Suchergebnisse

Fields of Folklore: Essays in Honor of Kenneth S. Goldstein. Edited by Roger D. Abrahams. The Supernatural Index: A Listing of Fantasy, Supernatural, Occult, Weird, and Horror Anthologies. Edited by Mike Ashley and William G. Centento. Film, Horror and the Body Fantastic. Linda Badley. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. R. F. Outcault's The Yellow Kid: A Centennial Celebration of the Kid Who Started the Comics. Intro by Bill Blackbeard. Artists, Advertising, and the Borders of Art. Michele H. Bogart. Overcoming Racism and Sexism. Editors Linda A. Bell and David Blumenfeld. Fast Food, Stock Cars, and Rock‐n‐Roll. George O. Carney, Editor. Alfred Hitchcock: The Legacy of Victorianism. Paula Marantz Cohen. The Coming Man: 19the Century American Perceptions of the Chinese. Philip P. Choy, Lorraine Dong, and Marlon K. Hom. The Muse is Always Half‐Dressed in New Orleans. Andrei Codrescu. Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture. Edited by Wu Dingbo and Patrick D. Murphy. Postmodernism and Popular Culture: A Cultural History. John Decker. Rediscovering Nancy Drew. Carolyn Stewart Dyer and Nancy Tillman Romalov, editros. The Politics of Mass Media. Calvin F. Exoo. Seeing Thorugh the Eighties: Television and Reaganism. Jane Feuer. Cultural Criminology. Edited by Jeff Ferrell and Clinton R. Sanders. Beggars & Thieves: Lives of Urban Street Criminals. Mark S. Fleisher. Music Television and Popular Culture: Dancing in the Distraction Factory. Andrew Goodwin. Soap Fans. C. Lee Harrington and Denise D. Bielby. Was This Heaven? A Self‐Portrait of Iowa on Early Postcards. Lyell D. Henry Jr. Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Behind the Modern and the Postmodern. Douglas Kellner. Patently Offensive: Porn Under Siege. Produced by Harriet Koskoff. Prime Time Movers. David Marc and Robert J. Thompson. The Dustbin of History. Greil Marcus. Keeping Together In Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. William H. McNeill. A Writer's Companion: A Handy Compendium of Useful but Hard‐To‐Find Information on History, Literature, Art, Science, Travel, Philosophy and Much More. Edited by Louis D. Rubin, Jr. Eleanor Powell: A Bio‐Bibliography. Margie Schultz. Vital Mummies/Performance Design for the Show‐Window Mannequin. Sara K. Schneider. Victorian Arena: The Performers. A Dictionary of British Circus Biography. Volume One. John Turner. Lakshana: Autopsy of a Century. Mark Slade. Free to All: Carnegie Libraries & American Culture 1890–1920. Abigail A. Van Slyck. How the Cimarron River Got Its Name and Other Stories About Coffee. Ernestine Sewell Linck. Forward by Clay Reynolds & Epilogue by J. Frank Dobie. The Life and Letters of Jesse Hill Ford, Southern Writer. With Annotations and Commentary. Anne Cheney.

Hong Kong is currently facing the insufficient flat supply to cope with the growth of population and foreign investment from mainlanders. Over the past decade, there has been an escalating force to explore the land supply in many village area in the New Territories due to its low land premium to be paid to the Government. While some of the village are located far away from the urban area in Kowloon peninsula and the Hong Kong Island, some of the typical villages in the New Territories, with the benefit of railway development by West Railway, have been drawn developer's attention to start acquisition of the village area and commence property redevelopment by change of land use through planning application to Town Planning Board. Yuen Long District, one of the longest history and full of typical villages' characteristics in Hong Kong, also face the threats and opportunities from local developer. Tai Kiu Tsuen is a typical example to examine how local developers could explore the redevelopment potential of the entire village area and preserve the character defining elements of the village during the current planning and design stage. The issue of the redevelopment and preservation of the village rest on the effort and contribution mainly from three parties, including the various government departments such as Planning Department and Town Planning Board, Antiquities and Monument Office from Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Lands Department and Buildings Department and various works departments, local developer's side include the Project Management Team and Conservation Architect Team and the local stakeholders including the indigenous villagers, the neighborhoods and relevant Yuen Long citizens has attachment to the village. The key issue address by this dissertation is that while the redevelopment potential of certain prime village area could be explored and utilized to satisfy the local domestic needs, it is also equally important to preserve the tangible and intangible value of the village. This values should be preserved and passed to next future generation to continue the tradition and customs of Yuen Long District. The dissertation will focus on Tai Kiu Tsuen in Yuen Long District as a case study. The purpose is to identify the character defining elements of the typical village in the New Territories and its cultural significance. The dissertation also examines the evidential, historical, aesthetical and communal values of Tai Kui Tsuen in the development of Yuen Long District. This research will answer the conservation principles could be adopted in preserving a heritage village in Yuen Long District or New Territories and suggest how to integrate the heritage significance into future property development in order to maintain the significant values, especially communal value, of the village in Yuen Long District or New Territories. ; published_or_final_version ; Conservation ; Master ; Master of Science in Conservation

El deterioro del ambiente con la consecuente degradación del soporte biofísico y la disminución de la calidad de vida humana son una preocupación creciente de la sociedad nacional e internacional, que acentúa la responsabilidad de los Estados en la gestión ambiental. La CEPAL entiende (1990) a la gestión ambiental del Estado como un conjunto de acciones legislativas, administrativas y operativas que realiza el Estado con el objetivo de alcanzar un desarrollo con sustentabilidad ambiental. En la vinculación de la gestión ambiental, con los conceptos de desarrollo sustentable, planificación estratégica y economía circular, se analiza el camino recorrido por la Gestión de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (GIRSU) en la Provincia de San Juan, desde un enfoque holístico que permita captar la complejidad de procesos y comportamientos de los sujetos involucrados. Se establecen, como principales dimensiones: lógicas subyacentes en discursos y acciones que orientan la Gestión estatal de los RSU; articulación nación-provincia-municipios; además de la vinculación entre las diferentes áreas del gobierno provincial. La estrategia metodológica corresponde a un diseño descriptivo-comprensivo, anclado en una estrategia cualitativa. En este sentido, las técnicas aplicadas para la producción de información fueron: observación, entrevistas a funcionarios y técnicos, y análisis documental. ; The deterioration of the environment with the consequent degradation of the biophysical support and the decrease in the quality of human life are a growing concern of national and international society, which emphasizes the responsibility of States in environmental management. ECLAC understands (1990) the environmental management of the State as a set of legislative, administrative and operational actions carried out by the State with the aim of achieving development with environmental sustainability. In linking environmental management with the concepts of sustainable development, strategic planning and circular economy, the path traveled by Urban Solid Waste Management (GIRSU) in the Province of San Juan is analyzed, from a holistic approach that allows capture the complexity of processes and behaviors of the subjects involved. The main dimensions are established: underlying logics in discourses and actions that guide the State Management of the RSU; articulation nation-province-municipalities; in addition to the link between the different areas of the provincial government. The methodological strategy corresponds to a descriptive-comprehensive design, anchored in a qualitative strategy. In this sense, the techniques applied for the production of information were: observation, interviews with officials and technicians, and documentary analysis. ; Fil: Madueño Lahoz, Estela María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina ; Fil: Gamboa Cortez, Valeria Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Socioeconómicas; Argentina

One of the problems affecting robot operators' spatial awareness involves their ability to infer a robot's location based on the views from on-board cameras and other electro-optic systems. To understand the vehicle's location, operators typically need to translate images from a vehicle's camera into some other coordinates, such as a location on a map. This translation requires operators to relate the view by mentally rotating it along a number of axes, a task that is both attention-demanding and workload-intensive, and one that is likely affected by individual differences in operator spatial abilities. Because building and maintaining spatial awareness is attention-demanding and workload-intensive, any variable that changes operator workload and attention should be investigated for its effects on operator spatial awareness. One of these variables is the use of automation (i.e., assigning functions to the robot). According to Malleable Attentional Resource Theory (MART), variation in workload across levels of automation affects an operator's attentional capacity to process critical cues like those that enable an operator to understand the robot's past, current, and future location. The study reported here focused on performance aspects of human-robot interaction involving ground robots (i.e., unmanned ground vehicles, or UGVs) during reconnaissance tasks. In particular, this study examined how differences in operator spatial ability and in operator workload and attention interacted to affect spatial awareness during human-robot interaction (HRI). Operator spatial abilities were systematically manipulated through the use of mental transformation training. Additionally, operator workload and attention were manipulated via the use of three different levels of automation (i.e., manual control, decision support, and full automation). Operator spatial awareness was measured by the size of errors made by the operators, when they were tasked to infer the robot's location from on-board camera views at three different points in a sequence of robot movements through a simulated military operation in urban terrain (MOUT) environment. The results showed that mental transformation training increased two areas of spatial ability, namely mental rotation and spatial visualization. Further, spatial ability in these two areas predicted performance in vehicle localization during the reconnaissance task. Finally, assistive automation showed a benefit with respect to operator workload, situation awareness, and subsequently performance. Together, the results of the study have implications with respect to the design of robots, function allocation between robots and operators, and training for spatial ability. Future research should investigate the interactive effects on operator spatial awareness of spatial ability, spatial ability training, and other variables affecting operator workload and attention. ; 2006-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Sciences, Department of Psychology ; Doctorate ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

For the last two decades Guatemala has developed an educational assessment system for accountability purposes following a continuous improvement cycle. The system is nowadays led by the Ministry of Education's Dirección General de Evaluación e Investigación Educativa [General Directorate for Evaluation and Educational Research] (DIGEDUCA). There are data available now to analyze whether current assessment practices provide necessary information for effective policy decisions. The set of studies in this thesis explores the aforementioned issues with the aim to achieve three objectives: 1) Using data obtained from national assessment projects of elementary grades in Guatemala to answer questions with direct implications for the management of the education system; 2) Conducting up-to-date statistical analyses to ensure that comparisons between groups that differ in background characteristics have a solid psychometric foundation; 3) Providing recommendations as a way to move national assessment forward. To meet the objectives, four studies were developed based on DIGEDUCA's experience taking into consideration substantive factors known to be relevant in Guatemala: ethnicity, language, socio-economic conditions, gender, and the urban-rural divide. The first study reviews the assessment experience in Guatemala exploring the country's context and the logistic and technical demands of educational testing. The paper describes how assessment units in heterogeneous contexts needs to develop valid information that is free of bias to orient and support the decisions made by policy administrators. However, local stakeholders (especially parents and teachers) and policy administrators will interpret assessment results according to their own background, experience, and needs. The policy administrator will seek to adhere to political and budgetary calendars, adopt procedures with low costs and aggregate data. At the local level, teachers and parents will prefer results that provide information for individuals and that are easily aligned to teaching and learning activities. As a result of the divergent demands on assessment, tensions may emerge between consumers and producers of assessment information. Psychometricians and test-developers will have to negotiate quality considerations in the design of the assessment that will affect the interpretation of the data (such as sampling strata) from those that will invalidate them (such as administering tools that have not been appropriately piloted). The outcome could alter the scope of the assessment, but should not alter its scientific approach. A common perspective is required to link the underlying assumptions that justify the policy with the psychometric and theoretical characteristics of the assessment. The second paper is the first of three empirical studies (all of which use secondary data from large-scale educational testing). It explores Differential Item Functioning (DIF) and educational risk factors in Guatemalan reading tests. Different DIF estimation methods and effect size measures are used to identify patterns in the data (chi-square, Rasch, and logistic regression). There is evidence of substantial DIF, but purification (i.e., removal of items flagged for DIF) may not change the conclusions from group comparisons. Differences remain between groups with different values in four risk factors (over-age, urban/rural area of residence, ethnicity, and gender) and this highlights the impact that factors of exclusion bring into the education system. Risk factors act in concert to create sources of bias, but the differences in test scores between the "privileged" and "underprivileged" cannot be explained in terms of item bias. The second of the empirical studies investigates the relationship of exposure to Spanish and socioeconomic status (SES) with reading and math achievement in third and sixth grade. The results of a multigroup structural equation model (SEM) and multivariate analysis of covariance lead to the conclusion that SES and exposure to Spanish are associated with achievement across grades, ethnicity, and area of residence. Exposure to Spanish is more relevant in lower grades, whereas area of residence is a consistent predictor across grades. An analysis of the invariance of the associations across the various groups suggests that background factors and educational achievement are linked in the same way across ethno-linguistic groups. These results confirm previous research indicating that socioeconomic status is a positive predictor of school achievement and that the pupils' familiarity with the language in which they are tested is positively related to their achievement results. The third empirical study employed data from the Second Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study of the Latin American Laboratory of Evaluation of Educational Quality (SERCE of LLECE). An analysis was conducted of the role that reading, tested in Spanish, plays in the relationship of the mother language of pupils and the area of residence (urban or rural) with math tested in Spanish in four Latin American countries with sizable indigenous populations: Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. Findings indicate that non-indigenous pupils in urban and rural areas outperform indigenous pupils in urban and rural areas, that reading plays a mediation role between language and math and between area and math, and that this pattern is constant across countries. These findings stress the need for early literacy instruction of pupils to ensure good results in other curriculum areas (math in this case). Since contemporary research supports the relevance of mother language in literacy acquisition, it is advisable that this early reading instruction take place in the mother language of pupils (i.e., the most dominant language of pupils). The findings also suggest that measures of heterogeneous linguistic competency need to be introduced in large-scale standardized testing of bilingual populations. Together, the studies suggest that Guatemalan elementary level assessment meets basic psychometric standards; there is significant item bias, but this bias does not change the conclusions about group differences that have been drawn because socioeconomic factors exert a very large influence which is not eliminated by removing item bias. Indigenous, rural pupils who have low exposure to Spanish exhibit lower performance in achievement results, even when item bias is reduced. Reading instruction in the most dominant language of pupils should be a priority and testing, when possible, should be carried out in the same language. However, since instruction in the most dominant language is not always possible due to financial and practical reasons, control measure of competency in the language of assessment should be developed to have a clearer picture of pupils' achievement. In terms of the assessment projects, the findings indicate that Guatemalan national assessment has followed a consistent path of development. The particular tests included in this set of studies seem close to reaching Pareto efficiency in terms of item bias, i.e., a level where the costs of further improvements would not translate into commensurate improvements in quality of results. However, there is still significant room to work on background information of pupils, their families, their schools and the processes taking place in their classrooms. Concrete examples from the empirical studies are the poor scales on socioeconomic status and the lack of linguistic competency scales. In terms of the alignment to national policy the tests seem to meet the requirements set in its "quality assurance" framework. However, given the state of affairs in research on the background variables and their links to achievement results, the assessment is not yet ready to provide the evidence on which a wider scope of policies can be based. These conclusions lead to four recommendations: (1) To continue collecting and improve the data on risk factors; (2) To develop measures of linguistic competence; (3) To develop links between assessment and multiple policy initiatives; (4) To inform stakeholders about the technical issues of the assessment in a way that is attuned to their policies.

Purpose. Development of methodical approaches to the development of water protection zones in cities based on the principles of landscape-ecological planning. Methods. GIS modeling using remote sensing data. ArcGIS 10.0 operational features (in particular, vectorization, buffering, algebra mapping tools) were used as a software for spatial analysis of data. Results. The analysis of modern Ukrainian water protection legislation has allowed to identify a number of problems in the design and development of water protection areas in the rivers within a city. For their solution, initial provisions of the organization of water protection zones in cities, derived from the principles of landscape-ecological planning, have been formulated: 1) unified rules and unequivocal demands for project development; 2) an integrated approach for solutions development; 3) subordination of goals of city-planning to the goals of environmental protection; 4) strategic goals and progressive implementation of the water protection policy. The basic algorithm of landscape-ecological planning of "urban" water protection zones has been substantiated. It consists of the following 4 stages: inventory, estimation, analysis and generalization, development of the concept for development of the water protective zone. A "hybrid" approach to the design of water protection zones is proposed, which allows to adjust the normatively defined territorial configuration in accordance with the value of the water protection potential of the landscape. Approbation of the methodology is carried out for the Udy River within the Kharkiv city borders, as a result of which a set of cartographic models was created, including the design of the boundaries of the territory of the water protection zone and the zoning of its territory in accordance with the integral goals. For a specific territory of the water protection zone, a list of recommended envi ronmental measures has been developed. Conclusions. Application of the landscape and ecological planning principles during development of water protection zones within cities implies the need for changes in existing approaches to their development. As a result of the approbation of the proposed methodology we have developed the GIS project which can be used as the basic model of the territorial configuration of the water protection zone of the Udy River within Kharkiv in the course of its development. ; Цель. Разработка методических подходов к организации водоохранных зон в городах на основе принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования. Методы. Геоинформационное моделирование с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования Земли. В качестве программного обеспечения для осуществления пространственного анализа данных использовались операционные возможности ArcGIS 10.0 (в частности, векторизация, буферизация, инструменты алгебры карт). Результаты. Анализ современного украинского водоохранного законодательства выявил ряд проблем в проектировании и организации водоохранных зон рек в городах. Для их решения сформулированы исходные положения организации водоохранных зон в городах, которые являются производными от принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования: 1) единые нормы и однозначность требований к разработке проекта; 2) комплексный подход в разработке проектных решений; 3) подчиненность целей градостроительства целям охраны окружающей среды; 4) стратегические цели и постепенность реализации политики охраны вод. Обоснованно базовый алгоритм ландшафтно-экологического планирования «городских» водоохранных зон, состоящий из 4 этапов: инвентаризации, оценки, анализа и обобщения, а также разработка концепции организации водоохранной зоны. Предложено «гибридный» подход к проектированию водоохранных зон, который позволяет корректировать нормативно определенную территориальную конфигурацию в соответствии со значением водоохранного потенциала ландшафта. Апробация методики осуществлена для р. Уды в пределах г. Харьков, в результате чего создана серия картографических произведений, включая проект границ территории водоохранной зоны и зонирование ее территории в соответствии с интегральными целями. Для определенной территории водоохранной зоны разработан перечень рекомендованных природоохранных мероприятий. Выводы. Применение принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования в проектировании водоохранных зон городов предполагает необходимость изменений существующих подходов к их организации. Полученный в результате апробации предложенной методики ГИС-проект может быть использован как базовая модель территориальной конфигурации водоохранной зоны р. Уды в пределах Харькова при ее проектировании. ; Мета. Розробка методичних підходів до організації водоохоронних зон у містах на основі засад ландшафтно-екологічного планування. Методи. Геоінформаційне моделювання з використанням даних дистанційного зондування Землі. У якості програмного забезпечення для здійснення просторового аналізу даних використовувались операційні можливості ArcGIS 10.0 (зокрема, векторизація, буферизація, інструменти алгебри карт). Результати. Аналіз сучасного українського водоохоронного законодавства виявив низку проблем у проектуванні та організації водоохоронних зон річок у містах. Для їх вирішення сформульовано вихідні положення організації водоохоронних зон у містах, що є похідними від принципів ландшафтно-екологічного планування: 1) єдині норми та однозначність вимог до розробки проекту; 2) комплексний підхід у розробці проектних рішень; 3) підпорядкованість цілей містобудування цілям охорони довкілля; 4) стратегічні цілі та поступовість реалізації політики охорони вод. Обґрунтовано базовий алгоритм ландшафтно-екологічного планування «міських» водоохоронних зон, що складається з 4 етапів: інвентаризації, оцінки, аналізу та узагальнення й розробки концепції організації водоохоронної зони. Запропоновано «гібридний» підхід до проектування водоохоронних зон, що дозволяє коригувати нормативно визначену територіальну конфігурацію відповідно до значення водоохоронного потенціалу ландшафту. Апробація методики здійснена для р. Уди в межах м. Харків, внаслідок чого створено серію картографічних творів, що включає проект меж території водоохоронної зони й зонування її території відповідно до інтегральних цілей. Для визначеної території водоохоронної зони розроблено перелік рекомендованих природоохоронних заходів. Висновки. Застосування принципів ландшафтно-екологічного планування в проектуванні водоохоронних зон міст передбачає необхідність змін існуючих підходів до їх організації. Одержаний у результаті апробації запропонованої методики ГІС-проект може бути використаний як базова модель територіальної конфігурації водоохоронної зони р. Уди в межах Харкова під час здійсненні її проектування.

Purpose. Development of methodical approaches to the development of water protection zones in cities based on the principles of landscape-ecological planning. Methods. GIS modeling using remote sensing data. ArcGIS 10.0 operational features (in particular, vectorization, buffering, algebra mapping tools) were used as a software for spatial analysis of data. Results. The analysis of modern Ukrainian water protection legislation has allowed to identify a number of problems in the design and development of water protection areas in the rivers within a city. For their solution, initial provisions of the organization of water protection zones in cities, derived from the principles of landscape-ecological planning, have been formulated: 1) unified rules and unequivocal demands for project development; 2) an integrated approach for solutions development; 3) subordination of goals of city-planning to the goals of environmental protection; 4) strategic goals and progressive implementation of the water protection policy. The basic algorithm of landscape-ecological planning of "urban" water protection zones has been substantiated. It consists of the following 4 stages: inventory, estimation, analysis and generalization, development of the concept for development of the water protective zone. A "hybrid" approach to the design of water protection zones is proposed, which allows to adjust the normatively defined territorial configuration in accordance with the value of the water protection potential of the landscape. Approbation of the methodology is carried out for the Udy River within the Kharkiv city borders, as a result of which a set of cartographic models was created, including the design of the boundaries of the territory of the water protection zone and the zoning of its territory in accordance with the integral goals. For a specific territory of the water protection zone, a list of recommended envi ronmental measures has been developed. Conclusions. Application of the landscape and ecological planning principles during development of water protection zones within cities implies the need for changes in existing approaches to their development. As a result of the approbation of the proposed methodology we have developed the GIS project which can be used as the basic model of the territorial configuration of the water protection zone of the Udy River within Kharkiv in the course of its developemt. ; Цель. Разработка методических подходов к организации водоохранных зон в городах на основе принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования. Методы. Геоинформационное моделирование с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования Земли. В качестве программного обеспечения для осуществления пространственного анализа данных использовались операционные возможности ArcGIS 10.0 (в частности, векторизация, буферизация, инструменты алгебры карт). Результаты. Анализ современного украинского водоохранного законодательства выявил ряд проблем в проектировании и организации водоохранных зон рек в городах. Для их решения сформулированы исходные положения организации водоохранных зон в городах, которые являются производными от принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования: 1) единые нормы и однозначность требований к разработке проекта; 2) комплексный подход в разработке проектных решений; 3) подчиненность целей градостроительства целям охраны окружающей среды; 4) стратегические цели и постепенность реализации политики охраны вод. Обоснованно базовый алгоритм ландшафтно-экологического планирования «городских» водоохранных зон, состоящий из 4 этапов: инвентаризации, оценки, анализа и обобщения, а также разработка концепции организации водоохранной зоны. Предложено «гибридный» подход к проектированию водоохранных зон, который позволяет корректировать нормативно определенную территориальную конфигурацию в соответствии со значением водоохранного потенциала ландшафта. Апробация методики осуществлена для р. Уды в пределах г. Харьков, в результате чего создана серия картографических произведений, включая проект границ территории водоохранной зоны и зонирование ее территории в соответствии с интегральными целями. Для определенной территории водоохранной зоны разработан перечень рекомендованных природоохранных мероприятий. Выводы. Применение принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования в проектировании водоохранных зон городов предполагает необходимость изменений существующих подходов к их организации. Полученный в результате апробации предложенной методики ГИС-проект может быть использован как базовая модель территориальной конфигурации водоохранной зоны р. Уды в пределах Харькова при ее проектировании. ; Мета. Розробка методичних підходів до організації водоохоронних зон у містах на основі засад ландшафтно-екологічного планування. Методи. Геоінформаційне моделювання з використанням даних дистанційного зондування Землі. У якості програмного забезпечення для здійснення просторового аналізу даних використовувались операційні можливості ArcGIS 10.0 (зокрема, векторизація, буферизація, інструменти алгебри карт). Результати. Аналіз сучасного українського водоохоронного законодавства виявив низку проблем у проектуванні та організації водоохоронних зон річок у містах. Для їх вирішення сформульовано вихідні положення організації водоохоронних зон у містах, що є похідними від принципів ландшафтно-екологічного планування: 1) єдині норми та однозначність вимог до розробки проекту; 2) комплексний підхід у розробці проектних рішень; 3) підпорядкованість цілей містобудування цілям охорони довкілля; 4) стратегічні цілі та поступовість реалізації політики охорони вод. Обґрунтовано базовий алгоритм ландшафтно-екологічного планування «міських» водоохоронних зон, що складається з 4 етапів: інвентаризації, оцінки, аналізу та узагальнення й розробки концепції організації водоохоронної зони. Запропоновано «гібридний» підхід до проектування водоохоронних зон, що дозволяє коригувати нормативно визначену територіальну конфігурацію відповідно до значення водоохоронного потенціалу ландшафту. Апробація методики здійснена для р. Уди в межах м. Харків, внаслідок чого створено серію картографічних творів, що включає проект меж території водоохоронної зони й зонування її території відповідно до інтегральних цілей. Для визначеної території водоохоронної зони розроблено перелік рекомендованих природоохоронних заходів. Висновки. Застосування принципів ландшафтно-екологічного планування в проектуванні водоохоронних зон міст передбачає необхідність змін існуючих підходів до їх організації. Одержаний у результаті апробації запропонованої методики ГІС-проект може бути використаний як базова модель територіальної конфігурації водоохоронної зони р. Уди в межах Харкова під час здійсненні її проектування.

Purpose. Development of methodical approaches to the development of water protection zones in cities based on the principles of landscape-ecological planning. Methods. GIS modeling using remote sensing data. ArcGIS 10.0 operational features (in particular, vectorization, buffering, algebra mapping tools) were used as a software for spatial analysis of data. Results. The analysis of modern Ukrainian water protection legislation has allowed to identify a number of problems in the design and development of water protection areas in the rivers within a city. For their solution, initial provisions of the organization of water protection zones in cities, derived from the principles of landscape-ecological planning, have been formulated: 1) unified rules and unequivocal demands for project development; 2) an integrated approach for solutions development; 3) subordination of goals of city-planning to the goals of environmental protection; 4) strategic goals and progressive implementation of the water protection policy. The basic algorithm of landscape-ecological planning of "urban" water protection zones has been substantiated. It consists of the following 4 stages: inventory, estimation, analysis and generalization, development of the concept for development of the water protective zone. A "hybrid" approach to the design of water protection zones is proposed, which allows to adjust the normatively defined territorial configuration in accordance with the value of the water protection potential of the landscape. Approbation of the methodology is carried out for the Udy River within the Kharkiv city borders, as a result of which a set of cartographic models was created, including the design of the boundaries of the territory of the water protection zone and the zoning of its territory in accordance with the integral goals. For a specific territory of the water protection zone, a list of recommended envi ronmental measures has been developed. Conclusions. Application of the landscape and ecological planning principles during development of water protection zones within cities implies the need for changes in existing approaches to their development. As a result of the approbation of the proposed methodology we have developed the GIS project which can be used as the basic model of the territorial configuration of the water protection zone of the Udy River within Kharkiv in the course of its development. ; Цель. Разработка методических подходов к организации водоохранных зон в городах на основе принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования. Методы. Геоинформационное моделирование с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования Земли. В качестве программного обеспечения для осуществления пространственного анализа данных использовались операционные возможности ArcGIS 10.0 (в частности, векторизация, буферизация, инструменты алгебры карт). Результаты. Анализ современного украинского водоохранного законодательства выявил ряд проблем в проектировании и организации водоохранных зон рек в городах. Для их решения сформулированы исходные положения организации водоохранных зон в городах, которые являются производными от принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования: 1) единые нормы и однозначность требований к разработке проекта; 2) комплексный подход в разработке проектных решений; 3) подчиненность целей градостроительства целям охраны окружающей среды; 4) стратегические цели и постепенность реализации политики охраны вод. Обоснованно базовый алгоритм ландшафтно-экологического планирования «городских» водоохранных зон, состоящий из 4 этапов: инвентаризации, оценки, анализа и обобщения, а также разработка концепции организации водоохранной зоны. Предложено «гибридный» подход к проектированию водоохранных зон, который позволяет корректировать нормативно определенную территориальную конфигурацию в соответствии со значением водоохранного потенциала ландшафта. Апробация методики осуществлена для р. Уды в пределах г. Харьков, в результате чего создана серия картографических произведений, включая проект границ территории водоохранной зоны и зонирование ее территории в соответствии с интегральными целями. Для определенной территории водоохранной зоны разработан перечень рекомендованных природоохранных мероприятий. Выводы. Применение принципов ландшафтно-экологического планирования в проектировании водоохранных зон городов предполагает необходимость изменений существующих подходов к их организации. Полученный в результате апробации предложенной методики ГИС-проект может быть использован как базовая модель территориальной конфигурации водоохранной зоны р. Уды в пределах Харькова при ее проектировании. ; Мета. Розробка методичних підходів до організації водоохоронних зон у містах на основі засад ландшафтно-екологічного планування. Методи. Геоінформаційне моделювання з використанням даних дистанційного зондування Землі. У якості програмного забезпечення для здійснення просторового аналізу даних використовувались операційні можливості ArcGIS 10.0 (зокрема, векторизація, буферизація, інструменти алгебри карт). Результати. Аналіз сучасного українського водоохоронного законодавства виявив низку проблем у проектуванні та організації водоохоронних зон річок у містах. Для їх вирішення сформульовано вихідні положення організації водоохоронних зон у містах, що є похідними від принципів ландшафтно-екологічного планування: 1) єдині норми та однозначність вимог до розробки проекту; 2) комплексний підхід у розробці проектних рішень; 3) підпорядкованість цілей містобудування цілям охорони довкілля; 4) стратегічні цілі та поступовість реалізації політики охорони вод. Обґрунтовано базовий алгоритм ландшафтно-екологічного планування «міських» водоохоронних зон, що складається з 4 етапів: інвентаризації, оцінки, аналізу та узагальнення й розробки концепції організації водоохоронної зони. Запропоновано «гібридний» підхід до проектування водоохоронних зон, що дозволяє коригувати нормативно визначену територіальну конфігурацію відповідно до значення водоохоронного потенціалу ландшафту. Апробація методики здійснена для р. Уди в межах м. Харків, внаслідок чого створено серію картографічних творів, що включає проект меж території водоохоронної зони й зонування її території відповідно до інтегральних цілей. Для визначеної території водоохоронної зони розроблено перелік рекомендованих природоохоронних заходів. Висновки. Застосування принципів ландшафтно-екологічного планування в проектуванні водоохоронних зон міст передбачає необхідність змін існуючих підходів до їх організації. Одержаний у результаті апробації запропонованої методики ГІС-проект може бути використаний як базова модель територіальної конфігурації водоохоронної зони р. Уди в межах Харкова під час здійсненні її проектування.

La presente ricerca indaga sul trasferimento di europei a Lima, tra gli anni Trenta e la fine degli anni Sessanta del Novecento, e si interroga sull'influenza di questo fenomeno sull'evoluzione architettonica e urbanistica nella capitale peruviana. La partecipazione di europei nella pianificazione della cosiddetta Ciudad de los Reyes, principale centro amministrativo per i territori del subcontinente americano dominati dalla Corona spagnola tra il XVI e XIX secolo, si è mantenuta nel secondo dopoguerra. Tale caratteristica, frutto dei rapporti plurisecolari tra il paese andino e la penisola iberica, non è ancora diventata oggetto di interesse da parte degli storici di architettura. La ricerca ha tentato di colmare questa "lacuna" storiografica analizzando le modalità di migrazione della cultura moderna occidentale nel Novecento nella regione latino-americana. Al fine di comprendere la diffusione del modernismo in Perù, si sono innanzitutto analizzati gli storici rapporti tra Vecchio e Nuovo Continente, che hanno stabilito un'egemonia culturale europea e che hanno influenzato notevolmente i cambiamenti novecenteschi nella città di Lima. Successivamente, la ricerca si è focalizzata sullo studio dei progettisti europei più attivi in Perù, il tedesco Paul Linder, l'italiano Mario Bianco, lo svizzero Theodor Cron, le cui biografie documentano le motivazioni politiche, economiche e culturali di espatrio. Nonostante le molteplici esperienze peruviane di queste figure, nei campi della docenza universitaria, dell'urbanistica e della progettazione, la loro cospicua opera costruita resta l'influenza più incisiva sugli architetti locali. La loro eterogenea produzione progettuale presenta diversi casi di edifici riconducibili alla tipologia multipiano, la cui realizzazione ha agevolato l'introduzione di una nuova scala architettonica nel tessuto urbano di epoca vicereale. Sono dunque state indagate le circostanze economiche, politiche e culturali che hanno portato questi tecnici a progettare tali edifici nel centro storico di Lima, dalla emanazione della normativa in materia urbanistica, alla presenza di committenze e imprese costruttrici di origine europea. Gli edifici multipiano limegni rappresentano la materializzazione del progetto economico e politico messo a punto dal governo e dai suoi consulenti per il centro della capitale peruviana. Ad un periodo di auge e di ampio riconoscimento delle loro qualità architettoniche ne è seguito uno di obblio, durante il quale molte di queste costruzioni sono state ristrutturate, demolite o, nel migliore dei casi, abbandonate. Per questo motivo, sono stati indagati i temi della tutela, della conservazione e della valorizzazione del vasto patrimonio costruito nel XX secolo in Perù, con particolare riguardo agli edifici multipiano ideati da progettisti esteri e locali. L'approccio dell'indagine ha seguito un modus operandi che coniuga la ricerca archivistica e l'analisi delle fonti testuali, iconografiche e orali allo studio diretto degli edifici, caratterizzato dall'esame delle tecniche costruttive e dei materiali. Il progetto di co-tutela siglato tra Sapienza Università di Roma e l'Università della Svizzera Italiana è stato fondamentale al fine di inquadrare la ricerca nel quadro storiografico italiano e svizzero. ; This research studies the migration of Europeans to Lima between the 1930s and the late 1960s and analyses their influence on the evolution of architecture and urbanism in the Peruvian capital. The so-called Ciudad de los Reyes was the main administrative centre of the South American territories dominated by the Spanish Crown between the 16th and 19th centuries. The participation of Europeans in its urban planning has continued into the 20th century. This characteristic is the result of the centuries-old relations between the Andean country and the Iberian Peninsula and has not yet been a topic of interest for architectural historians. This research aims to fill this historiographical "gap" by analysing the channels through which Western modern culture migrated to the Latin American region. In order to understand the diffusion of modernism in Peru, firstly the historical relations between the Old and the New Continent have to be analysed. These relations have established an European cultural hegemony and have greatly influenced the changes of the last century in the city of Lima. Secondly, the research has focused on the study of the most active European architects and engineers in Peru. These are the German Paul Linder, the Italian Mario Bianco and the Swiss Theodor Cron, whose biographies document the political, economic and cultural motivations for their emigration. Despite the multiple Peruvian experiences of these figures in the fields of university teaching, urban planning and architectural design, their influence on local architects occurred mainly through their built work. Their heterogeneous design output includes examples of high-rise buildings whose construction has meant the introduction of a new architectural scale in the urban centre, originally mainly an example of the viceregal era. For this reason, the economic, political and cultural circumstances that led these architects to create such buildings have been investigated, from the emanation of urban norms to the participation of clients and construction companies of European origin. The high-rise buildings in Lima embody the economic and political project developed by the government and its advisors for the centre of the Peruvian capital. After a period of boom and widespread recognition, a period of neglect has followed in which many of these buildings have been remodelled, demolished or, in the best of cases, abandoned. For this reason, research has been carried out on the issues of protection, conservation and valorisation of the vast heritage built in the 20th century in Peru, with special attention to high-rise architecture designed by foreign and local architects. The approach of the present research has followed a modus operandi that combines the study of archives, textual, iconographic and oral sources with the direct analysis of buildings, characterised by the examination of construction techniques and materials. The co-supervision agreement signed between the Sapienza Università di Roma and the Università della Svizzera Italiana has been fundamental in giving the present work the Italian and Swiss historiographical framework. ; La presente investigación estudia la migración de europeos a Lima, entre los años 30 y finales de los 60, y analiza su influencia en la evolución urbana y arquitectónica de la capital peruana. La participación de europeos en el planeamiento urbano de la llamada Ciudad de los Reyes, principal centro administrativo de los territorios sudamericanos dominados por la Corona española entre los siglos XVI y XIX, se ha mantenido en el siglo XX. Esta característica, fruto de las relaciones seculares entre el país andino y la Península Ibérica, no ha sido aún tema de interés para los historiadores de la arquitectura. La investigación se propone llenar este "vacío" historiográfico analizando los canales a traves de lo cuales la cultura moderna occidental ha migrado hacia la región latinoamericana. Para entender la difusión del modernismo en el Perú se ha analizado en primer lugar las relaciones históricas entre el Viejo y el Nuevo Continente que han establecido una hegemonía cultural europea y que han influido en gran medida en los cambios del siglo pasado en la ciudad de Lima. Posteriormente, la investigación se ha focalizado en el estudio de los arquitectos e ingenieros europeos más activos en Perú, el alemán Paul Linder, el italiano Mario Bianco y el suizo Theodor Cron, cuyas biografías documentaron las motivaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de su emigración. A pesar de sus múltiples experiencias en Perú, en los campos de la enseñanza universitaria, el urbanismo y el diseño arquitectónico, su cuantiosa obra construida ha sido la influencia más importante en los arquitectos locales. Su heterogénea producción proyectual presenta ejemplos de edificios en altura, cuya construcción ha significado la introducción de una nueva escala arquitectónica en el casco urbano de época virreinal. Por ello, se ha investigado las circunstancias económicas, políticas y culturales que llevaron a estos diseñadores a crear tales edificios, desde la emanación de las normas urbanas, a la participación de los clientes y empresas constructoras, con particular atención a la presencia de inmigrantes europeos. Los edificios en altura limeños representan concretamente el proyecto económico y político desarrollado por el gobierno y sus asesores para el centro de la capital peruana. A un periodo de auge y de amplio reconocimiento ha seguido otro de olvido en el que muchas de estas construcciones han sido remodeladas, demolidas o, en el mejor de los casos, abandonadas. Por ello, se han investigado los temas de protección, conservación y valorización del vasto patrimonio construido en el siglo XX en Perú, con especial atención a las arqutitecturas en altura diseñadas por arquitectos extranjeros y locales. El enfoque de la presente investigación ha seguido un modus operandi que combina el estudio de archivos, fuentes textuales, iconográficas y orales con el analisis directo del edificio, caracterizado por el examen de las técnicas y los materiales de construcción. El acuerdo de co-supervisión firmado entre la Sapienza Università di Roma y la Università della Svizzera Italiana ha sido fundamental para dar al presente trabajo el marco historiográfico italiano y suizo.

International audience ; Smart specialization strategies are implemented by the European Commission as a basis for the current structural policy cycle. Smart specialization corresponds to a reorientation of public policies that aim the development of European regions and, through it, economic and social cohesion of Member States. This evolution is based on a change concerning the theoretical representation of territorial dynamics, passing from regional innovation systems to new economic geography and strategic management based models, more focused on innovation and its influence on shaping regional structures. This article examines the impact of this change on the design and implementation of regional policies, as well as the evaluation of their impacts based on an ex ante evaluation of ERDF-ESF of the current Structural Funds Cycle 2014-2020. ; Les stratégies de spécialisation intelligente sont mises en oeuvre par la Commission européenne au sein de l'actuel cycle de politiques structurelles. La spécialisation intelligente correspond à une réorientation des politiques qui ont pour objectif le développement des régions européennes et, à travers elle, la cohésion économique et sociale des États-membres. Cette évolution repose sur un changement de grille d'analyse théorique des dynamiques territoriales, qui passe d'une représentation en termes de systèmes territoriaux d'innovation à une grille de lecture issue de la nouvelle économie géographique et du management stratégique, centrée sur l'innovation et ses répercussions sur la formation des structures économiques régionales. Cet article étudie les répercussions de ce changement sur la conception et la mise en oeuvre des politiques régionales, ainsi que sur l'évaluation de leurs impacts en se basant sur une évaluation ex ante d'un PO FEDER-FSE de l'actuel cycle de Fonds structurels 2014-2020.

International audience ; Smart specialization strategies are implemented by the European Commission as a basis for the current structural policy cycle. Smart specialization corresponds to a reorientation of public policies that aim the development of European regions and, through it, economic and social cohesion of Member States. This evolution is based on a change concerning the theoretical representation of territorial dynamics, passing from regional innovation systems to new economic geography and strategic management based models, more focused on innovation and its influence on shaping regional structures. This article examines the impact of this change on the design and implementation of regional policies, as well as the evaluation of their impacts based on an ex ante evaluation of ERDF-ESF of the current Structural Funds Cycle 2014-2020. ; Les stratégies de spécialisation intelligente sont mises en oeuvre par la Commission européenne au sein de l'actuel cycle de politiques structurelles. La spécialisation intelligente correspond à une réorientation des politiques qui ont pour objectif le développement des régions européennes et, à travers elle, la cohésion économique et sociale des États-membres. Cette évolution repose sur un changement de grille d'analyse théorique des dynamiques territoriales, qui passe d'une représentation en termes de systèmes territoriaux d'innovation à une grille de lecture issue de la nouvelle économie géographique et du management stratégique, centrée sur l'innovation et ses répercussions sur la formation des structures économiques régionales. Cet article étudie les répercussions de ce changement sur la conception et la mise en oeuvre des politiques régionales, ainsi que sur l'évaluation de leurs impacts en se basant sur une évaluation ex ante d'un PO FEDER-FSE de l'actuel cycle de Fonds structurels 2014-2020.

International audience ; Smart specialization strategies are implemented by the European Commission as a basis for the current structural policy cycle. Smart specialization corresponds to a reorientation of public policies that aim the development of European regions and, through it, economic and social cohesion of Member States. This evolution is based on a change concerning the theoretical representation of territorial dynamics, passing from regional innovation systems to new economic geography and strategic management based models, more focused on innovation and its influence on shaping regional structures. This article examines the impact of this change on the design and implementation of regional policies, as well as the evaluation of their impacts based on an ex ante evaluation of ERDF-ESF of the current Structural Funds Cycle 2014-2020. ; Les stratégies de spécialisation intelligente sont mises en oeuvre par la Commission européenne au sein de l'actuel cycle de politiques structurelles. La spécialisation intelligente correspond à une réorientation des politiques qui ont pour objectif le développement des régions européennes et, à travers elle, la cohésion économique et sociale des États-membres. Cette évolution repose sur un changement de grille d'analyse théorique des dynamiques territoriales, qui passe d'une représentation en termes de systèmes territoriaux d'innovation à une grille de lecture issue de la nouvelle économie géographique et du management stratégique, centrée sur l'innovation et ses répercussions sur la formation des structures économiques régionales. Cet article étudie les répercussions de ce changement sur la conception et la mise en oeuvre des politiques régionales, ainsi que sur l'évaluation de leurs impacts en se basant sur une évaluation ex ante d'un PO FEDER-FSE de l'actuel cycle de Fonds structurels 2014-2020.

Entgrenztes Wohnen - Die Creative Class im Medienzeitalter Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts wird der Kultur- und Lebensraum der Menschen mehr und mehr von den Informations- und Kommunikationsmedien geprägt. Mit dem zunehmenden Eindringen dieser Medien in die Lebensräume der Menschen erfährt auch das Wohnen verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit. William Mitchell und der amerikanische Soziologe und Politologe Richard Florida weisen auf eine Verknüpfung von intensiver Nutzung der neuen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien und neuen Wohnkonzepten hin. In ihren Forschungen stellen sie eine Konzentration derartiger veränderter Nutzungskonzepte des Wohnens vor allem in den neu adaptierten Altbauten stark verdichteter (Innen-) Stadtviertel fest. Mit Blick auf die dort bevorzugt wohnende, dynamisch wachsende Berufs- und Lebensstilgruppe, die Florida als "Creative Class" bezeichnet und aufgrund ihrer technologischen Innovationen und kreativen Alltagsgestaltung als Protagonistengruppe des Informationszeitalters ansieht, hat er als einer der ersten auch empirisch auf die Verschränkung von neuen Lebenspraktiken und veränderten Raumnutzungen aufmerksam gemacht. Ziel der Forschungsarbeit war es, die strukturell veränderten Wohnstrategien und Raumdispositionen einer Pioniergruppe des Informationszeitalters, der Creative Class, herauszustellen und zu verstehen. Es wurden 52 Personen der Creative Class für Interviews ausgewählt. Die Untersuchung ist explorativ ausgerichtet und darf somit nicht als repräsentativ für die Creative Class gesehen werden. Die wachsende Bedeutung dieser Pioniergruppe wird jedoch dadurch ersichtlich, dass in den USA heute bereits bis zu 30 % der Erwerbstätigen im Kreativsektor arbeiten. Dazu zählen Berufsgruppen aus den Bereichen IT, Medien, Kunst, Wissenschaft und Management. Auch im deutschsprachigen Raum wurden bereits Untersuchungen zur Kreativwirtschaft in den Städten Wien, Berlin, Zürich und Köln angestellt. Ausgehend von diesen ersten Kreativwirtschaftsberichten, die ebenfalls die urbane räumliche Konzentration der Personengruppe der Creative Class unterstrichen, wurden die vier Städte Wien, Berlin, Zürich und Köln als Standorte der empirischen Untersuchung ausgewählt. Bei der Suche nach Interviewpartnern war bereits zu erkennen, dass sich die Wohn- und Arbeitsorte der Creative Class in allen vier Städten vorwiegend in den an die Stadtmitte angrenzenden, dicht bebauten Bezirken und Quartieren befinden. Im Zuge der Analyse der Lebensorte und Alltagspraktiken der 52 interviewten Personen konnten überwiegend Mehrraumwohnungen aus der Gründerzeit, aber auch Einraumwohnungen und Ateliers beobachtet werden. Anhand der Begriffs- und Dualismuspaare Mensch / Maschine, Mensch / Raum, Privat / Öffentlich und Wohnen / Arbeiten wird verdeutlicht, dass die Grenzziehungen, die das Wohnen des 20. Jahrhunderts entscheidend prägten, heute, mit dem Eindringen der Medien, im Auflösen begriffen sind. Die aktuelle theoretische Diskussion wird von Entgrenzungstheorien bestimmt. Mit dem Einzug von medialen Funktionen, die den Wohn- und Arbeitsort der interviewten Personen zu einer Insel werden lassen, konnten auch im Rahmen der Untersuchung Entgrenzungen festgestellt werden, welche die funktionale und räumliche Struktur dieser Lebensinseln transformieren. Diese Entgrenzungen sind im Kontext der Miniaturisierung und Mobilisierung der technischen Geräte zu betrachten. Denn durch die flexible Nutzung der technischen Geräte werden mediale Tätigkeiten in traditionelle Wohnfunktionen eingebettet. Hand in Hand mit dieser Überlagerung wurde auch ein verändertes Raumverständnis beobachtet, das nicht mehr auf vorgegebenen Funktionszuordnungen beruht, sondern auf der individuellen Mehrfachcodierung von Räumen und Raumbereichen. So wird zum Beispiel die funktionale und gestalterische Unterscheidung zwischen Wohnraum und Arbeitsraum nivelliert und die ursprüngliche Grenze zwischen Wohnen und Arbeiten in die Technologie verlagert. Die neue Tür ist das An- und Ausschalten der Geräte. Die Mehrfachcodierungen werden von den interviewten Personen jedoch nur dann positiv gewertet, wenn sie keinen Zwang darstellen, sondern der Ort der Nutzung frei gewählt werden kann. Die Grenze zwischen den einzelnen Raumbereichen wird somit durch die individuelle Wahlmöglichkeit bestimmt. Die neuen Parameter des Wohnens der Creative Class sind folglich Mehrfachcodierung und räumliche beziehungsweise örtliche Diversität. Eine weitgehend optimale Grundrissorganisation bezüglich dieser mehrfachcodierten Diversität wurde in den polyzentrisch organisierten Gründerzeitwohnungen Wiens beobachtet. Sie bieten dem Bewohner mittels eines Verteilerraums im Eingangsbereich und einer internen Verbindung zwischen Wohnen und Arbeiten die Wahlmöglichkeit, die Räume sowohl getrennt als auch im Zusammenhang zu nutzen. Die weiterführende Variante dieser "Wand-an-Wand-Lösung" konnte auch ohne interne Verbindung, in Form einer zweiten Lebensinsel im selben Haus oder im Viertel, festgestellt werden. Entscheidend, um die Wahlmöglichkeit zu gewährleisten, ist die räumliche oder örtliche Trennung bei gleichzeitiger Erreichbarkeit. In diesem Kontext haben 56 % der interviewten Personen eine zusätzliche eigene Lebensinsel in Form eines Atelierarbeitsplatzes, eines eigenen Ateliers oder einer zweiten Wohnung beziehungsweise der Wohnung des Partners zur Wahl. Auf diesen zusätzlichen Lebensinseln findet die Überlagerung von Wohnen und Arbeiten sowie Privat und Öffentlich in einem ebenso hohen Ausmaß statt, wie an den ersten Lebensorten. Die Befragten nutzen die ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Orte individuell, je nach Bedarf. Die Diversität ist nicht nur innerhalb der Lebensinsel beziehungsweise zwischen den Lebensinseln von Bedeutung, sondern auch im Zusammenhang mit dem Lebensumfeld. Denn aufgrund der Inselbildung ist eine zunehmende Bedeutung der infrastrukturellen Versorgung und der sozialen Kontakte im Lebensumfeld der Creative Class zu beobachten. Die entscheidende Aufgabe, die sich mit der Erkenntnis der Erfordernis der mehrfachcodierten Diversität für den Architekten und Stadtplaner demnach stellt, ist: Eine Diversität von Orten und Räumen innerhalb der Lebensinsel und in der nahen Umgebung zu schaffen, an denen und mit Hilfe derer die Bewohner über die individuelle Wahlmöglichkeit verfügen, sowohl überkommene funktionale Grenzen zu überschreiten als auch selber Grenzen zu ziehen. ; Defragmented dwelling - creative class housing in the media age At the beginning of the 21st century the cultural and living space of society is increasingly influenced by the information and communication media. With the advance of the media into people's living spaces, concepts of living and dwelling are re-evaluated. William Mitchell and the American sociologist and political scientist Richard Florida emphasize a link between the intensive use of new information and communication technologies and new living concepts. Their research examines a concentration of changed usage concepts in newly adapted old buildings of high density neighbourhoods. Within a new career and lifestyle group, which he describes as the "creative class", Florida observes an interconnection of new living practices and changed spatial usage. Due to their technological innovation and creative work organization, Florida describes the creative class as protagonists of the information age. The objective of this dissertation was to define and understand the structurally altered living strategies and spatial dispositions of a pioneer group of the information age, the creative class. 52 individuals of the creative class were selected for interviews. The research follows an explorative approach and may therefore not be seen as representative of the creative class. However, the growing importance of this pioneer group becomes evident when considering that in the USA today already up to 30% of the economically active population is working in the creative sector, which includes professions in IT, media, art, science and management. In the German-speaking world the creative economy in the cities of Vienna, Berlin, Zurich and Cologne has already been studied. On the basis of these first creative economy reports, which already suggest a concentration of creative class population, the cities Vienna, Berlin, Zurich and Cologne were selected for the empirical study. Already during the search for potential interviewees it was apparent that the living and working spaces of the creative class are predominantly located in the high density areas adjoining the city centre. In the study of living spaces and day-to-day routines of the 52 persons from the creative class, multi-room apartments in 19th century "Gründerzeit" buildings were predominant, but there were also single room apartments and studios. An examination of the dualistic concepts man / machine, man / space, private / public and living / working illustrates that the boundary definitions that distinctly characterized dwelling in the 20th century, today, with the advance of the new media, are in the process of dissolution. The current theoretical discourse is defined by theories of boundary reduction. Together with the introduction of media functions that turn the living and working space of the interviewees into an island, boundary reductions that transform the functional and spatial structures of these life-islands could be determined also within the framework of this study. Boundary reductions can be observed in the context of miniaturization and mobilization of technological equipment. Through the flexible use of technological devices media functions become embedded within traditional living functions. Hand in hand with these overlayering a changed understanding of space was observed, that no longer is determined by a given set of functional allocations, but rather by an individualized multiple codification of spaces and spatial zones. For example the difference in form and function between living space and working space is negated and the original boundary between working and living is transferred into the technological realm. The new door is the on/off switch of the technological device. The multiple codifications are rated positively by the interviewed individuals of the creative class only when they do not constitute a constraint but when places for usage can be freely chosen. As a consequence the boundary between different spatial zones is defined by means of individual opportunities for choice. The new parameters of the creative class are therefore multiple codification and diversity of space and place. Referring to this multi-code diversity an optimum floor plan organization was to be found in the polycentrically ordered 19th century "Gründerzeit" apartments in Vienna. By means of a distribution room in the entrance and an internal connection between living and working, they offer the occupant the option of using the rooms separately as well as in combination. A further variation of these "wall-to-wall solution" was also observed without an internal connection in the form of a second life-island within the same house or the same neighbourhood. The decisive factor that ensures the possibility of choice is a spatial division with concurrent accessibility. In this context, 56% of the persons questioned have an additional separate life-island in the form of a studio work space, their own studio or a further apartment of their own or their partner's to choose from. In these additional life-islands there is a similarly high measure of interconnection of working and living, private and public as in their primary living spaces. The persons studied use the spaces at their disposal individually as the need arises. Diversity is of significance not only within the life-island itself or between the various life-islands, but also in relation to the living environment. Due to island formation there is an increased importance of the supporting infrastructure and social contacts within the environment of the live-island for the creative class. The vital task facing the architect and urban designer in terms of multi-code diversity therefore is this: to create a diversity of places and spaces within the life-island and its adjoining environment which provide and facilitate individual opportunities for the occupant to overcome traditional boundaries as well as to define boundaries of his own.

Zagrebački Botanički vrt Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta sačuvan je u urbanističko-arhitektonskoj koncepciji u gotovo izvornom obliku, kako je izgrađen 1892. godine. Članak donosi sažeti prikaz specifične povijesne arhitekture koja je dio Vrta. Građevine su opisane na temelju istraživanja arhivske građe, analize sačuvanih prvotnih i novijih projekata te izvedenih građevina od nastanka Vrta. Obuhvaćene su sve za Botanički vrt značajne građevine: izložbeni staklenici, vrtlarska kuća, izložbeni paviljon, fiziološki laboratorij, javni zahod te bazeni s "vodometom", uresna ograda, mostić, sjenice i vodosprema. Vrijedna povijesna arhitektura postupno se obnavlja pod konzervatorskim nadzorom nadležne službe za zaštitu kulturnih dobara od 1998. godine do danas. ; Almost the entire original layout of the urban and architectural concept of the Zagreb Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science has been preserved as it was conceived in 1889 by its founder, Prof. Antun Heinz, a professor of botany at the University of Zagreb. The Garden was designed and built in accordance with contemporary European standards for the design of botanical gardens. From its foundation until today, the Garden has retained its multiple purposes. As an integral part of the Faculty of Science of the University of Zagreb for more than a century, the Garden has played an extremely important role in university teaching and scientific research in the field of botany, as well as education of the general public. The Garden also has cultural, historical and touristic value for the city of Zagreb and the Republic of Croatia. Since it was founded, it has remained open to the public free of charge, providing visitors with numerous educational and popular activities. It is part of the Green Horseshoe in Donji grad, a cultural good inscribed in the Register of Cultural Goods of the Republic of Croatia as an original architectural achievement, and as a completed, urbanistic, architectural space in the form of a park in the centre of Zagreb, and also as a horticultural monument in the botanical-garden category. In the first decades after its foundation, a series of functional buildings and structures of park architecture, such as a gazebo, a lookout and small bridges on the lake, shelters and similar elements in various historic styles, were built in the Botanical Garden. As a permanent residence for gardeners, a garden house was built in 1890 in the west part of the Garden, in the direction of Savska cesta. Later, greenhouses were erected and the pavilion was transported from the Second Jubilee Exhibition of Economy and Forestry held in Zagreb in 1891. A rare example of a communal building, a public toilet for parks, based on the 1905 project by Milan Lenuci, has been preserved. The last two buildings were designed by professors from the Faculty of Architecture. In 1933, in the south part of the Garden, Prof. Juraj Denzler built the well of the City Water Supply Network, used by the Garden to this day; and, in 1942, along with the already-built physiological laboratory, Prof. Zvonimir Vrkljan started building the Division of Botany. Buildings, park architecture, parterre and installation network were reconstructed and renovated over the past twenty years in accordance with the defined priorities and conservation guidelines, projects and supervision of the City Institute for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Several selected examples present recent projects and renovations. Industrial development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and new materials – iron and glass – enabled the construction of large halls illuminated from above. Constructors applied this type of knowledge to build greenhouses, essential for the successful cultivation of tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean plants in botanical gardens. Often, this type of old greenhouse is a valuable example of specific architectural heritage. A unique historical structure of this type is preserved in the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science in Croatia. Professor Dr. Antun Heinz took a sabbatical in 1889 and visited European botanical gardens in order to gather experience and the latest ideas he needed for the design and construction of the Botanical Garden of the University of Zagreb. He chose a situational solution, a combination of geometric and landscape style. He decided to design the largest part of the Garden in the landscape – or socalled English – style, with randomly planted groups of trees and shrubs, and curving paths. Only the parterre (ornamental flower beds), located in the west part of the Garden, was built in the French style, with a strict geometric and symmetrical ground plan. Around the long central axis, a conception typical of Baroque park heritage of the 17th and 18th centuries, he placed the main building of the Garden and the greenhouses with a geometric floral parterre with two symmetrical paths on each side, and most of that open surface is a free composition of the parterre with high and low greenery. The original shape of the exhibition greenhouses built at the end of the 19th century was preserved, but they were in very bad condition. Therefore, renovation was planned and is underway in order to restore the original condition of the complex of exhibition greenhouses. Fence around the Botanical Garden was gradually added as the city in the immediate vicinity of the Garden developed. In 1900, after the construction of the new street (today's Mihanović Street), the north fence of the Garden was built with the main entrance portal based on a design by the Royal Building Department of the Land Government, and then the east and west fence were built. Since the aesthetically shaped southern fence did not exist, it was designed as a public walkway with a pergola, and the construction began in 2018. The oldest fair building in Croatia was preserved in the Botanical Garden of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science in Zagreb, and restored in 2007. The wooden pavilion was presented at the international exhibition in Vienna in 1890, and in Zagreb in 1891. In 1892, it was moved to the Garden as a building where plants susceptible to frost were kept during winter. Over time, the domes and façade were removed. However, the roof structure and the volume of the building were preserved, and all characteristic elements of the lining were found before the 2005 reconstruction. Based on sufficient data and archival photographs, it was possible to restore the exhibition pavilion to its original form. Reconstruction and renovation of the Botanical Garden complex and functional historic buildings will continue and contribute to the preservation of the complete historical architectural heritage in the park section of the Green Horseshoe of Zagreb Donji Grad.

1. The multitranche financing facility (MFF) is a financing modality introduced in 2005, which establishes a partnership between the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and a client for the purposes of working in a sector or sectors. 2. In line with reporting and monitoring requirements outlined in the mainstreaming policy paper, this annual report consolidates key findings on MFF performance based on the annual MFF progress reports submitted by the five regional ADB departments and the information prepared by the Controller's Department and Partner Funds Division of the Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department of ADB. It also provides an update of the portfolio, trends, and implementation status of MFFs. 3. The annual MFF progress reports attached in Appendix 1 provide (i) progress made on each of the physical and nonphysical components; (ii) risks and issues, and actions being taken to mitigate the risks and resolve the issues; (iii) updated design and monitoring frameworks; (iv) the status of compliance with clients' commitments to make or maintain certain undertakings over the term of the MFF; and (v) any changes in circumstances or material facts relating to the investment program or plan.