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Im Zuge der demokratischen Öffnung Guatemalas begann sich die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ab 1986 mit umfangreichen Ausrüstungslieferungen und Ausbildungsprogrammen an der Reform der berüchtigten Polizei Guatemalas zu beteiligen. Die Ziele dieser sogenannten Polizeihilfe, Professionalisierung und Rechtsstaatsbindung der Polizei, wurden jedoch nicht erreicht und die Kooperation nach Menschenrechtsverletzungen guatemaltekischer Sicherheitskräfte 1991 abgebrochen. Gestützt auf erstmals ausgewertetes Archivmaterial und Interviews analysiert Fabian Bennewitz die Aushandlungsprozesse, die zum Scheitern der Transferbemühungen führten. Indem die Studie den Verlauf der Transfers aus einer transnationalen und relationalen Perspektive rekonstruiert, bietet sie Einblicke in die oft schwer greifbaren Dynamiken entwicklungspolitischer Projekte. In 1986, in the course of Guatemala's democratic opening, the Federal Republic of Germany launched an extensive police assistance project to help reform the country's notorious police forces. Equipment deliveries and training programs were intended to move the Guatemalan police forces towards democratic policing principles and rule of law standards. By 1991, however, non of these goals had been achieved. After continuous human rights violations by Guatemala security forces, the cooperation was terminated. Drawing on interviews and new archival sources, Fabian Bennewitz analyzes the negotiation processes that ultimately led to the failure of the project's transfer efforts. By reconstructing the highly contingent unfolding of the cooperation from a transnational and relational perspective, the author offers insights into the often elusive dynamics of development projects

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht ausgewählte Theorien der Politikwissenschaft, Ökonomie, Soziologie und Psychologie in unterschiedlichen Anwendungsfeldern mit methodischen Instrumenten der experimentellen Spieltheorie und der empirischen Sozialforschung. Dabei ist die leitende Frage, ob die der Rational-Choice-Theorie (RCT) zugrunde liegende Annahme der Selektion der nutzenmaximalen Handlungsoption durch eine zentrale Exekutive eine ausreichend große Erklärungskraft für menschliches Entscheidungsverhalten hat. In den fünf Studien des Buches zeigt sich teils massive empirische Evidenz, die nicht im Einklang mit der RCT steht. Die Abweichungen von den durch die RCT prognostizierten Ergebnissen sind hierbei nicht zufällig, sondern systematisch. Die Befunde widersprechen den Prognosen der RCT umso mehr, je umfassender und kleingranularer Individuen im sozialen Feld betrachtet werden, je uneindeutiger und vom ökonomischen Kontext ferner eine Situation ist, je geringer die individuellen (finanziellen) Kosten sind (Low-Cost-Hypothese) und je stärker heuristische Informationsverarbeitungsprozesse beobachtbar sind. Daneben lassen sich in den Studien aber immer wieder auch eigennutzmaximierende Motive und rationales Handeln erkennen. Insbesondere im ökonomischen Kontext und auf Aggregatebene zeigt sich die große Leistungsfähigkeit der RCT und des ökonomischen Verhaltensparadigmas. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird gezeigt, dass Rahmentheorien und alternative Selektionsmechanismen diese zunächst so gegensätzlich scheinenden Befunde in einer neuen, höheren Einheit aufzuheben vermögen. In der Gesamtschau ermöglicht die methodische und theoretische Breite der Arbeit die Schlussfolgerung, die RCT als Spezialfall von Rahmentheorien zu konzeptualisieren und pragmatisch sowie anwendungsfall-spezifisch weiterhin zu nutzen. ; This book examines selected theories from political science, economics, sociology, and psychology in different fields of applications using methodological tools from experimental game theory and empirical social research. The leading research question is whether the assumption of the underlying rational choice theory (RCT), for instance the selection of the utility-maximizing option by a central executive, has sufficient explanatory power for human decision behavior. Some of the five studies in this book reveal significant empirical evidence that is inconsistent with the RCT. Here, the deviations from the results predicted by the RCT are not random but systematic. The findings contradict the predictions of RCT more significantly, the more comprehensive and detailed individuals in the social field are observed, the more ambiguous and distant the situation from the economic context is, the lower the individual (financial) costs are (low-cost hypothesis), and the more heuristic information processes are observable. Furthermore, self-interest-maximizing motives and rational action can be identified recurrently. In the economic context and at the aggregate level, the great power of RCT and the economic behavioral paradigm becomes apparent. Against this background, it is shown that framing theories and alternative selection mechanisms can resolve these initially seemingly contradictory findings in a new, higher unity. Overall, the methodological and theoretical range of this research work allows the conclusion to conceptualize RCT as a special case of framing theories and to continue to use it pragmatically as well as context-specific.

Daten generieren eine paradoxale Sichtbarkeitsordnung: Wir alle werden immer gläserner, während diejenigen, die uns überwachen, unsichtbar bleiben; gleichzeitig schafft die Quantifizierung des Sozialen neben neuen Klassifikationen, die Ungleichheiten zementieren, auch mehr Gerechtigkeit. Wie die Verwendung von Daten zu einem Wettbewerb der Individuen führt, wie sich soziale Ungleichheit verstetigt und warum wir unseren Datenvoluntarismus überdenken sollten, darüber spricht Prof. Dr. Steffen Mau.

Автором статьи предпринята попытка рассмотреть роль
религиоведения Дагестана в развитии социума через конфессиональный и
научный опыт в определении категориального отражения шестой парадигмы
глобализма. Проводимые социологические опросы показывают, что население
нуждается в научных знаниях, порой испытывает в них острую
необходимость. Это касается категории учителей школ, гимназий, лицеев.

McConaughy, David ; James Selfridge accepts David McConaughy's invitation to the officer's reunion at Gettysburg. ; Manuscript letter, 1 pp.

Beginning with the medieval period, this book collates and reviews first-hand scholarship on Muslims in the Middle East and South Asia, as noted down by eminent British travellers, sleuths and observers of lived Islam.The book foregrounds the pre-colonial and pre-Orientalist phase and locates the multi-disciplinarity of Britain's relationship with Muslims over the last millennium to demonstrate a multi-layered interface. Fully sensitive to a gender balance, the book focuses on specially selected individuals and their transformative experiences while living and working among Muslims. Examining the writings of male and female authors including Adelard, Thomas Coryate, Mary Montagu and Fanny Parkes, the book analyses their understanding of Islam. Moreover, the author explores the works of a salient number of representative colonial British women to move away from the imperious wives stereotype and shed light on gender and Islam in Near East and South Asia by illustrating the status of women, tribal hierarchies, historic and architectural sites and regional politics. Going beyond familiar views about colonialism, travel writings and memsahibs without losing sight of the complex relations between Britain and Asian Muslims, this book will be of interest to academics working on British history, Imperial history, the study of religions, Shi'i Islam, Islamic studies, Gender and the Empire and South Asian Studies

The period from 1872-1947 witnessed the rise of many movements in Bengal, where those who were considered lower castes were mobilised to protest against the inequality and injustice meted out to them in various fields, including religion, politics and education. The focus of their struggle was the social injustice within the Hindu caste hierarchy. Unlike in south and western India where caste movements were often associated with anti-Brahmanical movements, in Bengal it was upgradation of caste from Sudra to Kshatriya varna.The main focus of the study is the Kshatriyaization movement of Rajbansis, the Matua movement of Namasudras, and the colonial policy of 'Protective Discrimination' and its impact.It studies the attempt by Rajbansi community to establish themselves as Kshatriyas in the first half of the twentieth century, though the movement started in the late nineteenth century itself. It also includes their struggle against the Brahmanical dominance and the elites of their own community. Alongside the Kshatriyaization movement, a parallel movement for the social uplift started among the Namasudra community, which later spread to northern Bengal. Their struggle actually began from the time of the first Census in 1872, when the census authorities classified the Namasudras as Chandals in the census report. The Namasudra protest movement, hereafter, developed through a different channel provided by a Vaishnava religious sect named Matua, started under a Namasudra leader Harichand Thakur. This book is essential for those wishing to understand the socio-religious movement of the Namasudra and the Rajbansi communities in their historical context. Print edition not for sale in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

The thesis of this paper is that the key element in the shaping of the habitus of Americans has been their very long-term, virtually unbroken, experience of their country becoming more and more powerful vis-à-vis its neighbours. An increasing sense of their own powerfulness is related to the "individualism" that has so often been discussed as a key characteristic of the American "national character." The long-term process of habitus formation has had important consequences for the role of the USA in world affairs since the Second World War, and may continue to do so in a future marked for the first time by a long-term decline in American power.

This article summarizes the legislative process in Arkansas. It lists and provides descriptions of Arkansas's primary sources of legislation, including print and online resources. An examination of case law focuses on this question: what do Arkansas appellate courts mean when they say they consider legislative history in determining the intent of the legislature; specifically, what types of information will the courts consider? A brief discussion of several general rules of statutory construction in Arkansas precedes an examination of specific sources the courts have relied on. These sources include House and Senate Journals, act titles, preambles, emergency clauses, official commentary, executive and administrative interpretations and subsequent amendments.

Este artículo pretende explorar los avances e innovaciones de la historia de la guerra y, por extensión, de la historia militar, logrados durante el último medio siglo en España. El estudio analiza algunas de sus características más definitorias, en consonancia con el proceso de la historia general, como la extraordinaria multiplicación de los protagonistas, la ampliación del universo temático, el acceso multifactorial en el análisis de las diferentes cuestiones, las nuevas líneas de investigación y los cambios metodológicos generados en diálogo con otras disciplinas - la antropología, la lingüística, la literatura, la psicohistoria, etc.-, para terminar con la necesidad de una intensa y permanente relación de la historia militar con el lenguaje. El trabajo se apoya en fuentes bibliográficas que han marcado un hito, y argumenta y concluye exponiendo por qué la historia militar sigue siendo una disciplina floreciente, con un dinamismo propio y un desarrollo imparable. ; Aquest article pretén explorar els avenços i les innovacions de la història de la guerra i, per extensió, de la història militar, assolits durant el darrer mig segle a Espanya. L'estudi n'analitza algunes de les característiques més definitòries, d'acord amb el procés de la història general, com l'extraordinària multiplicació dels protagonistes, l'ampliació de l'univers temàtic, l'accés multifactorial a les diferents qüestions, les noves línies de recerca i els canvis metodològics generats en diàleg amb altres disciplines - l'antropologia, la lingüística, la literatura, la psicohistòria, etc.-, per finalitzar amb la necessitat d'una intensa i permanent relació de la història militar amb el llenguatge. El treball es basa en fonts bibliogràfiques, algunes de les quals han marcat una fita, i argumenta i conclou que la història militar és una disciplina florent, amb un dinamisme propi i un desenvolupament imparable. ; This article aims to explore the advances and innovations in the study of war history and, by extension, military history during the last half century in Spain. The study analyzes some of its most defining characteristics in line with the process of general history: the extraordinary increase in the number of protagonists, the expansion of issues and topics, the multifactorial access in the analysis, and the opening of new lines of research and methodological changes in dialogue with other disciplines, among them anthropology, linguistics, literature and psychohistory. The article highlights the relevance of a very strong and permanent relationship between military history and language. Based on bibliographic sources that have marked a milestone, the work argues and concludes that military history is a flourishing discipline with its own dynamism that is developing at an unstoppable pace.

Most current historical writing is found to be directed toward other historians or specialists rather than the general reading public. This survey of modern historical works begins with a summary of the theses of Georg Iggers; it then goes on to discuss Stuart Hughes, HISTORY AS ART AND AS SCIENCE (New York, NY: Harper & Row Torchbooks, 1967); Walter Laqueur & George L. Mosse, Ed's, THE NEW HIS- TORY (New York, NY: Harper & Row Torchbooks, 1967); & Geoffrey Barraclough, HISTORY IN A CHANGING WORLD (Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1967). These Vol's have come to the defense of contemporary history. The geographical expansion of historical investigation has demoted European history, as indicated by the total output of historians. In the past 5 yrs, fewer Vol's have been published about colonial empires & Western European imperialism, & more on Africa & Asia. There is a trend toward an interdisciplinary exchange of ideas, esp between historians & sociol'ts. The French are ahead in this type of res. Sociol'al res has been a factor in the recent interest in Ur history & in the type of Ur history now being promoted. Other major trends are: demography, Bibliog, the use of computers in both, & historical studies of ideas & culture. The publication of Vol's on the history of ideas & on the individual contributors of the ideas has mushroomed. Detailed discussion of recent historical res in the following countries follows: France; Germany; Spain; Italy; Austria & Hungary; Sweden & the Netherlands; Belgium & Switzerland; Ireland & Scotland. England & France have now periodicals intended for the average reader in which well-known historians publish articles on their special fields: History Today in England, & Historia & Mirroir d'Histoire in France. Historians have often been criticized for lack of good literary style. The Vol's published on modern European history in the last 5 yrs have shown no improvement. Recent conferences on special topics, & Festschrifts & biographies of historians are mentioned. Progress in the history of sci & work of specific periods & topics (the Reformation, nat'lism, etc) is summed up. M. Maxfield.

This volume examines intelligence services since 1945 in their role as knowledge producers. Intelligence agencies are producers and providers of arcane information. However, little is known about the social, cultural and material dimensions of their knowledge production, processing and distribution. This volume starts from the assumption that during the Cold War, these core activities of information services underwent decisive changes, of which scientization and computerisation are essential. With a focus on the emerging alliances between intelligence agencies, science and (computer) technology, the chapters empirically explore these transformations and are characterised by innovative combinations of intelligence history with theoretical considerations from the history of science and technology and the history of knowledge. At the same time, the book challenges the bipolarity of Cold War history in general and of intelligence history in particular in favour of comparative and transnational perspectives. The focus is not only the Soviet Union and the United States, but also Poland, Turkey, the two German states and Brazil. This approach reveals surprising commonalities across systems: time and again, the expansion and use of intelligence knowledge came up against the limits that resulted from intelligence culture itself. The book enriches our global understanding of knowledge of the state and contributes to a historical framework for the past decade of debates about the societal consequences of intelligence data processing.

"This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others' behavior towards such slaves. The story begins in the New Testament era, when the earliest Christian norms were established and continues through the Late Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the Carolingian empire, to the thirteenth-century establishment of a body of ecclesiastical regulations (canon law) that would persist into the twentieth century. Along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. The book stops in the thirteenth century, which was a time of great changes, not only in the history of the legal profession, but also in the history of slavery as Europeans began to reach out into the Atlantic. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided and there is a short Latin lexicon"--

This book is a comprehensive account of how the Jews became a diaspora people. The term 'diaspora' was first applied exclusively to the early history of the Jews as they began settling in scattered colonies outside of Israel-Judea during the time of the Babylonian exile; it has come to express the characteristic uniqueness of the Jewish historical experience. Zeitlin retraces the history of the Jewish diaspora from the ancient world to the present, beginning with expulsion from their ancestral homeland and concluding with the Holocaust and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.In mapping this process, Zeitlin argues that the Jews' religious self-understanding was crucial in enabling them to cope with the serious and recurring challenges they have had to face throughout their history. He analyses the varied reactions the Jews encountered from their so-called 'host peoples', paying special attention to the attitudes of famous thinkers such as Luther, Hegel, Nietzsche, Wagner, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, the Left Hegelians, Marx and others, who didn't shy away from making explicit their opinions of the Jews.This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Jewish studies, diaspora studies, history and religion, as well as to general readers keen to learn more about the history of the Jewish experience.