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This paper analyzes the determinants of local institutions and distribution of political power within a constant 'macro-institutional' setting. We show that characteristics of Brazilian municipalities related to institutional quality and distribution of political power are partly inherited from the colonial histories experienced by different areas of the country. Municipalities with origins tracing back to the sugar-cane colonial cycle characterized by a polarized and oligarchic socioeconomic structure display today more inequality in the distribution of endowments (land). Municipalities with origins tracing back to the gold colonial cycle characterized by a heavily inefficient presence of the Portuguese state display today worse governance practices and less access to justice. The colonial rent-seeking episodes are also correlated with lower provision of public goods and lower income per capita.

SDG goals of ending poverty and achieving Zero Hunger must address the nexus of a transformational shift in the Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) Agenda, integrating more sustainable food systems, territorial development, sustainable infrastructure, fiscal and economic elements to robust social protection schemes. By considering Family Farming government expenditure budget, the slowing and stalled economic growth, and political and fiscal policy developments. We discuss Brazil's high-level government budgetary interventions, the governance and institutional contexts affecting food security as indicators of how aggressive budgetary and institutional measures have negatively impacted the nation's social protection policy environment, resilience, and sustainable development perspectives. ; Los ODS de reducir la pobreza y lograr el Hambre Cero deben abordar un cambio transformador en la Agenda de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN), integrando sistemas alimentarios más sostenibles, elementos fiscales y económicos a esquemas sólidos de protección social. Al considerar el presupuesto de gastos del gobierno de la Agricultura Familiar, la desaceleración y el estancamiento del crecimiento económico y la política fiscal en Brasil. Discutimos intervenciones y contextos institucionales y presupuestarios agresivos que han impactado negativamente el entorno de las políticas de protección social y desarrollo sostenible afectando la resiliencia y las perspectivas de la seguridad alimentaria.

Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Rethinking Environmental Governance: Exploring the Sustainability Potential in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives of the Study -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Major Initiatives to Govern Environment in India -- 4.1 Indian Forest Act, 1878, and Forest Conservation Act, 1980 -- 4.2 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 -- 4.3 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 -- 4.4 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 -- 4.5 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 -- 4.6 Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 -- 4.7 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 -- 4.8 Biological Diversity Act, 2002 -- 4.9 National Environmental Policy, 2006 -- 4.10 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 -- 5 Attributes of Good Environmental Governance -- 6 Dimensions of Environmental Governance -- 7 In Search for Proper Plan of Action -- 8 In Conclusion: The Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 2: The Role of Local Governments in Encouraging Participation in Reforestation Activities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Conditions of the Forest Areas Around the World -- 3 SDG 2030, Climate Change, and Forest Fires -- 4 Local Government Role in Forest Areas and Reforestation -- 5 Public Participation in Protecting Forests and Being a Part in Reforestation Activities -- 6 Examples of Reforestation Activities with the Contributions of Local Governments and Public -- 6.1 China Reforestation Activities -- 6.2 The Great Green Wall of Africa -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Accessing Regional Liveability by Indicators: A Case Study of Mumbai Metropolitan Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Context -- 3 Discourses on Liveability -- 4 Methodology on Liveability and Sustainability -- 5 Observations from the Study Region -- 5.1 Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

Intro -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction-Exploring Urban 'Southernness': Praxes and Theory(s) -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Southern Turn: New Geographies of Theory -- 1.3 The Simultaneously Homogeneous and Heterogenous Southern City -- 1.3.1 The Homogeneous South: Emerging Planning Territories -- 1.3.2 The Heterogeneous South: Conflicting Rationalities -- 1.4 Discussion -- 1.4.1 The Homogeneous South -- 1.4.2 The Heterogeneous South -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part I The Homogeneous South: Emerging Planning Territories -- 2 The Production of Suburban Space Through Metropolitan Governance in a Global South City Region -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Research Methods -- 2.3 Metropolitan Governance-Suburban Space in Kolkata -- 2.4 From Rural Periphery to Suburban Town: The Case of Pujali -- 2.5 Municipal Re-Delineation-Merged Towns: The Case of Bally -- 2.6 Suburban Space-Metropolitan Governance and the Regional State -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Planning for the Urban Mosaic of a Megacity: The Case of Urban Villages in Delhi -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Villages and Planning in Asian Cities -- 3.3 Delhi: Framing the Village in the City and Its Planning -- 3.3.1 The Planning of the Colonial Capital -- 3.3.2 The Post-Independence Population Rush -- 3.3.3 Master Planning -- 3.4 Selectively Undoing Unplanned -- 3.4.1 Managing the Everyday City -- 3.4.2 The Urbanisation of Villages -- 3.4.3 The Provision of Services -- 3.4.4 Building Construction -- 3.5 The Thriving Urban Village -- 3.6 Conclusion -- 3.6.1 Back to City Planning and the Urban Village -- 3.6.2 About Modernity and Temporality -- 3.6.3 It's About Language -- References -- 4 Reimagining Urban Development in a Tribal Region: Readings on a Fifth Schedule Area of India.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword / Alan F.J. Artibise -- Preface / Konrad & -- Correa-Cabrera -- Introduction. The International Boundary Perimeter of the United States of America: Two Borders and Many Borderlands / Correa-Cabrera & -- Konrad -- North American Borders in Maps -- PART I. REPLACING BORDERS BETWEEN MEXICO, THE UNITED STATES, AND CANADA -- 1. Actors, Strategic Fields, and Game Rules: Examining Governance at the U.S.-Mexico Border in the Twenty-First Century / Tony Payan -- 2. Reimagining the Border Between Canada and the United States / Victor Konrad -- 3. Twenty-First-Century North American Borders: More Fixed, Fuzzy, Flexible, Fluid, or Free? Sovereignty Lesson from Around the Globe / Rick van Schoik -- PART II. SPACES, DIVISIONS, AND CONNECTIVITY IN NORTH AMERICAN BORDERLANDS -- 4. Transborder Spaces and Regional Identity in North America / Francisco Lara-Valencia -- 5. Territorial Divisive and Connective Spaces: Shifting Meanings of Borders in the North American Borderlands / Donald K. Alper -- 6. Lines and Flows 2: The Beginning and End of Borders in North America / Alan D. Bersin -- PART III. BORDER GOVERNANCE IN NORTH AMERICA -- 7. Borders in Globalization: The Twenty-First-Century Globalization and Border Governance / Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly -- 8. Border Narratives in a Neoliberal Era: The Central U.S.-Mexico Borderlands / Kathleen Staudt -- 9. Empowering Borderlands: Lessons from Cascadia and the Pacific Northwest / Bruce Agnew -- PART IV. INTEGRATION AND BORDER POLICY DIRECTIONS IN NORTH AMERICA -- 10. North American Energy Ties Across Unequal Borders: Canada-U.S.-Mexico Energy Integration in Times of Border Disruption / Correa-Cabrera & -- Keck -- 11. Maturing Cross-Border Cooperation for Economic Development / Christopher Wilson.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- A NEW OPPORTUNITY TO REIGNITE GROWTH -- RECENT MACRO-FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS -- BASELINE SCENARIO: OUTLOOK ON CURRENT POLICIES -- RISK ASSESSMENT -- REFORM SCENARIO: COMPLETING UNFINISHED TASKS -- ADVANCING THE STRUCTURAL REFORM AGENDA -- A. Improving Governance and Fighting Corruption -- B. Advancing Product Market Reforms -- C. Increasing Labor Market Flexibility and Improving the Quality of Basic Education -- D. Leveraging Digitalization -- STABILIZING DEBT AT COMFORTABLE LEVELS -- ANCHORING INFLATION EXPECTATIONS AT LOWER LEVELS -- SAFEGUARDING FINANCIAL STABILITY AND DEEPENING INCLUSION -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Impact of Key Political Events and Policy Decisions on Markets -- 2. Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy and Low Inflation -- 3. Recent Actions Taken by the Government to Fight Corruption and Improve Governance -- 4. Improving Efficiency and Reducing Fiscal Costs of SOEs -- 5. Land Reform Considerations -- 6. Addressing the Challenges of Low Education Quality -- FIGURES -- 1. Economic and Social Context -- 2. Real Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary, Banking, and Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Financial Market Developments -- 6. Regional Spillovers from South Africa -- 7. Buffers -- 8. Vulnerabilities -- 9. Constraints to Growth -- 10. Restarting Growth -- 11. Readiness for Digitalization -- 12. Stabilizing Debt -- 13. Anchoring Inflation Expectations and Financial Stability -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2013-19 -- 2. Consolidated Government Operations, 2012/13-2020/21 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2013-23 -- 4. Financial Corporations, 2013-23 -- 5. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2012-17 -- 6. Medium Term Macroeconomic Framework, 2013-23 -- 7. Indicators of External Vulnerability, 2012-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performance

Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Geopolitics of the Polar Region -- 1 The Arctic Cooperation, a Model for the Himalayas-Third Pole? -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Arctic and Its Challenges -- 3 Lessons from the Arctic Cooperation -- 4 The Himalayas-The Third Pole -- 5 Regional Cooperation in the Himalayas -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 The Hollowing of Antarctic Governance -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 'Hollowing Out' as a Concept -- 3 Contemporary Hollowing of the Antarctic Treaty System -- 3.1 Regulatory Gaps -- 3.2 Antarctic Continental Shelf -- 3.3 Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting -- 4 Drivers of the Hollowing of Antarctic Governance -- 5 The Future -- References -- 3 State Practices on Antarctica and International Law: Attempt at Identification of India's Interests, Needs and Future Position -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bio-prospecting -- 3 Territorial Claims and Issues of Jurisdiction -- 4 Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing (Iuu) Fishing -- 5 Environment and Climate Change -- 6 Oil and Mining -- 7 Mineral Exploration, Exploitation and Disguised Scientific Activity -- 8 Governance -- 9 UNCLOS, Continental Shelf and Antarctica -- 10 Tourism -- 11 Strategic Interests -- 12 Principle of Common Heritage of Mankind -- 13 Liability Regime -- 14 Dispute Settlement -- 15 State Practice in General-Concluding Remarks -- 16 Analysis of Evolving Position of India-Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Arctic: A Paradox and Antithesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science of Climate Change -- 3 Arctic Attention -- 4 Arctic Message -- 5 Arctic: New Ways of Thinking -- 5.1 Multi-lateral Development Bank -- 5.2 Developing Sustainable Development Goals in the Arctic -- 5.3 Arctic and Asia: A Scientific Enterprise -- 6 Conclusion -- References

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on the Contributors -- About the Editors -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Analysing Capitalisms as Institutional Systems: Our Approach -- 1: Analysing the Capitalisms of Developing Countries: What's the Point? -- 1.1 The Rise of New Capitalisms -- 1.2 Varieties of Mature Capitalisms: Working Out the Elements of a System-based Method -- 1.3 Analysing Developing Countries' Capitalist Systems through the Lens of Institutional Clusters -- 1.4 From Institutional Clusters to the 2+4 Models of Capitalism -- 1.5 What Is So Special about (Analysing) Developing Countries' Capitalisms and How We Deal with That? -- 1.6 What This Book Is and What It Is Not -- References -- 2: Existing Typologies of Developing Countries' Institutional Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Varieties of Political Economies -- 2.3 Regional Varieties of Deviant Capitalisms -- 2.4 Institutional Clusters and Statistical Analyses of Economic Systems -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Systems, Institutional Complementarities and Politics: Various Methodological Considerations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Capitalisms as Institutional Systems: Theoretical Considerations -- 3.3 The Seven Sectors of Institutional Systems -- 3.4 Adapting Institutional Complementarity to Developing Countries: De jure and De facto Complementarity -- 3.5 The Original Two-Tier Methodological Approach -- 3.6 Politics -- Technical Appendix -- References -- Part II: The Seven Sectors of Institutional Governance -- 4: Labour and Production Relations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Economic Systems and Labour Issues: A Review -- 4.3 Measuring Labour Institutions -- 4.4 Models of Labour and Production Relation Governance -- 4.4.1 The Main Patterns of Labour Governance Differentiation.

Intro -- AL QAEDA IN IRAQ -- AL QAEDA IN IRAQ -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AL QAEDA IN IRAQ: ASSESSMENT AND OUTSIDE LINKS* -- ABSTRACT -- BACKGROUND ON SADDAM - AL QAEDA LINKS -- Major Themes in the Administration Argument -- Links in Sudan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan -- Ansar Al-Islam Presence in Northern Iraq -- The September 11, 2001, Plot -- AL QAEDA AND THE IRAQ INSURGENCY -- AQ-I Strategy and Role in the Insurgency -- AQ-I Strategy -- 2007 Iraqi Sunni "Awakening" Movement/ U.S. Operations and "Troop Surge" -- The "Awakening" Movement Against AQ-I -- Current Status of AQ-I -- Estimated Numbers of Foreign Fighters -- Linkages to Al Qaeda Central Leadership -- REFERENCS -- Chapter 2 IRAQ: POST-SADDAM GOVERNANCE AND SECURITY* -- ABSTRACT -- POLICY IN THE 1990S EMPHASIZED CONTAINMENT -- The Clinton Administration, the Iraq Liberation Act, and Major Anti-Saddam Factions -- POST-SEPTEMBER 11, 2001: REGIME CHANGE AND WAR -- Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) -- Congressional and Security Council Action -- POST-SADDAM TRANSITION AND GOVERNANCE -- Transition Process -- Occupation Period/Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) -- Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) -- Sovereignty Handover/Interim (Allawi) Government -- U.N. Involvement/Coalition Military Mandate/Status of U.S. Forces (SOFA)/Permanent Basing -- Current Status of U.S.-Iraq Strategic and SOFA Negotiations -- U.N. Involvement in Governance Issues -- Elections in 2005[27] -- Political Reconciliation, Provincial Elections, and Other "Benchmarks" -- Iraqi Pledges and Status of Accomplishment -- Regional and International Diplomatic Efforts to Promote Iraq Stability -- Human Rights and Rule of Law -- Economic Reconstruction and U.S. Assistance -- Oil Revenues -- Lifting U.S. Sanctions -- Debt Relief/WTO Membership/IMF -- SECURITY CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES.

Abstract
This article examines the new relational accountabilities of Chief Constables, Police, and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) and Police and Crime Panels (PCPs) in England and Wales. Referring to a number of recent reports and reviews, the discussion initially focuses on the effectiveness of these relationships and, in particular, the inefficiency of PCPs. Using new empirical data obtained through interviews with senior stakeholders in policing at regional and national levels, and relevant persons in Government, this research shows PCPs are impotent and ineffective. This article develops current understanding, showing that PCPs may cause a new unforeseen consequence. Namely, the exercise of accountability and the governance of policing may be unusually reactive to the 'one-to-one' accountability relationship between PCCs and Chief Constables. This research is all the more important in light of Her Majesty's Inspector of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services finding in 2022 that there is an 'atmosphere of mistrust and fear' between PCCs and Chief Constables and The Police Foundation reporting 'a crisis of confidence', recommending 'root and branch reform' (Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services 2022). Such recommendations are made to strengthen the exercise of accountability and the governance of policing. Specifically, the Home Secretary is encouraged to review the Policing Protocol Order (2011) and issue a Memorandum of Understanding to ensure 'effective, constructive working relationships' are not just a quixotic pursuit but a practical reality that safeguards the governance of policing.

The current study investigates the relationship between institutional quality and economic growth, focusing on South‐Asian countries entailing Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, from 2002 to 2018. The data are analysed using the dynamic heterogeneous panel (panel autoregressive distributed lag [ARDL] model) approach, specifically the dynamic fixed effect (DFE), mean group (MG), and pooled mean group (PMG). Based on the findings, the three governance indicators, namely corruption control, accountability, and the rule of law, positively and significantly affect economic growth. All the nations have consistent long‐run estimates but varied short‐run estimates and adjustment speed for the long‐term equilibrium. This is due to governance volatility that is evident in all the nations. This article offers both practical and theoretical contributions. This article contributes to the institutional quality and economic growth literature from a theoretical perspective from the South‐Asian perspective. From a practical perspective, the study findings are significant for policymakers, particularly those from the countries that demonstrate major fiscal and external imbalance due to war and terrorism, low oil prices and weak trade. Hence, there is a pressing need to address economic growth issues instigated by the policymakers' negligence to ensure appropriate governance and macroeconomic management. Regulators can improve economic growth through national and regional image building by developing a stable economic and political landscape and maintaining macroeconomic stability by improving the institutional quality indicators. There is evidence that institutional quality improvement leads to better economic growth.

Traditional villages are original autonomous villages that control the self-government whells within the palemahan (territories) that are still alive. Their position is recognized in the government system of the Unitary State of Indonesian Republic. The Covid-19 pandemic that is currently happening is causing an economic slowdown and a decline in public health. The Regional Government of Bali Province issued a policy in Bali Governor Regulation Number 15 of 2020 regarding the Policy for the Acceleration of Handling Covid-19 in the Province of Bali by reallocating a Traditional Village Fund of Rp. 300,000,000.00 for the response to Covid-19 by involving the soldiers and manners of the Traditional Village. The effectiveness of the management of the Traditional Village Fund is based on local wisdom, where the principles of Tri Hita Karana (Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan) as a philosophical foundation that are held in carrying out every activity, program, and policy are the focus of this research. The implementation of Tri Hita Karana provides a new color in financial management in Indonesia. Technical implementation, reporting, prosecution of alleged fraud, and accountability in a consultative manner and rich in local wisdom values upheld by Bendesa, Prajuru Desa Adat, and Krama Desa positively impact influencing the mindset and behavior of the community in complying with existing regulations or policies set. However, it cannot be denied that there are still contradictions between the governance of traditional villages in Bali and the ideal sound governance principles in implementing village governance, especially in terms of transparency and accountability.

Objectives: This paper presents an overview and comparative analysis of the epidemiological situation and the policy responses in France, Belgium, and Canada during the early stages of the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic (Feb.-Aug. 2020). These three countries are compared because they represent a spectrum of different governance structures while also being OECD nations that are similar in many other respects. Methods: A rapid review of primary data from the three countries was conducted. Data was collected from official government documents whenever possible, supplemented by information from international databases and local media reports. The data was then analysed to identify common patterns as well as significant divergences across the three countries, especially in the areas of health policy and technology use. Results: France, Belgium and Canada faced differing epidemiological situations during the Covid-19 pandemic, and the wide variety of policy actions taken appears to be linked to existing governance and healthcare structures. The varying degrees of federalism and regional autonomy across the three countries highlight the different constraints faced by national policy-makers within different governance models. Conclusions: The actions taken by all three countries appear to have been largely dictated by existing health system capacity, with increasing federalism associated with more fragmented strategies and less coordination across jurisdictions. However, the implications of certain policies related to economic resilience and health system capacity cannot yet be fully evaluated and may even prove to have net negative impacts into the future.

Diese Veröffentlichung stellt eine von sechs Analysen sektorenübergreifender Herausforderungen für Wasser-Governance dar, die als Teil des STEER-Forschungsprojekts durchgeführt wurden und deren Resultate in separaten Analysen und Stellungnahmen vorliegen.Der Abbau von Mineralien und Metallen geht mit einem großen Wasserfußabdruck einher, sowohl im Hinblick auf die Ressourcen, die für den Abbau selbst benötigt werden, als auch im Hinblick auf die Einleitung schadstoffbelasteter Abwässer in Flussläufe. Diverse politische Steuerungsinstrumente zielen darauf ab, die negative Auswirkungen des Bergbaus auf Wasserressourcen und Bevölkerungsgruppen zu mildern, welche von diesen Ressourcen abhängig sind. Hierzu gehören Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungen (UVPs), die Einbindung von Stakeholdern in Planungsprozesse sowie ökonomische Anreize für Abwasserbehandlung noch auf dem Minengelände. Ob und wie diese Instrumente umgesetzt werden, hängt vom nationalen, regionalen und lokalen Kontext ab, da jedes Instrument auf einer Reihe von Voraussetzungen aufbaut. Um die Wirksamkeit dieser Instrumente zu beurteilen, bedarf es daher einer fundierten Analyse des Governance-Systems, in dem sie eingesetzt werden.Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung untersucht diese Zusammenhänge für die Mongolei. Sie betrachtet die Einbeziehung von Stakeholdern und die Schaffung von Anreizen für die Abwasserbehandlung als Schlüsselstrategien zur Verbesserung der Koordination. Zudem richtet sie besonderes Augenmerk auf die personellen und finanziellen Kapazitäten der nachgeordneten Verwaltungseinheiten sowie auf die Verfügbarkeit wasserbezogener Informationen als wesentliche Voraussetzungen für wirksame Governance im Bereich der natürlichen Ressourcen.Wir stellen fest, dass das mongolische Gesetz die Einbindung von Stakeholdern mehrfach vorsieht, vor allem durch Multi-Stakeholder-Plattformen (River Basin Multi-Stakeholder Platforms, RB-MSPs) und Anhörungen betroffener Bevölkerungsgruppen im Zuge der UVP-Verfahren. In der Praxis besteht die RB-MSP oft primär aus Mitarbeiter*innen unterer Verwaltungsebenen und Anhörungen betroffener Bevölkerungsgruppen finden selten statt. Bezüglich ökonomischer Anreize für Abwasserbehandlung, hat die Mongolei im Sommer 2019 Änderungen des Gesetzes über Wasserverschmutzungsgebühren verabschiedet und arbeitet an Umsetzungsrichtlinien. Hier liegen die Herausforderungen darin, Ausgangswerte in Bezug auf Wasserqualität zu bestimmen und eine unabhängige Probenahme und -analyse zu garantieren. Begrenzte personelle und finanzielle Kapazitäten der nachgeordneten Behörden erschweren dies.Wir empfehlen• die Beteiligung des Privatsektors und der Zivilgesellschaft in RB-MSPs zu erhöhen und hierbei Unterschiede im sozioökonomischen Status mitzudenken, um gleichberechtigte Diskussionen zu gewährleisten.• die Durchführung öffentlicher Anhörungen als Teil von UVPs sicherzustellen und Verwaltungsverfahren (Lizensierung, UVP-Abnahmen) transparent zu gestalten.• die öffentliche Verfügbarkeit von Wasserdaten zu verbessern• das Gesetz über Wasserverschmutzungsgebühren zügig umzusetzen, um Anreize für die Behandlung von Bergbauabwässern vor Ort zu schaffen.• die Mittel für nachgeordnete Verwaltungsorgane aufzustocken, ihre institutionellen Kapazitäten zu verbessern und Mittel für RB-MSPs bereitzustellen.

Diese Veröffentlichung stellt eine von sechs Analysen sektorenübergreifender Herausforderungen für Wasser-Governance dar, die als Teil des STEER-Forschungsprojekts durchgeführt wurden und deren Resultate in separaten Analysen und Stellungnahmen vorliegen. Der Abbau von Mineralien und Metallen geht mit einem großen Wasserfußabdruck einher, sowohl im Hinblick auf die Ressourcen, die für den Abbau selbst benötigt werden, als auch im Hinblick auf die Einleitung schadstoffbelasteter Abwässer in Flussläufe. Diverse politische Steuerungsinstrumente zielen darauf ab, die negative Auswirkungen des Bergbaus auf Wasserressourcen und Bevölkerungsgruppen zu mildern, welche von diesen Ressourcen abhängig sind. Hierzu gehören Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungen (UVPs), die Einbindung von Stakeholdern in Planungsprozesse sowie ökonomische Anreize für Abwasserbehandlung noch auf dem Minengelände. Ob und wie diese Instrumente umgesetzt werden, hängt vom nationalen, regionalen und lokalen Kontext ab, da jedes Instrument auf einer Reihe von Voraussetzungen aufbaut. Um die Wirksamkeit dieser Instrumente zu beurteilen, bedarf es daher einer fundierten Analyse des Governance-Systems, in dem sie eingesetzt werden. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung untersucht diese Zusammenhänge für die Mongolei. Sie betrachtet die Einbeziehung von Stakeholdern und die Schaffung von Anreizen für die Abwasserbehandlung als Schlüsselstrategien zur Verbesserung der Koordination. Zudem richtet sie besonderes Augenmerk auf die personellen und finanziellen Kapazitäten der nachgeordneten Verwaltungseinheiten sowie auf die Verfügbarkeit wasserbezogener Informationen als wesentliche Voraussetzungen für wirksame Governance im Bereich der natürlichen Ressourcen. Wir stellen fest, dass das mongolische Gesetz die Einbindung von Stakeholdern mehrfach vorsieht, vor allem durch Multi-Stakeholder-Plattformen (River Basin Multi-Stakeholder Platforms, RB-MSPs) und Anhörungen betroffener Bevölkerungsgruppen im Zuge der UVP-Verfahren. In der Praxis besteht die RB-MSP oft primär aus Mitarbeiter*innen unterer Verwaltungsebenen und Anhörungen betroffener Bevölkerungsgruppen finden selten statt. Bezüglich ökonomischer Anreize für Abwasserbehandlung, hat die Mongolei im Sommer 2019 Änderungen des Gesetzes über Wasserverschmutzungsgebühren verabschiedet und arbeitet an Umsetzungsrichtlinien. Hier liegen die Herausforderungen darin, Ausgangswerte in Bezug auf Wasserqualität zu bestimmen und eine unabhängige Probenahme und -analyse zu garantieren. Begrenzte personelle und finanzielle Kapazitäten der nachgeordneten Behörden erschweren dies. Wir empfehlen die Beteiligung des Privatsektors und der Zivilgesellschaft in RB-MSPs zu erhöhen und hierbei Unterschiede im sozioökonomischen Status mitzudenken, um gleichberechtigte Diskussionen zu gewährleisten. * die Durchführung öffentlicher Anhörungen als Teil von UVPs sicherzustellen und Verwaltungsverfahren (Lizensierung, UVP-Abnahmen) transparent zu gestalten. * die öffentliche Verfügbarkeit von Wasserdaten zu verbessern * das Gesetz über asserverschmutzungsgebühren zügig umzusetzen, um Anreize für die Behandlung von Bergbauabwässern vor Ort zu schaffen. * die Mittel für nachgeordnete Verwaltungsorgane aufzustocken, ihre institutionellen Kapazitäten zu verbessern und Mittel für RB-MSPs bereitzustellen.