacts with the EU Trade Commissioner, his or her cabinet members and the Director‐General between 2014 and 2018, we find that the likelihood of firm‐centric lobbying increases in (1) EU industries displaying high levels of multinational corporations' activity, global sourcing of intermediates and product differentiation and (2) countries characterized as liberal market economies. Besides showing that firm‐centric models of trade travel well in the EU context, we contribute to advancing the understanding of how domestic political institutions affect the politics of trade.

Does attachment to a nation enhance or dampen support for the European Union (EU)? Using the 2003 and 2013 ISSP national‐identity modules, we isolate and provide multi‐item measures of two distinct types of national attachment—nationalism and patriotism. We find that they are positively related yet have divergent effects. We validate the measures showing that nationalism increases, and patriotism decreases, support for nationalistic policies (anti‐immigration and protectionism) as expected. We then test the effects of nationalism and patriotism on EU attitudes and find that nationalism increases, and patriotism decreases, opposition to the EU. The presence of a neo‐nationalist political party enhanced the effects of nationalism on opposition to the EU, underscoring the importance of political rhetoric in shaping nationalistic EU opposition. In further support of the rhetoric hypothesis, the most‐educated nationalists are most likely to oppose the EU in countries with a neo‐nationalist political party and vote for such parties when present.