Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky can be a common causative agent of salmonellosis, usually associated with consumption of contaminated poultry. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to multiple drugs, including ciprofloxacin, is an emerging problem within this serotype. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the phylogenetic structure and AMR content of 121 S. enterica serotype Kentucky sequence type 198 isolates from five continents. Population structure was inferred using phylogenomic analysis and whole genomes were compared to investigate changes in gene content, with a focus on acquired AMR genes. Our analysis showed that multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica serotype Kentucky isolates belonged to a single lineage, which we estimate emerged circa 1989 following the acquisition of the AMR-associated Salmonella genomic island (SGI) 1 (variant SGI1-K) conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Phylo-geographical analysis indicates this clone emerged in Egypt before disseminating into Northern, Southern and Western Africa, then to the Middle East, Asia and the European Union. The MDR clone has since accumulated various substitution mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of DNA gyrase (gyrA) and DNA topoisomerase IV (parC), such that most strains carry three QRDR mutations which together confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. The majority of AMR genes in the S. enterica serotype Kentucky genomes were carried either on plasmids or SGI structures. Remarkably, each genome of the MDR clone carried a different SGI1-K derivative structure; this variation could be attributed to IS26-mediated insertions and deletions , which appear to have hampered previous attempts to trace the clone's evolution using sub-WGS resolution approaches. Several different AMR plasmids were also identified, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and/or azithromycin. These results indicate that most MDR S. enterica serotype Kentucky circulating globally result from the clonal expansion of a single lineage that acquired chromosomal AMR genes 30 years ago, and has continued to diversify and accumulate additional resistances to last-line oral antimicrobials.

[Abstract] A total of 51 sponges (Porifera) and 13 ascidians (Chordata) were collected on the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) and extracted with organic solvents. The resulting extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against four multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens: the Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the organic extracts of each marine organism were determined using a broth microdilution assay. Extracts of eight of the species, in particular the Agelas citrina and Haliclona (Rhizoniera) curacaoensis, displayed activity against some of the pathogens tested. Some of the extracts showed similar MIC values to known antibiotics such as penicillins and aminoglycosides. This study is the first to carry out antimicrobial screening of extracts of marine sponges and ascidians collected from the Yucatan Peninsula. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the active extracts from the sponges Amphimedon compressa and A. citrina displayed, as a preliminary result, that an inseparable mixture of halitoxins and amphitoxins and (-)-agelasine B, respectively, are the major compounds responsible for their corresponding antibacterial activities. This is the first report of the antimicrobial activity of halitoxins and amphitoxins against major multidrug-resistant human pathogens. The promising antibacterial activities detected in this study indicate the coast of Yucatan Peninsula as a potential source of a great variety of marine organisms worthy of further research. ; This work was supported by Grants RTI2018-093634-B-C22 (AEI/FEDER, EU) from the State Agency for Research (AEI) of Spain, co-funded by the FEDER Programme from the European Union, by projects PI15/00860 and PI18/00501 to GB and PI14/00059 and PI17/01482 to AB (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) and BLUEBIOLAB (0474_BLUEBIOLAB_1_E), Programme INTERREG V A of Spain-Portugal (POCTEP). The study was also ...

Canine otitis externa is a disease that affects the external acoustic meatus of about 20% of dogs at some point in life, without predilection for race, age, or sex. It is a multifactorial disease whose etiology involves several microorganisms, detaching Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobials are the basis for treating this illness; however, due to the increase in antimicrobial resistance, conventional drugs have become ineffective, requiring the search for alternative therapies. In this context, essential oils (EOs) have great therapeutic potential due to their broad antimicrobial action. This study aimed to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in order to measure the MIC50 and MIC90 of gentamicin and EOs of Eugenia caryophyllata, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cymbopogon citratus, and Cinnamomum cassia against 62 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the external acoustic meatus of dogs. All EOs showed antibacterial action against the studied microorganisms, and their MIC50 and MIC90 were as follows: Eugenia caryophyllata, 2.42 mg mL-1 and 7.25 mg mL-1; Thymus vulgaris, 9.51 mg mL-1 and 22.94 mg mL-1; Cymbopogon winterianus, 26.78 mg mL-1 and 157.79 mg mL-1; Cinnamomum cassia and Cymbopogon citratus, lower than 16.48 and 27.81 mg mL-1, with the same MIC for all isolates. The MIC50 and MIC90 found for gentamicin were 1μg mL-1 and 8 μg mL-1. The MIC range found to antibiotic in this assay was 0.5 μg mL-1 to 128 μg mL-1, and the isolates were classified as susceptible [48 strains (77.41%) - MIC range of 0.5-4.0 μg mL-1], intermediate [eight strains (12.90%) - (MIC = 8.0 μg mL-1], or resistant [six strains (9.68%) - MIC ≥ 16 μg mL-1]. The results, according to the in vitro assays, showed that resistance to gentamicin, one of the antimicrobials most commonly used to treat canine otitis, is present in the Staphylococcus aureus population evaluated. Additionally, the tested EOs have great potential for therapeutic use, however future studies should be carried out to evaluate their in vivo efficacy.

In recent years, there have been multiple (political, environmental, cultural) drivers of change in Irish agriculture, including the establishment of Animal Health Ireland (AHI) in 2009, to provide leadership of non-regulatory livestock health issues (diseases and conditions of livestock that are endemic in Ireland but which are not currently subject to international legislation). In this study, we describe the opinion of stakeholders (farmers, veterinary practitioners and agricultural industry professional service providers), elicited by means of a survey, on their perceptions of changes in selected non-regulatory bovine health issues over the last 10 years and priority issues relevant to non-regulatory bovine health to be tackled over the next 10 years. Results: A total of 673 individuals participated in the online questionnaire. For the majority of the non-regulatory bovine health issues, most participants felt there had been improvements over the last 10 years. However, professional service providers were generally more conservative in their response to improvements on-farm compared to farmers. Several issues, particularly BVD and udder health/milk quality, were viewed more positively by all relevant respondents. There was reasonable agreement between responses from different respondent types and sectors regarding the top three priorities relevant to non-regulatory bovine animal health for the next 10 years in Ireland, which included antimicrobial resistance (highlighting measures to reduce both on-farm usage and resistance), anthelmintic resistance, greenhouse emissions and calf welfare. Conclusions: The results are encouraging, demonstrating a perception of improvement in a number of non-regulatory bovine health issues in Ireland over the last ten years. With respect to the next 10 years, stakeholders prioritised antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance, greenhouse gas emissions and calf welfare, which aligns closely with broader societal concerns. This information is useful to AHI, particularly with ...

AbstractGrowing concerns about the global antimicrobial resistance crisis require a better understanding of how antibiotic resistance persists in soil and how antibiotic exposure impacts soil microbial communities. In agroecosystems, these responses are complex because environmental factors may influence how soil microbial communities respond to manure and antibiotic exposure. The study aimed to determine how soil type and moisture alter responses of microbial communities to additions of manure from cattle treated with antibiotics. Soil microcosms were constructed using two soil types at 15, 30, or 45% moisture. Microcosms received biweekly additions of manure from cattle given cephapirin or pirlimycin, antibiotic-free manure, or no manure. While soil type and moisture had the largest effects on microbiome structure, impacts of manure treatments on community structure and individual ARG abundances were observed across varying soil conditions. Activity was also affected, as respiration increased in the cephapirin treatment but decreased with pirlimycin. Manure from cattle antibiotics also increased NH4+ and decreased NO3− availability in some scenarios, but the effects were heavily influenced by soil type and moisture. Overall, this work demonstrates that environmental conditions can alter how manure from cattle administered antibiotics impact the soil microbiome. A nuanced approach that considers environmental variability may benefit the long-term management of antibiotic resistance in soil systems.

The pet industry is currently expanding and specializing mainly in the field of domestic felines. Problems related to antimicrobial resistance are frequent, and the use of essential oils (EOs) in animal feed has become a novel treatment strategy. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the bacteriostatic activity of Brazilian lemon balm (Lippia alba), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), and oregano (Origanum vulgare) in bacterial isolates from 12 samples of cat food sold in bulk. The EOs from fresh leaves of crops were obtained from the Medicinal Garden of Paranaense University, Umuarama, Paraná. Cat food samples were processed for identification of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The determination of the bacteriostatic activity of the EOs was performed by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at dilutions of 2.5, 1.25, and 0.62 mg/mL. The diffusion disc technique was used to evaluate the resistance profile to the main antimicrobials used in the feline clinic and to analyze the effect of the association of these antimicrobials with the EOs studied. A total of 23 isolates were obtained, of which 16 were gram-negative and seven were gram-positive. As for the oil composition for L. alba, C. citratus, and O. vulgare, 40, 24, and 44 compounds were identified, respectively, with the major ones being geranial, geranial/?-citral, and carvacrol, respectively. Regarding MIC, no differences were found for any EOs tested. The lowest MIC value was obtained for the C. citratus EO (0.83 mg/mL) for two bacteria (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium kutscheri). The means of the inhibition halos for the 10 antimicrobials tested in association or not with one of the EOs for Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Serratia rubidaea showed that, for S. rubidaea, the inhibition halo diameter (12.4 mm) was greater (p < 0.05) when amoxicillin was associated with the O. vulgare EO than the association of the same antibiotic with the C. citratus EO (11.0 mm). For K. aerogenes and P. vulgaris, there was no difference in inhibition halo diameter when EOs were included. In conclusion, L. alba, C. citratus, and O. vulgare EOs are effective in inhibiting the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and can be added to cat food to replace chemical antimicrobials.

Legislation aimed at controlling antimicrobial-resistant pathogens through the use of active surveillance cultures to screen hospitalized patients has been introduced in at least 2 US states. In response to the proposed legislation, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc., (APIC) have developed this joint position statement. Both organizations are dedicated to combating health care-associated infections with a wide array of methods, including the use of active surveillance cultures in appropriate circumstances. This position statement reviews the proposed legislation and the rationale for use of active surveillance cultures, examines the scientific evidence supporting the use of this strategy, and discusses a number of unresolved issues surrounding legislation mandating use of active surveillance cultures. The following 5 consensus points are offered. (1) Although reducing the burden of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), is of preeminent importance, the APIC and the SHEA do not support legislation to mandate use of active surveillance cultures to screen for MRSA, VRE, or other antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. (2) The SHEA and the APIC support the continued development, validation, and application of efficacious and cost-effective strategies for the prevention of infections caused by MRSA, VRE, and other antimicrobial-resistant and antimicrobial-susceptible pathogens. (3) The APIC and the SHEA welcome efforts by health care consumers, together with private, local, state, and federal policy makers, to focus attention on and formulate solutions for the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance and health care-associated infections. (4) The SHEA and the APIC support ongoing additional research to determine and optimize the appropriateness, utility, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of using active surveillance cultures to screen both lower-risk and high-risk populations. (5) The APIC and the SHEA support stronger collaboration between state and local public health authorities and institutional infection prevention and control experts. © 2007 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, and The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved.

Global health policymakers have identified Myanmar as a source of high drug resistance and informal pharmaceutical markets in need of tighter state regulation. The World Health Organization drafted a Global Action Plan on antibiotic resistance (often referred to as antimicrobial resistance) that seeks to address it. Myanmar is one of over a hundred countries that has followed the World Health Organization's prescription and drafted its own National Action Plan. Through participating in the everyday life of a family pharmacy, we observed that in practice the outcomes of global plans for AMR, such as regulating access to antibiotics, are shaped by people's limited access to affordable health care, low salaries, and the military's authoritarian role in Myanmar politics. We followed how negotiations between state officials and drug vendors evolved towards a mutual understanding (as opposed to following written rules) after a Food and Drug Administration raid, intended to enforce the regulation of the sales of illegal medicines. Rather than uncritically pushing state-centric action, those working to promote the regulation of medicines must attend more carefully to how different modes of political authority and governance, combined with histories of health provision, shape drug policy in practice. Otherwise, they risk contributing, if not intensifying, already existing health and social injustices, whilst also failing to generate their intended outcomes, such as meaningful changes to antibiotic sales and reductions in resistance.

In the production of livestock products with therapeutic and prophylactic purpose, use antimicrobial drugs. Over time, pathogenic microorganisms develop mechanisms for adaptation to the negative effects of antibiotics. This phenomenon is called the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by a microorganism. At the global level, the question arises about the addiction of pathogenic microorganisms to certain types of antibiotics. The mechanism of addiction of pathogenic microorganisms to the use of antibiotics gave a significant impetus to pharmacologists to obtain our antimicrobial drugs.Aim: to investigate the current world experience in the study of the spread of antibiotic resistance pathogenic microorganisms and the main integration and the communication principles of combating this phenomenon.Results. The paper discusses the analysis of monitoring results under the auspices of the OIE for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistivity of microorganisms in 2013-1016. A parallel between the emergence of new antibiotics on the world veterinary market and the acquisition of the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to new antimicrobial dosage forms have been made. The main causes of distribution and principles of struggle against antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms are highlighted.Attention is drawn to the fact that the increase of the industrial production of livestock products in Ukraine, the increase in the intensity of international trade in agricultural products, the large number of internally displaced persons, the migration of people, birds, and terrestrial wildlife contribute to the intensification of the issue of combating the spread of antibiotic resistant pathogenic microorganisms.It is suggested that the global problem of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms at the present stage is controlled only in two ways, namely, legislative regulation of the circulation and use of antibiotics and the collection of information on the use of antimicrobial drugs in various fields of human activity. Regarding the monitoring of the presence and migration of antibiotic resistant strains of microorganisms, this issue is dealt with in varying degrees only in developed countries. This necessitates the adoption of a national program for controlling the circulation of antibiotics and the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms.The development of a national program to combat the spread of antibiotic resistant strains of microorganisms in Ukraine should be based on the principles of WHO and OIE, but the deduction of the peculiarities of our domestic legislation, livestock production, pharmacological and laboratory facilities is of key importance. ; Під час виробництва продукції тваринництва з лікувальною і профілактичною метою використовують антимікробні препарати. З часом у патогенних мікроорганізмів розвиваються механізми адаптації до негативного впливу застосованих антибіотиків. Цей феномен називається набуттям антибіотикорезистентності мікроорганізмом. На глобальному рівні постає питання звикання патогенних мікроорганізмів до певних видів антибіотиків. Механізм звикання патогенних мікроорганізмів до використання антибіотиків дав істотний поштовх фармакологам для одержання нових антимікробних препаратів. Метою дослідження було розглянути сучасний світовий досвід у вивченні поширення антибіотикорезистентності патогенних мікроорганізмів та основні інтеграційні і комунікаційні засади боротьби з цим явищем.У роботі обговорюється аналіз результатів моніторингу під егідою МЕБ поширення антибіотикорезитентності мікроорганізмів упродовж 2013 - 1016 рр. Проведено паралель між появою на світовому ветеринарному ринку нових антибіотиків та набуттям резистентності патогенних мікроорганізмів до нових антимікробних лікарських форм. Висвітлено основні причини поширення та засади боротьби з антибіотикорезистентністю патогенних мікроорганізмів. Звернено увагу на те, що підвищення промислового виробництва продукції тваринництва в Україні, зростання інтенсивності міжнародної торгівлі продукцією АПК, велика кількість ВПО, міграція людей, птахів,наземних диких тварин сприяють загостренню питання боротьби з поширенням антибіотикорезистентних патогенних мікроорганізмів. Висловлюється думка, що глобальна проблема антибіотикорезистентності патогенних мікроорганізмів на сучасному етапі контролюється лише в два способи, а саме, то є законодавче регулювання обігу та використання антибіотиків та збір інформації про застосування антимікробних препаратів у різних сферах діяльності людини. Що стосується моніторингу наявності та міграцій антибіотикорезистентних штамів мікроорганізмів, то це питання вирішується в різній мірі лише в розвинутих державах світу. Це обумовлює необхідність прийняття національної програми контролю за обігом антибіотиків та розповсюдженням антибіотикорезистентних патогенних мікроорганізмів. Розробка національної програми боротьби з поширенням антибіотикорезистентних штамів мікроорганізмів в Україні має базуватись на засадах ВОЗ і МЕБ, проте вираховування особливостей нашого вітчизняного законодавства, тваринницького виробництва, фармакологічної та лабораторної бази має ключове значення.

The genus Enterococcus comprises a ubiquitous group of Gram-positive bacteria that can cause diverse health care-associated infections. Their genome plasticity enables easy acquisition of virulence factors as well as antibiotic resistances. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and catheter-associated UTIs are common diseases caused by enterococci. In this study, Enterococcus strains isolated from UTIs were characterized, showing that the majority were E. faecalis and contained several virulence factors associated to a better colonization of the urinary tract. Their susceptibility against the bacteriocin AS-48 and several antibiotics was tested. AS-48 is a potent circular bacteriocin that causes bacterial death by pore formation in the cell membrane. The interest of this bacteriocin is based on the potent inhibitory activity, the high stability against environmental conditions, and the low toxicity. AS-48 was active at concentrations below 10 mg/L even against antibiotic-resistant strains, whereas these strains showed resistance to, at least, seven of the 20 antibiotics tested. Moreover, the e ect of AS-48 combined with antibiotics commonly used to treat UTIs was largely synergistic (with up to 100-fold MIC reduction) and only occasionally additive. These data suggest AS-48 as a potential novel drug to deal with or prevent enterococcal infections. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness SAF2013-48971-C2-1-R ; European Union (EU) ; Research Group General (UGR) BIO160

Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky can be a common causative agent of salmonellosis, usually associated with consumption of contaminated poultry. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to multiple drugs, including ciprofloxacin, is an emerging problem within this serotype. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the phylogenetic structure and AMR content of 121 S.enterica serotype Kentucky sequence type 198 isolates from five continents. Population structure was inferred using phylogenomic analysis and whole genomes were compared to investigate changes in gene content, with a focus on acquired AMR genes. Our analysis showed that multidrug-resistant (MDR) S.enterica serotype Kentucky isolates belonged to a single lineage, which we estimate emerged circa 1989 following the acquisition of the AMR-associated Salmonella genomic island (SGI) 1 (variant SGI1-K) conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Phylogeographical analysis indicates this clone emerged in Egypt before disseminating into Northern, Southern and Western Africa, then to the Middle East, Asia and the European Union. The MDR clone has since accumulated various substitution mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of DNA gyrase (gyrA) and DNA topoisomerase IV (parC), such that most strains carry three QRDR mutations which together confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. The majority of AMR genes in the S. enterica serotype Kentucky genomes were carried either on plasmids or SGI structures. Remarkably, each genome of the MDR clone carried a different SGI1-K derivative structure; this variation could be attributed to IS26-mediated insertions and deletions, which appear to have hampered previous attempts to trace the clone's evolution using sub-WGS resolution approaches. Several different AMR plasmids were also identified, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and/or azithromycin. These results indicate that most MDR S. enterica serotype Kentucky circulating globally result from the clonal expansion of a single lineage that acquired chromosomal AMR genes 30 years ago, and has continued to diversify and accumulate additional resistances to last-line oral antimicrobials. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky can be a common causative agent of salmonellosis, usually associated with consumption of contaminated poultry. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to multiple drugs, including ciprofloxacin, is an emerging problem within this serotype. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the phylogenetic structure and AMR content of 121 S.enterica serotype Kentucky sequence type 198 isolates from five continents. Population structure was inferred using phylogenomic analysis and whole genomes were compared to investigate changes in gene content, with a focus on acquired AMR genes. Our analysis showed that multidrug-resistant (MDR) S.enterica serotype Kentucky isolates belonged to a single lineage, which we estimate emerged circa 1989 following the acquisition of the AMR-associated Salmonella genomic island (SGI) 1 (variant SGI1-K) conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Phylogeographical analysis indicates this clone emerged in Egypt before disseminating into Northern, Southern and Western Africa, then to the Middle East, Asia and the European Union. The MDR clone has since accumulated various substitution mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of DNA gyrase (gyrA) and DNA topoisomerase IV (parC), such that most strains carry three QRDR mutations which together confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. The majority of AMR genes in the S. enterica serotype Kentucky genomes were carried either on plasmids or SGI structures. Remarkably, each genome of the MDR clone carried a different SGI1-K derivative structure; this variation could be attributed to IS26-mediated insertions and deletions, which appear to have hampered previous attempts to trace the clone's evolution using sub-WGS resolution approaches. Several different AMR plasmids were also identified, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and/or azithromycin. These results indicate that most MDR S. enterica serotype Kentucky circulating globally result from the clonal expansion of a single lineage that acquired chromosomal AMR genes 30 years ago, and has continued to diversify and accumulate additional resistances to last-line oral antimicrobials. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

The procedure for manufacture, sale and rational use of antimicrobial veterinary medicinal products in veterinary medicine must comply with the national legislation, namely the Law of Ukraine "On Veterinary Medicine". Only authorized in Ukraine veterinary medicinal products have been used in veterinary medicine as required with the recommendations stated in package leaflet, labeling and summary of the product characteristic. The article describes main principles of monitoring process sales turnover of antimicrobial veterinary medicinal products during period of study 2015-2018. On the suggestion of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) at the beginning of 2016 Ukraine started collecting annual sales data (for the previous year) on antimicrobial veterinary medicinal products in food-producing and domestic animals in accordance with the Chapter 6.9. of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 2016; 2018. The main goal of this study was the implementation of OIE recommendations in monitoring process by the assessment of sales patterns of antimicrobials, their influence on prudent use, in compliance with Ukrainian National Action Plan Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance, 2019. The study was conducted during four 12-month periods (from January 1 to December 31) during 2015-2018. The data in questionnaires reports were received from marketing authorization holders and distributors and collected as suggested by OIE. The specification of the amounts of the antimicrobials annual sales during 2015-2018 according route of administration and antimicrobial classes in [kg] and [%] of active ingredient were presented. The study revealed the main high-selling classes of antimicrobials (Tetracyclines, Penicillins and Sulfonamide+Trimethoprim); the commonly used route of administration (oral ~ 90 %) and part of veterinary critically important and important antimicrobials in total sales amounts of all antimicrobial veterinary medicinal products. Macrolides occupied the main part (10,2 %) in veterinary critically important antimicrobial medicinal products; part of Aminoglycosides was ~ 4%; Fluoroquinolones – among 2,5 - 7,14 % and part of Cephalosporins was less than 1% during all years of the study. This study can be considered as the first step towards implementation a national monitoring system for rational and prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. ; Процес виробництва, продажу і раціонального використання протимікробних ветеринарних лікарських засобів у ветеринарній медицині повинен відповідати вимогам національного законодавства, зокрема Закону України «Про ветеринарну медицину». У практиці ветеринарної медицини використовуються тільки зареєстровані в Україні ветеринарні лікарські засоби, як зазначено у листівці-вкладці, етикетці, короткій характеристиці препарату. У статті описаний процес моніторингу обігу протимікробних ветеринарних лікарських засобів в Україні впродовж 2015-2018 рр. На початку 2016 року на запрошення від Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я тварин (OIE) Україна долучилась до програми моніторингу за протимікробними ветеринарними лікарськими засобами, шляхом збору даних обсягів їх продажів (за попередній рік), що використовувались для лікування продуктивних та домашніх тварин, згідно з Кодексом здоров'я наземних тварин (Розділ 6.9.), 2016; 2018. Основною метою цього дослідження було впровадження рекомендацій ОІЕ у систему моніторингу за обсягом продажів протимікробних ветеринарних лікарських засобів та оцінка його структури і впливу на обґрунтоване використання протимікробних засобів відповідно до Національного плану дій щодо боротьби із стійкістю до протимікробних препаратів, 2019. Дослідження проводилось впродовж чотирьох 12-тимісячних періодів (від 1 січня до 31 грудня) протягом 2015-2018 рр. Дані отримували шляхом письмового опитування власників реєстраційних посвідчень та дистриб'юторів і збирали за методикою, запропонованою ОІЕ. Представлена характеристика обсягів річних продажів впродовж 2015-2018 рр. за способом введення та класами протимікробних речовин у «кг» та «%» активно діючих інгредієнтів. За результатами дослідження виявлені класи протимікробних речовин, які найбільш часто продавались (тетрацикліни, пеніциліни, сульфаніламіди+триметоприм); найбільш поширеним способом введення засобів був пероральний (~ 90 %), а також встановлена частка критично важливих і важливих ветеринарних лікарських засобів. Серед критично важливих ветеринарних лікарських засобів найбільша кількість припадала на макроліди (10,26 %); частка аміноглікозидів складала ~ 4 %; фторхінолонів – в межах 2,5 – 7,14 %, а частка цефалоспоринів була меншою від 1 % впродовж усіх років дослідження. Це дослідження можна вважати першим кроком до впровадження національної системи моніторингу раціонального та обгрунтованого використання протимікробних лікарських засобів у ветеринарній медицині.

Introduction: Surveillance of antimicrobial medicines consumption is central to improving their use and reducing resistance rates. There are few published data on antibiotic consumption in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. To address this, 18 non-European Union (EU) countries and territories contribute to the WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO Europe) Antimicrobial Medicines Consumption (AMC) Network. Objectives: (i) Analyse 2015 consumption of J01 class antibacterials for systemic use from 16 AMC Network members; (ii) compare results with 2011 data and 2015 ESAC-Net estimates; (iii) assess consumption against suggested indicators; (iv) evaluate the impact of planned changes to DDDs in 2019 for some commonly used antibiotics; (v) consider the utility of quantitative metrics of consumption for policy action. Methods: Analysis methods are similar to ESAC-Net for EU countries. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and defined daily doses (DDD) methodology were used to calculate total consumption (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day [DID]), relative use measures (percentages), extent of use of WHO Watch and Reserve group antibiotics and impact of DDD changes. Findings: Total J01 consumption in 2015 ranged 8·0-41·5 DID (mean 21·2 DID), generally lower than in 2011 (6·4–42·3 DID, mean 23·6 DID). Beta-lactam penicillins, cephalosporins and quinolones represented 16·2 to 56·6%, 9·4 to 28·8%, and 7·5 to 24·6% of total J01 consumption respectively. Third-generation cephalosporins comprised up to 90% of total cephalosporin consumption in some countries. Consumption of WHO Reserve antibiotics was very low; Watch antibiotics comprised 17·3 to 49·5% of total consumption (mean 30·9%). Variability was similar to 2015 ESAC-Net data (11·7 to 38·3 DID; mean 22.6 DID). DDD changes in 2019 impact both total and relative consumption estimates: total DIDs reduced on average by 12·0% (7·3-35·5 DID), mostly due to reduced total DDDs for commonly used penicillins; impact on rankings and relative use estimates were modest. Discussion: Quantitative metrics of antibiotic consumption have value. Improvements over time reflect national activities, however, changes in total volumes may conceal shifts to less desirable choices. Relative use measures targeting antibiotics of concern may be more informative. Some, including WHO Watch and Reserve classifications, lend themselves to prescribing targets supported by guidelines and treatment protocols.

An assessment of anti-vaccine: reasons and responses / Satesh Bidaisee, Sadik Uddin, Emmanuel Keku and Joav Merrick -- Public health issues -- Depression in the skies: An occupational health issue among pilots / Satesh Bidaisee, Abishek Bala and Sadik Uddin -- An assessment of mental health among refugee communities / Lefika Bathobakae, Maxwell Poirier, Titilope Saheed, Diem Quyng Nguyen and Satesh Bidaisee -- Environmental atrazine exposure and endocrine health: implications for rural communities in Midwestern United States / Erica Ray and Kerry Mitchell -- Communicable diseases in the Windward Islands in the Caribbean: a review of health status 1990-2016 / Lindonne Glasgow, Shawn Charles, Kenisha James and Christine Richards -- Measles outbreak 2019: Re-emergence in the United States -- James Jesongsub Lee, Prakash Ramdass and Angela Gomez -- Vaccine awareness for cervical cancer / Sadik Uddin, Avi Bahadoor-Yetman and Emmanuel Keku -- Efficacy of combination antimicrobial therapy and impact on emerging antimicrobial resistance: a twenty-five year systematic review / Rhett McKnight, Vanessa Zabala and Satesh Bidaisee -- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of diabetic patients at a clinic in Grenda: implications for HBA1c levels / Alisha R. Francis, Lindonne Glasgow, Lutz N. Amechi and Emmanuel Keku, Carnival bacchanal culture and the silent HIV risk among female Caribbean professionals / Shivaughn Hem-Lee-Forsyth -- Pet ownership and stress among university students / Maya Lantz, Maia P Smith and Satesh Bidaisee -- Quantification of antimicrobial prescribing practices within Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust / Kathrine Lee-A-Ping, Jonathan Peters, Kordo Saeed, Matthew Dryden, Angela Gomez, and Prakash Ramdass -- Alcohol consumption and self-reported violence among secondary school aged children (12-16 years) in 14 Caribbean countries: a cross sectional study / Gerard St Cyr.