Suchergebnisse

International audience ; [For half a century, France's fertility has been increasing or decreasing year by year, while remaining below the threshold of simple replacement of generations. How to explain such inverse evolutions? Are they random or are there explanatory elements? ; Depuis un demi-siècle, la fécondité de la France varie à la hausse ou à la baisse selon les années, tout en restant au-dessous du seuil de simple remplacement des générations. Comment expliquer de telles évolutions inverses ? Sont-elles aléatoires ou y a-t-il des éléments explicatifs ?

International audience ; [For half a century, France's fertility has been increasing or decreasing year by year, while remaining below the threshold of simple replacement of generations. How to explain such inverse evolutions? Are they random or are there explanatory elements? ; Depuis un demi-siècle, la fécondité de la France varie à la hausse ou à la baisse selon les années, tout en restant au-dessous du seuil de simple remplacement des générations. Comment expliquer de telles évolutions inverses ? Sont-elles aléatoires ou y a-t-il des éléments explicatifs ?

Examines areas of disagreement over measures required for deterrence, including nuclear force posture, doctrine, arms control, and cooperation with allies. Some focus on weapons testing.

AT FIRST SIGHT ONE MIGHT BELIEVE THAT THE REPORT ON THE teaching of social sciences in the world prepared in 1951 by William Robson, at the invitation of UNESCO for the International Political Science Association, is still valid today in what it says about the situation in France. In fact, because of the strong traditions in the French universities, the teaching of and research in political science in France have not made the progress which had been hoped for, in spite of the continuing efforts of successive governments. Nevertheless, since the mid-1960s a major effort has been made. Some 40 chairs and nearly three times as many lectureships and assistant lectureships have been created and several large research centres have been set up, particularly in Paris where, alongside the venerable Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, many teams have been established, notably at Paris I, Paris II and Paris X, comprising lawyears, sociologists and historians.

In France, to practice as a pharmacist, one needs a "diplome d'état de Docteur en Pharmacie" This degree is awarded after 6 or 9 years of pharmacy studies, depending on the option chosen by the student. The degree is offered only at universities and is recognized in France as well as throughout the European Union.

What is anthropology in France about, what is its image, its impact? Where do we come from? Where are we going? Finding answers to these questions would require a whole book. However, in a more modest way, I would like to make a number of observations related to the recent history of the discipline – history that, as we shall see, is inseparable from the general socio-political context and the place that the discipline occupies today in the French intellectual landscape.

Il existe diverses manières d'être supporter. Depuis une quinzaine d'années, en France, des groupes de jeunes « ultras » se développent. Ces « ultras » cherchent à se constituer comme des acteurs du football en créant leur pratique et leur compétition. Ils se référent à une même culture, qu'ils actualisent différemment. Cette activité leur permet d'occuper leur temps de loisir, de s'affirmer et d'accéder à une forme d'action collective autonome, à laquelle ils s'efforcent de donner un sens par la mobilisation d'identités, essentiellement locales.

Histoire politique et juridique du pays : La France a connu de nombreux systèmes politiques au fil du temps. Depuis le IIe millénaire av. JC, le territoire qui y correspond est notamment occupé par la civilisation celtique et les peuples gaulois. Il est ensuite annexé par Rome en 51 av. JC à l'issue d'une série de campagnes militaires connues sous le nom de « Guerre des Gaules ». Suite aux invasions germaniques, le territoire est unifié par le Roi Clovis Ier (481-511) et deviendra dès lors une monarchie jusqu'à la Révolution française, en 1789. C'est à la suite de cette révolution qu'ont vu le jour les premiers codes et les premières organisations politiques et juridiques de la France moderne. En effet, c'est à cette époque qu'ont eu lieu l'unification du Code Civil et du système judiciaire français mais aussi la première unité politique se réclamant du peuple français, le Serment du Jeu de Paume, qui constitue l'acte de naissance de l'État actuel.

As elsewhere pressure groups in France operate on all levels of the political process: shaping public opinion, manipulating political parties, pressing for favorable legislation in Parliament and for desirable rulings by the executive. What distinguishes the tactics and the effects of pressure-group action from those in other countries results rather from the particu larities of the French political apparatus, from the uneven de velopment of economic growth, and from the divided loyalties of the French people. Because of the lack of disciplined par ties in a multiparty parliamentary system, interest groups can operate from within the cabinet. The question to which ex tent it has penetrated the once solidly walled sphere of the high administration is controversial. But that the rigidity and an "immobilism," characteristic of pressure groups everywhere, is transferred in France to the machinery of government, is gen erally admitted; it leads to an analogous immobilism of the political organs and hence has contributed to the crisis of the French Republic.

The prime mission of the DGA (Delegation Generale pour l'Armement) is to supply the French Armed Forces with equipment as inexpensively and as quickly as possible. Furchasing policy and the terms for implementing this policy have a direct impact on results in an environment where the industrial and financial stakes are high. (Military Technology/SWP)

The general opinion among English and American political writers is that the French system of cabinet government is very nearly a régime of "parliamentary anarchy." In recent years it has also been the object of severe attack by many French scholars, notably by Professors Duguit, Moreau, Barthélemy and Faguet, and by public men like Charles Benoist, Raymond Poincaré and others, who assert that while the cabinet system has been established by law, it does not exist in fact, but in its place is to be found a poor imitation of the true cabinet sytem of England, upon which that of France was supposed to have been modeled.One undoubted reason why cabinet government in France has not worked smoothly is to be found in the fact that it is not an indigenous institution. It was transplanted from the country of its origin where it had taken deep root and had developed to a high state of efficiency through a long process of evolution, and was suddenly introduced into one where the historical traditions, political habits and mental aptitudes of the people were very unlike those of the English.