The spate of interest in informal work in recent years may be related to the hope that such work provides a safety net or survival strategy for those who would otherwise be seriously disadvantaged. Closer examination of this notion requires the disaggregation of informal work into its different forms and also the disaggregation of the unemployed into distinctive categories. The so-called new unemployed people, produced by the economic circumstances of the last decade, have no tradition of working informally to get by. Indeed, most evidence suggests that those in employment are best placed to do other forms of work as well. A detailed sociological study of the Isle of Sheppey in Kent, England, illustrates both divisions in participation in forms of work between men and women and also a process of polarization between work-rich households, with multiple earners engaging in all forms of work, and work-poor households, typically headed by elderly people, single parents, or unemployed people. The social polarization is likely to increase. The article concludes that jobless indeed means workless.
Abstract This article is based on the life stories of about 100 women and men born in the 1920s and 1930s in Bulgaria. The stories were elicited in oral history interviews enquiring into their lives under the communist regime. The starting hypothesis was that, in the absence of a shared public narrative about the socialist past, as is the case in present-day Bulgaria, people would struggle to make sense of their lives during the time of socialism and have difficulty producing meaningful autobiographical accounts. The article explores the narrative strategies the interviewees adopted to let them present their lives as meaningfully seamless and coherent, despite the change in frame of reference. Four such strategies are discussed: sameness (unbroken loyalty to the former regime); biographical revisionism (distancing the self from the regime but retaining loyalty to the ideology); reversed temporality (privileging the past); and steering away (focusing on private life while ignoring its context).
Background N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) are widely used in healthcare to reduce transmission of airborne infectious diseases. These respirators are generally described as single use or limited reuse devices, but cost and operational issues mean that they may be donned and doffed multiple times. There is scant research on the effect of this practice on adequacy of fit.
Objective The purpose of this study was to measure the effect on respirator fit of multiple donning and doffing of N95 FFRs.
Methods This was an experiment in which 16 women and 9 men employed by the National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), Johannesburg, donned their same N95 FFR six times. All 25 were trained in the correct wearing of the devices before the experiment. Four models of respirators were used: the six who did not use respirators at work (novice subjects) were issued a 3M 1860 FFR and the others used their currently supplied one. During the experiment subjects donned their respirators under the supervision of the tester. Quantitative fit testing was done in the NIOH Occupational Hygiene laboratory after each donning according to the OSHA-Accepted Fit Test Protocol using the TSI PortaCount Pro+ Model 8038 Respirator Fit Tester. During the test, fit was measured after each of seven exercises and then an overall fit factor was computed. Only individuals who achieved an initial overall fit factor of ≥100 were allowed to continue participation in the study. Median overall fit factors were calculated for the 25 subjects for each donning and changes across them was examined using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Men and women and frequent and infrequent users were compared across the six tests. Infrequent use was defined as subjects who wore respirators ≤ once per week, and novice subjects.
Results Two subjects (8%) had an overall fit factor <100 at fit Test 2, 6 (24%) at Test 3, and 8 (32%) at Tests 4, 5, and 6. Thirteen respirator users (52%) achieved ≥100 throughout the fit testing, so 12 had at least one failure at either Tests 2–6. Five of the 12 subjects with at least one failure showed persistent failures on all subsequent donnings. Six subjects out of 12 (50%) who failed a fit test achieved an overall fit factor >100 at a subsequent test. There was a significant difference between the median first and sixth overall fit factors (195 versus 150; P = 0.0271), but not between the second and sixth (161 versus 150; P = 0.3584). Men and women had similar overall fit factors, but infrequent users had larger average overall fit factors than frequent users after all six donnings.
Conclusion Forty-eight percent of study subjects failed at least one fit test after re-donning an N95 FFR. The fit test data suggest that donning practices probably accounted for the fit test failures. The 50% of subjects who produced overall fit factors ≥100 after a test of <100 supports this contention.
If certain observable trends in Latin America continue, Christian Democracy could well become the political dimension that Latin America at its present stage of development requires. Although a great social, economic, political, and psychological revolution has been sweeping Latin America, no political ideology has arisen with it. Most political parties have been convenient umbrellas for various, shifting small interest groups. Aside from a few strong parties in individual countries, political parties have lacked purpose and have shown ideological weaknesses. Although communism and socialism have been influential on occasion and in different countries, neither has managed to become the party of the masses. The two clashing influences of the present age in Latin America— the Cuban revolution and the Alliance for Progress—created the need for a solution of their conflict. Christian Democracy, especially as it has emerged in Chile, with the resounding success of President Eduardo Frei Montalva, offers hope of a synthesis. Its ideas appeal to youthful intellectuals and to middle-class women, and it has the support of the Roman Catholic Church and the labor unions. If Christian Democracy prevails in the other Latin-American countries, they may, like Chile, show an inclination to "third world" policies in international relations. Although political predictions are risky, we cannot ignore the significance of the new trend toward Christian Democracy in Latin America.—Ed.
On the basis of the analysis of training classifications, content and mechanisms of training influence, techniques and forms of its implementation, the author emphasizes precisely on professional-psychological training, which is aimed at the formation, development, correction of the subject of the required professional qualities, on mastering in future young people Specialists - women servicemen of the State Border Service of Ukraine of specific professional knowledge, skills, skills, on the correction of installations, development of personal qualities through the internalization of features professional environment, objects and features of interaction with him professional. It is proved that professional-psychological training, as educational-developmental technology, aims to form in the subject of activity professional knowledge and skills, in creative, aimed at solving innovative problems of the process, with no ready-made solutions. At the same time from participants such training requires initiative, activity, resourcefulness, ability to carry out productive joint activity. The author's training program, consisting of the introductory part, 4 blocks, the final part, the main tasks of which the development of future junior specialists – women servicemen of the State Border Service of Ukraine is outlined: 1) the substantive aspects of thinking processes: the ability to cover the various manifestations of the object activity, expanding the thinking range, the ability to see the problem, expanding and deepening views on its essence, the ability to analyze, summarize, highlight the main things, etc; to correlate the vector of thinking activity with the level of operationalization of the acquired professional knowledge (depth, efficiency, adequacy, flexibility, completeness, structure) for a particular situation or problem; development of originality, spontaneous activity, speed, etc; 2) motivational foundations for achieving professional success, military-professional orientation and interest in border activities, etc; 3) skills of psychological self-regulation, neutralization of affective experiences, development of stress resistance and adaptive potential, organizational skills and communication skills; formulating professional goals, designing meaningful conditions for their achievement, etc. 4) initiative, sense of personal causality; stimulating the need for personal and professional self-development, professional self-realization; skills to reflect your own capabilities and more. ; На основі проведеного аналізу класифікацій тренінгів, змісту та механізмів тренінгового впливу, технік і форм його проведення, автором зроблено акцент саме на професійно-психологічному тренінгу, який спрямований на формування, розвиток, корекцію у суб'єкта необхідних професійних якостей, на засвоєння у майбутніх молодших спеціалістів – жінок-військовослужбовців Державної прикордонної служби України специфічних професійних знань, умінь, навичок, на корекцію установок, розвиток особистісних якостей через інтеріоризацію особливостей професійного середовища, об'єктів і особливостей взаємодії з ним професіонала. Доведено, що професійно-психологічний тренінг, як навчально-розвивальна технологія, має на меті сформувати у суб'єкта діяльності професійні знання та вміння, в творчому, спрямованому на вирішення інноваційних проблем процесі, з відсутніми готовими рішеннями. При цьому від учасників такий тренінг вимагає ініціативи, активності, винахідливості, умінь здійснювати продуктивну спільну діяльність. Викладено авторську прoгрaму тренінгу, що складається зі вступної частини, 4-х блоків, заключної частини, основними завданнями якої визначено розвиток у майбутніх молодших спеціалістів – жінок-військовослужбовців Державної прикордонної служби України: 1) змістових аспектів мисленнєвих процесів: здатності охоплювати різні прояви предмету діяльності, розширення мисленнєвого діапазону, уміння бачити проблему, розширення та поглиблення поглядів на її сутність, здатності аналізувати, узагальнювати, виділяти головне тощо; співвідносити вектор мисленнєвої діяльності з рівнем операціоналізації набутих професійних знань (глибина, дієвість, адекватність, гнучкість, повнота, структурованість) для конкретної ситуації або проблеми; розвиток оригінальності, спонтанної активності, швидкості тощо; 2) мотиваційних основ досягнення професійної успішності, військово-професійної спрямованості та інтересу до прикордонної діяльності тощо; 3) навичок психологічної саморегуляції, нейтралізації афективних переживань, розвиток стресостійкості та адаптивного потенціалу, організаторських умінь та комунікативних навичок; формулювання професійних цілей, проектування значущих умов їх досягнення тощо; 4) ініціативності, почуття особистісної причинності; стимулювання потреби особистісно-професійного саморозвитку, професійної самореалізації; навичок відрефлексування власних можливостей тощо.
The publication is devoted to the analysis of international standards for women's rights and the constitutional law of modern Russia. The authors have concluded that today human and civil rights have no gender asymmetry, in particular political rights enshrined in the Constitution. The constitutional norm of equality between men and women in the political sphere is fully consistent with the universal international standards. The authors have found that the law does not differentiate between men and women; does not allow direct or indirect restrictions or advantages on the basis of gender in the civil service. Moreover, women are numerically a dominant group of civil servants, but predominate in performing positions, thereby saving "gender pyramid" in government and administration. The article shows that the Russian legislation does not contain provisions infringing the political rights of women. However, the traditional idea of the social roles of men and women are a significant barrier that limits women's ability to enjoy all rights and freedoms, despite the fact that such representations are especially characteristic of the domestic standard of everyday living of society. However, it is not clear what gender discrimination means in the political sphere of life. We must assume that this is due to the absence of statement in the legislation of the Russian Federation "discrimination against women".DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)3-05 ; Публикация посвящена анализу международных стандартов прав женщин и конституционного законодательства современной России. Авторы констатируют, что сегодня права человека и гражданина не имеют гендерной асимметрии, в частности политические права, закрепленные в Конституции РФ. Конституционная норма равноправия мужчин и женщин в политической сфере полностью соответствует универсальным международным стандартам. Авторами установлено, что в законодательстве не проводятся различия между мужчинами и женщинами, не допускается прямых или косвенных ограничений или преимуществ по признаку половой принадлежности на государственной гражданской службе. Более того, женщины остаются численно доминирующей группой в составе государственных служащих, но преобладают на исполнительских должностях, тем самым сохраняется «гендерная пирамида» в органах власти и управления. В рамках настоящей статьи показано, что законодательство РФ не содержит норм, ущемляющих политические права женщин. Однако традиционные представления о социальных ролях мужчин и женщин являются существенным препятствием, ограничивающим возможности женщин пользоваться всеми правами и свободами, несмотря на то, что такие представления прежде всего характерны для бытового уровня жизни общества. Вместе с тем не совсем понятно, что означает дискриминация по признаку пола в политической сфере жизнедеятельности. Надо полагать, что это связано с отсутствием формулировок в законодательстве РФ «дискриминации в отношении женщин».DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)3-05
Background:The success of vaccination campaigns against COVID-19 infection is vital for moving from a COVID-19 pandemic to an endemic scenario. We aimed to unravel the influence of the risk perception of epidemics along with individual and contextual factors on adherence to COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in Italy and Sweden. Methods:We compared the results of two nationwide surveys carried out in August 2021 across four domains of epidemic risk perception: perceived likelihood, perceived impact on the individual and perceived individual and authority knowledge. The roles of individual and contextual determinants were also explored. Results:The survey included 2144 participants in Sweden (52.3% women) and 2010 in Italy (52.6% women). In both countries, we found that trust in authorities was one of the main drivers of this process, with two-fold increased odds of being vaccinated. Being highly educated and having a higher relative income were associated with a higher adherence to the vaccination campaign (for relative income OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.23–1.67 in Sweden and OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.34 in Italy; for education OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.30–2.77 in Sweden and OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.09–1.97 in Italy), whereas a right and centre-right compared with a left and centre-left political orientation was negatively related to vaccination adherence (OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.25–0.67 in Sweden and OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.33–0.68 in Italy). Conclusions:Increasing trust in authorities, along with an equal global distribution of vaccine doses, can contribute to accelerating vaccination campaigns around the world and, in turn, to move towards an endemic scenario.
Objectives Residential long-term care (LTC) use has declined in many countries over the past years. This study quantifies how changing rates of entry, exit, and mortality have contributed to trends in life expectancy in LTC (i.e., average time spent in LTC after age 65) across sociodemographic groups.
Methods We analyzed population-register data of all Finns aged ≥65 during 1999–2018 (n=2,016,987) with dates of LTC and death, and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimated transition rates between home, LTC and death using Poisson generalized additive models, and calculated multistate life tables across 1999–2003, 2004–2008, 2009–2013 and 2014–2018.
Results Between 1999–2003 and 2004–2008, life expectancy in LTC increased from 0.75 (95% CI 0.74–0.76) to 0.89 (0.88–0.90) years among men and from 1.61 (1.59–1.62) to 1.83 (1.81–1.85) years among women, mainly due to declining exit rates from LTC. Thereafter, life expectancy in LTC decreased, reaching 0.80 (0.79–0.81) and 1.51 (1.50–1.53) years among men and women, respectively, in 2014–2018. Especially among women and non-married men, the decline was largely due to increasing death rates in LTC. Admission rates declined throughout the study period, which offset the increase in life expectancy in LTC attributable to declining mortality in the community. Marital status differences in life expectancy in LTC narrowed over time.
Discussion Recent declines in LTC use were driven by postponed LTC admission closer to death. The results suggest that across sociodemographic strata older adults enter LTC in ever worse health and spent a shorter time in care than before.
Opioid addiction is no longer a primarily urban problem. As dependence on heroin and prescription pain relievers has become a significant issue in rural areas, the need for effective treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women and their neonates has grown accordingly. In addition to the adverse perinatal outcomes associated with opioid addiction in pregnant women, the high costs of caring for these mothers and their babies motivate efforts to develop appropriate treatment models. We found that integration and coordination of services that promote maternal recovery and ability to parent are key requirements for treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy. Unfortunately, lack of experience and resources make such coordination a real challenge in rural areas. In this review, we discuss how we managed the challenges of developing a comprehensive program for treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy. In addition, we outline our approach for facilitating the development of community-based programs to help these patients and families in rural regions of Vermont. Close relationships between our tertiary care center, local hospitals, community health care infrastructure, and legislators bolstered our efforts. In particular, appreciation for the severity and importance of the opioid-dependence problem in Vermont among health care providers and state legislators was paramount for our success in developing a state-wide treatment program. This approach can inform similar efforts in other rural regions of the United States, and has great potential to improve both access and quality of care for women struggling with opioid dependence.
SUMMARY "SEPARATE GROUPS OF WORKERS SAFETY AND HEALTH GUARANTEE" The paper reveals the health and safety guarantee the essence of the concept. Labor law doctrine laid down the principle of unity and differentiation, value, limits on the use of individual categories of workers, which provides for additional safety and health guarantee. Labor laws of such persons are recognized: young people (persons under 18 years of age), pregnant, have recently given birth or are breast-feeding women, the disabled, which leads to additional guarantees for the physiological and / or psychological characteristics. The application of such guarantees only those categories would not ascribable to individuals deemed to be discrimination against the rest. The paper examines the complex national and international statutory health and safety guarantees, compared with the general. Systematic analysis of the Labor Code of the Republic of Lithuania, other legislation granting additional guarantees to young persons, pregnant, have recently given birth or are breast-feeding women and people with disabilities: an employment contract, the contractor at the time - the regulation of labor, leisure time, changing the terms and conditions or changes in working conditions special cases, the transfer of the downtime, as well as the expiry of the contract of employment. Placed on safety and health law implementation issues, the application features. The application of such guarantees only those categories would not ascribable to individual sdeemed to be discrimination against the rest.
SUMMARY "SEPARATE GROUPS OF WORKERS SAFETY AND HEALTH GUARANTEE" The paper reveals the health and safety guarantee the essence of the concept. Labor law doctrine laid down the principle of unity and differentiation, value, limits on the use of individual categories of workers, which provides for additional safety and health guarantee. Labor laws of such persons are recognized: young people (persons under 18 years of age), pregnant, have recently given birth or are breast-feeding women, the disabled, which leads to additional guarantees for the physiological and / or psychological characteristics. The application of such guarantees only those categories would not ascribable to individuals deemed to be discrimination against the rest. The paper examines the complex national and international statutory health and safety guarantees, compared with the general. Systematic analysis of the Labor Code of the Republic of Lithuania, other legislation granting additional guarantees to young persons, pregnant, have recently given birth or are breast-feeding women and people with disabilities: an employment contract, the contractor at the time - the regulation of labor, leisure time, changing the terms and conditions or changes in working conditions special cases, the transfer of the downtime, as well as the expiry of the contract of employment. Placed on safety and health law implementation issues, the application features. The application of such guarantees only those categories would not ascribable to individual sdeemed to be discrimination against the rest.
Most studies show that parents have a lower level of wellbeing than non-parents. An interesting question is if this is true in different contexts, such for instance different family policy contexts. Although there are common family policy goals for all member states of the European Union there are still major differences between states regarding the implementation and contents of various family policy measures. The aim of the article is to study the importance of family policy context and gender for the negative influence of having children on mental wellbeing. Data is derived from an extensive cross-country data set named European Social Survey Program (ESS). Family policy context is measured through the different family policies contexts that each state represents, resulting in a Nordic cluster (representing an extensive family policy context) and two clusters, the conservative and liberal, representing less extensive family policy contexts. Results in general show that the level of mental wellbeing is lower among people with children living at home than among people with no children at home. However, separate analyses of the family policy contexts indicate that this difference between those with and without children only exists in the conservative and liberal family policy contexts. Further, separate analyses of women and men in different family policy contexts show that the negative association between the occurrence of children and mental wellbeing exist only among women in conservative and liberal contexts. This indicates that the family policy context is of importance for mother's mental wellbeing but not for father's.
In Southern African postcolonial discourses, sexual violation is often deployed as an allegory for either patriarchal control or racial domination. This perhaps explains the huge archive of narratives of sexual violence in the Southern African literary canon. While this archive and its scholarship mainly concentrates on the experiences of women and girls, a substantial number of texts portraying the sexual abuse of boys from the region demand that scholarly attention is paid to this phenomenon. Does contemporary South African fiction's privileging of the sexual violation of boys suggest that boys are as vulnerable to this form of violence in moments of national crisis as are girls and women? Reading K. Sello Duiker's Thirteen Cents1 as a portrayal of the precarious intersection of post-apartheid familial dystopia on children's bodies—articulated through under-age prostitution—I explore how fiction intervenes successfully to spotlight the susceptibility of boys to pederasty in moments of societal crisis. Additionally, I examine how homosexual prostitution is portrayed as a tool for survival for helpless boys, on the one hand, and exhibition of patriarchal power for the men that pay to have sex with these boys, on the other. I argue that the depiction of underage sex work of some boys in South African cities can help rescue these victims from being perceived as mere statistical footnotes to Southern African inequities and patriarchal power.
The historical scholarship on black-on-white rape has focused mainly on the oppression of black men and firmly cast white women only as false accusers. While radically politicized groups like communists in the 1930s and civil rights activists in the 1950s deployed the trope of the lying white woman to defend black men accused of rape, by the mid-twentieth century the mainstream culture began to embrace this rhetoric. I am interested in how a new consensus was formed around this rhetoric and what that meant for movements that organized for justice around sexual violence. In this article, I use the Giles-Johnson case, an instance of alleged black-on-white sexual violence, to examine how white mainstream America embraced the trope of the lying white woman at this time. This article challenges the assumptions of the false claim and begins to examine the complex interplay of racialized and sexualized constructions in cases of black-on-white rape.
