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Trust Management is one of the most challenging issues in the emerging Web Engineering and InternetTechnologies. Over the past few years, many studies have been proposed different techniques to address trustmanagement issues. However, despite these past efforts, several trust management issues such as privacy, security,accessibility, integrity and scalability have been mostly ignored and need to be proposed in Web Engineeringtechnologies. Web services provide many opportunities for enterprises to built trustworthiness. In India the growingeconomic infrastructure with lightening speeds towards the adoption and successful implementation of e-governance.Establishing trust in e-governance services is quite important as now government has many services for commonman at their door step and more services are in future. But the common man has to know about it and have usedfrequently for their daily requirements. This paper is emphasized to trust on the web services and what steps shouldbe adopted for better service.

Much recent work in ecological economics and political ecology, including calls for "de-growth" in the transition towards more sustainable economies, focuses on commons as a promising paradigm for sustainable governance institutions. The vision involves people who depend on or have an interest in a resource or asset, working together co-operatively to use that asset for production, service provision, and exchange which creates value and well-being while integrating ecological care, justice, and long-term planning to the best of diverse communities' abilities. This includes institutions such as co-ops, land trusts, and non-market or beyond-market collective ways of organizing production, distribution, consumption, and waste or materials management.Developing such collective institutions requires nurturing the skills and abilities needed to create and maintain them: empathy, communication and listening skills, a sense of shared purpose, creativity, dispute resolution across differences, long-term vision, environmental awareness and stewardship, among others. Transformative education praxis and transdisciplinarity facilitate the growth of these skills and abilities in children and adults, as Paulo Freire and other transformative learning practitioners have shown (Gadotti 2009; O'Sullivan 1999;Gutierrez & Prado 1998). Transformative pedagogy, including both eco-pedagogy and transdisciplinarity, is foundational as human society evolves institutions for sustainability such as commons. ; This research was supported by the International Development Research Centre, grant number IDRC GRANT NO. 106002-001

When entering the market, orphan drugs are associated with substantial prices and a high degree of uncertainty regarding safety and effectiveness. This makes decision making about the reimbursement of these drugs a complex exercise. To advance on this, the Dutch government introduced a conditional reimbursement trajectory that requires a re-evaluation after four years. This article focuses on the origins, governance and outcomes of such a conditional reimbursement trajectory for orphan drugs. We find that the conditional reimbursement scheme is the result of years of discussion and returning public pressure about unequal access to expensive drugs. During the implementation of the scheme the actors involved went through a learning process about the regulation. Our analysis shows that previous collaborations or already existing organisational structures led to faster production of the required data on cost-effectiveness. However, cost-effectiveness evidence resulting from additional research seems to weigh less than political, judicial and ethical considerations in decision making on reimbursement of orphan drugs in the Netherlands.

Value chains of Cameroonian non-timber forest products move through harvesters, processors and traders, to consumers locally and worldwide. This paper characterises six governance arrangements governing eight such chains: statutory and customary regulations, voluntary market-based systems, international conventions, project-based systems and corruption. Governance is messy with overlapping, multiple layers of institutions and actors. There are voids where no institutions govern access to resources and markets; some actors fulfil roles normally the reserve of the state. In some chains the state performs its duties, in others not, and other institutions fill the gaps. To negotiate this complexity, many actors have become adept 'bricoleurs'. They make the best of the arrangements in which they find themselves, and creatively use capitals available, building on natural capital to construct new governance arrangements and/or remould existing ones to meet their current objectives, circumstances and livelihoods. This 'fine mess' makes examining the impacts on the livelihoods of participants and their sustainability challenging. A measure of governance intensity and extensive fieldwork was thus used. It indicates strong trade-offs between natural, social and economic capital, creating winners and losers. Trade-offs between livelihoods and sustainability are most acute either when there are no governance arrangements; when arrangements do not take account of the susceptibility of a species to harvesting; or when they do not balance supply and demand. Policy challenges and opportunities include recognising and dealing with pluralism; reconciling conflicting rules; hearing the voices of silent actors; learning from failures and raising chain visibility by recognising natural and socio-economic values.

It has taken almost 15 years for an Australian government to again proceed with major financial reform. Earlier this year, the then minister for finance when introducing new legislation implementing the reforms under one Act (the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013) noted that the system was 'not broken' but that it 'creaks at times'. That Act represents about one half of the proposed reforms but is central to their success. One of the more interesting aspects of the reforms is that they were developed in an open process with the involvement of both public and private sector advisers over a three-year period and oversight by the Department of Finance, similar to the approach taken with the ground-breaking public service reforms in Australia in the 1990s. The focus is largely on financial reform as part of good governance, stressing performance and accountability, but also giving prominence to risk management and the associated notion of 'earned autonomy' and less 'red tape'. In addition, attention is given to the need to establish a governance framework that recognizes the increasing co-operation and collaboration across agencies and entities, across governments at all levels and across sectors of the economy. We continue to learn from research in both the UK and Canada in particular, recognizing both the similarities and differences between the public and private sectors.

It has taken almost 15 years for an Australian government to again proceed with major financial reform. Earlier this year, the then minister for finance when introducing new legislation implementing the reforms under one Act (the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013) noted that the system was 'not broken' but that it 'creaks at times'. That Act represents about one half of the proposed reforms but is central to their success. One of the more interesting aspects of the reforms is that they were developed in an open process with the involvement of both public and private sector advisers over a three-year period and oversight by the Department of Finance, similar to the approach taken with the ground-breaking public service reforms in Australia in the 1990s. The focus is largely on financial reform as part of good governance, stressing performance and accountability, but also giving prominence to risk management and the associated notion of 'earned autonomy' and less 'red tape'. In addition, attention is given to the need to establish a governance framework that recognizes the increasing co-operation and collaboration across agencies and entities, across governments at all levels and across sectors of the economy. We continue to learn from research in both the UK and Canada in particular, recognizing both the similarities and differences between the public and private sectors.

Interventions to 'improve' the human condition through democratic and capitalist ideals increasingly draw on capital and markets to influence governance in line with Western mandates of state building. As a major recent example, Reducing Emissions fro

30 pages ; Drawing on original research produced in the framework of the FP7 research project "Chance2Sustain" (www.chance2sustain.eu), this Working Paper provides an overview of key water and climate change issues in Chennai, India and analyses on-going challenges for directing governance towards sustainability principles. These issues take on special significance in Chennai, which has the lowest per capita availability of water among India's large cities and where the city's geographical location and groundwater depletion have made it susceptible to flooding and seawater infiltration, respectively. To examine these issues, attention is given to the fragmented institutional arrangements in place for governing water, as well as to the norms that underpin the dominant technoscientific discourse in terms of solutions (e.g., desalination plants, interstate pipelines), which tend to marginalize alternative voices. In order to zoom in on the key water issues, including climate-related water vulnerabilities, research focused in particular on one area, the "IT Corridor" in the city's southern periphery, a mega project built to enhance economic growth by attracting new investments in the IT industry. The state government's special policy for this zone, i.e., 24/7 water supply and efficient sewerage infrastructures, aims to reassure potential investors but meanwhile threatens to deepen already existing social and spatial inequalities in access to basic services. Moreover, the IT Corridor mega project increases risks for the fragile coastal ecosystem, including the Pallikaranai Marshland, which is already under threat from encroachments, garbage disposal and the dumping of untreated sewerage. The research indicates a crucial lack of awareness about the risks related to climate change among decision-makers, planners and residents. It concludes that the fragmented governance structure and lack of integrated analyses of hazards and socioeconomic vulnerabilities are the primary causes of water-related deficiencies in Chennai.

The structures for managing the policing of Australia's maritime zones have been changed frequently since the 1970s in response to political crises. All responses avoided creation of a dedicated agency to undertake the task but none of the cooperative arrangements that emerged have been sufficiently robust to respond satisfactorily to the next crisis. The current arrangements under the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service have not prevented instances of poor performance, lax financial management and unclear responsibility. This article argues that these are inherent structural weaknesses of the current approach to maritime security and that it is time to establish a dedicated agency to perform the task.

Value chains of Cameroonian non-timber forest products move through harvesters, processors and traders, to consumers locally and worldwide. This paper characterises six governance arrangements governing eight such chains: statutory and customary regulations, voluntary market-based systems, international conventions, project-based systems and corruption. Governance is messy with overlapping, multiple layers of institutions and actors. There are voids where no institutions govern access to resources and markets; some actors fulfil roles normally the reserve of the state. In some chains the state performs its duties, in others not, and other institutions fill the gaps. To negotiate this complexity, many actors have become adept 'bricoleurs'. They make the best of the arrangements in which they find themselves, and creatively use capitals available, building on natural capital to construct new governance arrangements and/or remould existing ones to meet their current objectives, circumstances and livelihoods. This 'fine mess' makes examining the impacts on the livelihoods of participants and their sustainability challenging. A measure of governance intensity and extensive fieldwork was thus used. It indicates strong trade-offs between natural, social and economic capital, creating winners and losers. Trade-offs between livelihoods and sustainability are most acute either when there are no governance arrangements; when arrangements do not take account of the susceptibility of a species to harvesting; or when they do not balance supply and demand. Policy challenges and opportunities include recognising and dealing with pluralism; reconciling conflicting rules; hearing the voices of silent actors; learning from failures and raising chain visibility by recognising natural and socio-economic values.

In this policy perspective, we outline several conditions to support effective science–policy interaction, with a particular emphasis on improving water governance in transboundary basins. Key conditions include (1) recognizing that science is a crucial but bounded input into water resource decision-making processes; (2) establishing conditions for collaboration and shared commitment among actors; (3) understanding that social or group-learning processes linked to science–policy interaction are enhanced through greater collaboration; (4) accepting that the collaborative production of knowledge about hydrological issues and associated socioeconomic change and institutional responses is essential to build legitimate decision-making processes; and (5) engaging boundary organizations and informal networks of scientists, policy makers, and civil society. We elaborate on these conditions with a diverse set of international examples drawn from a synthesis of our collective experiences in assessing the opportunities and constraints (including the role of power relations) related to governance for water in transboundary settings.