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Germany was the first country to issue a categorical refusal to support the US-led war in Iraq. Some have interpreted this as the result of a clash between the strategic cultures of Germany and the USA, others as a sign that a more nationalistic and assertive Germany is emerging. This article explains the apparently contradictory aspects of Germany's stance on Iraq by identifying two competing strands within Germany's strategic culture. It concludes that the German refusal signals neither a reversion to a pacifist stance nor that Germany is in a process of shedding the bonds and alliances that have so far framed the reunified Germany's military policy. Iraq simply showed that Germany, like most other countries, has conditions that have to be met – in Germany's case, conditions flowing from the coexistence of two competing schools of thought within Germany's strategic culture.

ABSTRACT: Robots together with the other components of Industry 4.0 represent an important part of the recovery and resilience strategy of the Member States. In short periods of time, the labor market is affected by the dislocations caused by robotics and automation, but in the long term, employees will be reoriented through retraining and thus more jobs will be generated that will ensure a lower unemployment rate. The paper analyzes possible strategies to help the Member States pass from recovery to resilience, which means getting to a higher level than before the shock or crisis. Strategic directions are designed based on composite Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) subindicators and integrative concepts also are being approached. An example of integrative concept is autopoiesis, that metaphorical could be a solution from recovery to resilience applied on different countries refering to institutions, government by using the same strategy to selfrecover and grow from inside as an autonomous system. Other strategies are offered, the analysis of critical points seen as decisional aspects, the identification of the center of gravity and the existence of an operational plan within the strategic one. The strategic solutions that will lead to recovery and resilience, first of all, must have a vision. KEYWORDS: robots, recovery, resilience, digitalisation

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Body -- Abbreviations -- Lists of tables, diagrams, graphs and maps -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Socioeconomic Development Model: evolution and current situation -- 1.1. The economic situation in light of development challenges -- 1.2. The role of the state in the Chinese economy -- 1.3. The main features of the Chinese model of Socioeconomic development -- 1.4. The level and dynamics of regional development in the context of factors determining the diversification of China's modernization -- Chapter 2. Regional policy in the political and administrative system -- 2.1. The system of central authorities in the context of regional policy -- 2.1.1. State Council: The National People's Congress -- 2.1.2. The National Development and Reform Commission -- 2.2. The territorial system of the state in the light of regional development -- 2.3. Province: subject or object of regional policy? -- 2.4. The systemic position of the county as an intermediate subnational authority -- 2.5. The township in light of the tasks of local authorities -- 2.6. Multilevel governance of regional policy and interactions between central and subnational governments -- 2.7. Financial aspects as an element of shaping regional policy at the local level -- Chapter 3. Designing the regional development of the People's Republic of China: The challenges of policy formulation and objectives -- 3.1. Political evolution and Chinese development challenges -- 3.2. The process of formulating goals: centralized (non)‍planning -- 3.2.1. The role of central and regional governments -- 3.3. Beyond growth and social peace: China's regional development priorities -- 3.4. 13th Five-Year Plan for 2016-2020 and its implications -- 3.5. 14th Five-Year Plan for 2021-2025: development not only coordinated.

Strategic Transformation of Higher Education examines the broken revenue-driven business model characteristic of higher education in an environment that demands greater access, more affordable tuition, accountable leaders, and faculty who deliver a consistently high quality of relevant education. The authors demonstrate that enduring business models must support institutional academic missions and that they are integral to systemic and strategic transformation by diagnosing the case for change and offering a practitioners' guide for reform. This book surveys deficient government education policies, practices and funding formulas of select countries and offers remedies. It identifies impediments to change, along with ways to develop and deliver evidence-based solutions to improve institutional effectiveness and operating efficiencies, and it cites exemplars of change in these areas. Special attention is given to leadership attributes requisite of driving institutional redesign and to a paradigm shift that calls for transition from knowledge creation to plan implementation. Strategic Transformation of Higher Education emphasizes a collective need for reflection, a will to consistently question prevailing assumptions, and the courage to afford practical application to innovation.

The expansion of Chinese military activity and capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region has led the United States to undertake its own increase in activity in the region over the past decade. As the United States expands its military activities to safeguard its regional interests, the potential reactions of China are a crucial consideration. This report provides U.S. military planners and policymakers with guidance regarding how the characteristics of different potential U.S. military activities may affect Chinese perceptions and reactions, either in ways that the United States may prefer, such as by enhancing deterrence of People's Republic of China (PRC) aggression against U.S. allies and partners, or in ways that the United States may wish to avoid, such as by increasing the risk of aggression and escalation. The authors developed a framework for assessing likely Chinese reactions to U.S. military activities. The framework identifies the key factors that drive Chinese thinking and reactions, assesses how the characteristics of U.S. activities-their location, the U.S. allies or partners involved, their military capabilities, and the public profile or messaging that accompanies them-have the potential to affect Chinese reactions through each key factor, and provides a typology of potential Chinese reactions organized by their level of intensity. The authors also developed a comprehensive set of potential military activities that the United States could undertake in the Indo-Pacific and evaluated the implications of the framework, highlighting how the PRC would likely perceive and react to different types of activities

"Drawing on a range of theoretical and empirical perspectives, this volume examines the roles strategic communications plays in creating social media messaging campaigns designed to engage in digital activism. As social activism and engagement continues to rise, individuals have an opportunity to use their agency as creators and consumers to explore issues of identity, diversity, justice, and action through digital activism. This edited volume situates activism and social justice historically and draws parallels to the work of activists in today's social movements such as modern-day feminism, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, Missing Murdered Indigenous Women, and We Are All Khaled Said. Each chapter adds an additional filter of nuance, building a complete account of mounting issues through social media movements and at the same time scaffolding the complicated nature of digital collective action. The book will be a useful supplement to courses in public relations, journalism, social media, sociology, political science, diversity, digital activism, and mass communication at both the undergraduate and graduate level"--

Strategising Institutional Arrangement in Japan's FOIP: Quad, ASEAN, and Tactical Hedging / Kei Koga -- The Indo-Pacific Power: The United States, the Quad, and the Making of a Megaregion / Peter Harris -- Australia and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific: A Strategy for the Defence of a 'Rules-Based Order' / Lavina Lee -- India, the Indo-Pacific and the Quad / G.V.C Naidu -- Quad's Roadmap: Anchoring Strategic Solutions in Post-Pandemic World / Titli Basu -- China and the US Indo-Pacific Strategy: From Donald Trump to Joe Biden / Weixing Hu -- The United States, 'Hard or the Harding Way' with China in the Indo-Pacific / Zhiqun Zhu -- An Indian Perspective of China's Activities in the Indo-Pacific / Gautam Bambawale -- ASEAN Centrality: Challenges and Opportunities / Dewi Fortuna Anwar -- Republic of Korea's Indo-Pacific Approach: Reluctance and Prospect / Sandip Mishra -- Geopolitical Aspects of the EU Approach to Indo-Pacific / Juan Luis Lopez Aranguran -- Free and Open Indo-Pacific: Converging Trends in European Union Strategy to Japan's Vision / Carmen Tirado Robles -- The Search for Opportunities: The Blue Dot Network and the Resilient Supply Chain Initiative / Anil Wadhwa -- Economic Architecture and India's Tryst / Srabani Roy Choudhury.

The book considers the main arms exporting countries, including China, Russia, and the US, as well as several European states, and the policies each employs in deciding advanced weapons sales to key regions of the world. It examines whether such sales are inherently stabilising or de-stabilising regarding regional security. Regions reviewed in detail include the Middle East and the Indo-Pacific. Combat aircraft sales are a focus for the volume given both their practical and symbolic importance. The volume focuses on the behaviour and policies of the main arms exporting nations since the end of the Cold War, shifts in their arms export policies, and the tensions that can emerge within or between countries over proposed arms sales. It also considers the impact of countries that were previously only recipients of advanced weapons moving to develop their own defence industrial base.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSACTION EDITION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION -- Elites defined -- Influential theories of elites -- Questions and pitfalls in the study of elites -- Plan of this book -- 2. STRATEGIC ELITES: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS -- Types of social core groups -- The rise of social core groups and social classes -- Two historical illustrations -- Origins of social classes -- The perpetuation of social classes -- The ruling class: Marx and Engels -- The ruling class and strategic elites -- 3. STRATEGIC ELITES: CONCOMITANT SOCIAL FORCES -- Growth of population -- Growth of the division of labor -- Growth of formal organization and its social implications -- Growth of moral diversity -- Rise of functional elites -- Elites as minorities -- 4. THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF STRATEGIC ELITES -- A junctional model of the social system -- Emergent types of elites -- External and internal elites -- Modes of organization -- Instrumental and expressive aspects of elite roles -- 5. THE EMERGENCE OF STRATEGIC ELITES: SELECTED CASES -- Elites in industrialized societies -- A note on elites in the developing countries -- Rank order among strategic elites -- 6. STRATEGIC ELITES AND THE MORAL ORDER -- The collective conscience and strategic elites -- Moral differences among strategic elites -- Cohesion among strategic elites -- 7. THE SYMBOLIC ROLE OF STRATEGIC ELITES -- Three kinds of collective symbols -- Instrumental and symbolic functions -- Symbolic reciprocity between strategic elites and their publics -- Symbols and sentiments -- 8. RECRUITMENT, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND REWARDS -- Desirable attributes -- The search for candidates -- Selecting desirable candidates -- Attracting desirable candidates -- Responsibilities and rewards -- Patterns of recruitment

China's dual circulation could be considered a form of strategic autonomy but it differs in many aspects. First and foremost, China's dual circulation has as ultimate objective China's self-reliance or, in other words, China's reduced dependence from Western imports, specially technology or any other which can create bottlenecks for the Chinese economy. While the EU's concept of strategic autonomy also pays attention to the resilience of supply chains, its ultimat objective is not self-reliance, as it focuses on co-dependence, as has been clarified by the addition «open» strategic autonomy. Finally, China's dual circulation also aims at fostering export markets beyond China's already very high share of global exports which inevitable increases the world dependence on China.

The process of decision-making in general and the process of strategic decision-making in particular worthy topics of research and study old and recent. It is also a complex and controversial subject between researchers and management. Several field studies on the role of intuition in the strategic decision-making process are still only slightly advanced and have several shortcomings in the methodological aspects, which are mainly the difficulty of measuring the intuition and the variety of methods and tools used in this regard. As for the study of the relationship between intuition and strategic decision, researchers who are interested in this, often suggest definitions of in-depth intuition. In recent years, however, a lot of research and studies have been conducted on the factors influencing the use of intuition in strategic decision-making.

Caşın, Mesut Hakkı (Dogus Author) -- Conference full title: Symposium on the Straits Used for International Navigation : 16-17 November 2002, Ataköy Marina, Istanbul, Turkey ; During the last century, Turkish Straits witnessed two world wars and, following them, the Cold War tension between the NATO and Warsaw Pacts just near the coast of the magnificent blue waters. Also, just a decade ago the terrible Soviet Black Sea Armada was the main threat 1 for NATO Alliance security strategies around these waters. But today, NATO has signed important agreements with Russia, the ex-arch-enemy of the Alliance which formulated (19+1) new security relationship and cooperation, also ongoing friendly common exercises with Black Sea riparian states naval fleets2 and Black Sea rapid deployment forces. Nowadays they are ready for humanitarian missions to protect democratic humanitarian ideas.All these tremendous peaceful steps exchange legal and security aspects of Turkish Straits in an optimistic dimension. However, up to 1,500 ships a day sail through the Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles Straits that links the Mediterranean and Black Seas off the coast of habitat of more than ten millions people in Turkey. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, an increasing energy transport has been aimed at taking the pressure off these strategic waterways that link the Caspian Sea oil and gas resources to the world market.3 Indeed, as Dana MUNRO stressed the Russians were the first to import petroleum to Germany in 1883 from rich Russian wells in Baku. According to this, German oil market demand jumped up from 300.000 tons to 755.199 tons in 1911, creating a big competition between Russia, Austria, Romania, and the USA, 4 just before the "Great Game" oil operation in the region. The existing Montreux Convention allows complete freedom of passage both day and night, regardless of the nationality of the vessels or their cargoes.