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This paper discusses a pervasive yet neglected form of social interaction, that between service staff and customers. Observational and video data from two different shop settings are used to explore three aspects of service interactions. First, queues are discussed, a mundane yet massively prevalent device for managing when and how customers are served. Queues depend on customers ability to 'work the queue', to be able to see who is queuing and their place in the queue. This rests not only on the recognition of queuing behaviour, but also its production by those queuing. Second, artefacts in shop settings have not only a material role, but are resources used in interaction. The shop counter is both a surface to place goods, and a shared interactional space between customer and staff where the placement of goods has meaning for the interaction. Third, staff and customers manage their interactions using rhetorical devices, such as using three part list display can be used to show the validity of advice being given. From these observations we draw two conclusions: Behaviour in service settings has a strong moral component in that divergences from correct behaviour (such as queue skipping) are quickly sanctioned. This morality is from those in the setting, rather than an analyst's judgement, suggesting that the morality of economic markets can be studied as an endogenous feature of those markets. Second, customer service relies upon a prevalent yet powerful 'ordinary vision' - the skills of seeing, but also producing, the predictable actions that make up the order of service.

Variable selection is a crucial aspect of formulating a model to empirically examine data, as omitted variables can create spurious association, while inclusion of irrelevant variables can bias the results of one's estimates. To mitigate such problems, researchers rely on theory to guide their selection of variables to include in their models. Unfortunately, in social science, there often exist several plausible theories to explain actions, and hence several models that researchers can use in their empirical work. This lack of unique theory is evident in examining trade's effect on conflict, as there are three main theories on this and each suggests a different effect for trade interdependence on conflict. Empirically, the effect of trade on conflict remains uncertain, as researchers Barbieri and Oneal & Russett have come to disparate conclusions using different measures of trade interdependence (models). Each of their inferences is based on the belief that the variables they select form the 'true' model that generates the data. The problem is that theory is unable to indicate whether one model is more appropriate than another, which creates uncertainty over the empirical effects of trade on conflict. To account for uncertainty in model selection, the author allows for several models by applying Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to the study of conflict. Accounting for this uncertainty, he finds that trade interdependence does not have a significant effect on the prediction of militarized conflict, whereas joint democracy continues to reduce conflict.

Provides the most comprehensive overview of Mormonism—one of the fast growing religions in the World—available in one volume.Scholars have labeled the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormonism as it is better known, both the American Religion, and the next world faith. The Mormon saga includes early persecution, conflict, and pioneer resilience, against a backdrop of revolutionary religious, social, and economic practices. The greatest colonizing force in American history, Mormonism has outgrown its 19th-century isolation and theocratic roots to become one of the most prosperous and respected Christian communities in the country. This book examines the history of the movement, and considers carefully the reasons behind a perennial discord with American culture—and the American government—that only waned in the early decades of the 20th century. Givens also considers the range of Mormon doctrines—both familiar and peculiar—and overviews the background and content of the unique canon of Mormon scripture.The Latter-day Saint Experience in America examines all aspects of how Mormons live, work, and worship. The book discusses: Mormon worship and Church organization; The intellectual and artistic heritage of the Latter-day Saints; Official Church teachings across a span of contemporary issues, from feminism to race to the environment; The tensions and future directions of the modern Church. Abundant appendices include a glossary of Mormonism, a timeline, a comparison with other Christian creeds, biographical sketches of Mormon luminaries, and an annotated bibliography useful for further study. ; https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1078/thumbnail.jpg

The relation between migration & domestic security is complex but in constant danger of being politically simplified. The general assumption spread by media reports & political speeches is that uncontrolled immigration endangers security directly by facilitating transborder criminal activity or indirectly by creating general conditions within society that diminish the state's capacity to maintain public order or to produce societal security in a more comprehensive sense. The contribution argues that an adequate analysis needs to modify this prima facie plausible account. First, there are important trade-offs between enhancing security & freedom of movement because the latter creates important benefits & has in a liberal perspective also intrinsic value. Second, migration control may itself endanger security by illegalizing human actions that cannot be de facto prevented & by creating a market for human trafficking. Third, closing borders for ongoing immigration flows may paradoxically increase inflows in the short run & prevent return migration in the long run. The essay examines further how migration affects the state's capacity to produce four public goods that are often included in a comprehensive conception of societal security: demographic sustainability, cultural homogeneity, democratic self-determination, & social security. Among these, redistributive welfare policies provide the strongest argument for immigration control, but cannot fully justify present priorities, levels, & means. A final aspect of the relation between migration & security is, however, the securitization of migration policy discourses that generally trumps other arguments & creates widespread support for counterproductive & normatively indefensible policies. 28 References. Adapted from the source document.

Autism has gained the attention of policy makers and public administrators in recent years. The surge in prevalence, in tandem with a growing social preference for community inclusion of individuals with disabilities, strains a variety of policy infrastructures. Autism and related disorders, which were first described in 1943, were originally thought to be extremely low incidence and usually coincident with mental retardation. In accordance with the disability policy paradigm of the era, public services for autism were provided predominantly in institutional settings. Since then, however, autism and related disorders have come to be understood as more common than was originally thought and more rarely associated with mental retardation. In this article, shift-share analysis is used to gain insight into how the growth in autism incidence is being differentially experienced and recorded within a single arena of policy across the United States. The challenges associated with a sudden growth in supply (that is the number of children with autism), while unique to autism in some respects, include aspects that are similar for other disabilities and in policy challenges in other arenas. Especially since the implementation of the Government Performance Results Act of 1996, there is increased pressure to create public policy infrastructures that are anchored by clearly cut categorical service delivery. If the categories themselves leave significant room for interpretation and their use actually has a shaping effect on the target population, then it is important to administration and policy evaluation to understand how the effect is playing out.

Dans cet article, nous examinons le cas de la Turquie qui présente un exemple original en termes des politiques populistes menées depuis l'instauration du régime multipartite en 1950. L'originalité du cas turc réside dans deux aspects bien caractéristiques. Le premier est qu'en Turquie, contrairement aux cas de certains pays de l'Amérique latine, les politiques populistes ont été conduites par les gouvernements conservateurs de centre-droit. Ceux-ci, à travers les réseaux de patronage qu'ils ont organisés, ont bénéficié des relations patron-client qui caractérisent la structure sociale. Les organisations de parti représentaient plus des « partis-machines » que des partis ayant un programme national et une idéologie cohérents. Ils ont ainsi distribué généreusement les ressources qu'ils ont pu facilement obtenir, notamment lors de la période de guerre froide, grâce à la position géostratégique du pays en tant que membre de l'OTAN. Le second concerne le cercle vicieux auquel ont abouti les politiques populistes. Ce cercle vicieux est constitué par le cycle populisme/crise/coup d'État/politiques d'austérité. Mais, avec la fin de la période de guerre froide et le début de l'ère de mondialisation, la Turquie a commencé à éprouver des difficultés à trouver des ressources extérieures, obtenues notamment sous forme d'aide intergouvernementale, pour mener les politiques populistes. Ces ressources ont été remplacées par l'entrée des capitaux à court terme à des taux d'intérêt élevés, ce qui a paradoxalement facilité l'application du populisme mais aggravé ses effets néfastes. Cela a entraîné la montée tant du mouvement islamiste que du mouvement ultranationaliste avec d'importantes tensions sociopolitiques.

Bibliography: leaves 80-88. ; In a post-apartheid, recently democratised South Africa African identity is constantly being negotiated within the media, the political sphere, and a variety of cultural expressions. Firstly, I explore the ways in which the popular musical forms of Hip Hop, Kwaito and Reggae in South Africa are contributing to the forging of a global African identity which challenges Eurocentric conceptions but also inserts an implicit response into recent debates about the limitations of an essentialist, Afrocentric paradigm. Secondly, I argue that the construction of this identity can be located within an interpretative framework that examines how popular music is engaged in a kind of religious work. Historically, musical expressions emerging out of the diaspora as well as from the continent have been media for retaining and reformulating African religion and culture under conditions of extreme social upheaval. Scholars such as Jon Michael Spencer have argued that the religious aspect of black music is informed by the need to be liberated from an oppressed mentality and therefore liberation needs to be regarded as a religious activity, an alternative spirituality which challenges existing socio-political values. Musical expressions such as Hip Hop, Reggae and Kwaito can be understood as creative transpositions of indigenous African religion within the context of a worldview informed by the supernatural power of the spoken word, the production of a sacred sonic space, and the advancement of what Hip Hop scholar Nelson has referred to as a "combative spirituality."

The Wildlife Society (TWS) recognizes wildlife-human interactions as both a challenge and an opportunity whereby we can serve the wildlife profession and human society. TWS first officially supported wildlife damage management professionals in 1959 when it created the TWS Committee on Economic Losses Caused by Vertebrates. In 1994, this committee ultimately became the TWS Wildlife Damage Management Working Group (WDMWG), whose goal is to better understand and manage the biological, ecological, social, political, legal, and economic aspects of wildlife-human interactions. The WDMWG has sponsored numerous symposia, workshops, publications, etc., all of which are designed to serve TWS, wildlife damage management professionals, and the public. In addition, several recent TWS publications have been designed to serve wildlife damage management professionals. TWS also has sponsored or co-sponsored technical sessions at meetings and international conferences to help disseminate the most current information on wildlife damage management. Furthermore, TWS' Certified Wildlife Biologist Program can help the wildlife damage management professional achieve public trust and confidence in their scientific and technical training, as well as legal recognition in courts of law. Wildlife professionals are increasingly challenged by wildlife-human conflicts, which often are the focus of attention from the news media. Wildlife professionals should endeavor to minimize the negative and enhance the positive values of wildlife, even for those species that have become locally overabundant and are sometimes regarded as pests. TWS will continue to support wildlife damage management professionals in their efforts to objectively manage wildlife species for the benefit of society and the wildlife resource.

Explores shifts in the Greek environmental movement, drawing on an analysis of a 50% sample of articles taken from the major national newspaper, Eleftherotypia, 1988-1997, & taking the context of sociopolitical & economic change across the decade as an important aspect influencing environmental group behavior. Four factors impact the incidence of environmental protest: (1) changes in the political opportunity/constraint structure, (2) activist's social space organization, (3) the economic opportunity/constraint structure, & (4) pattern of newspaper coverage. A clear & steady decrease in contentious events is apparent, with three peaks in the declining trend seen in 1989, 1993, & 1996, all national election years. The fact that Eleftherotypia is an Athens-based paper is seen to impact the spatial distribution of reported protest events. Economic opportunity affected the reporting of environmental protest as well. The large majority of protests centered on conservation; urban, industrial & pollution issues, & energy & transport issues. The declining & stable patterns of protest related to them are seen as a function of the institutionalization of environmental activism. Attention turns to the form of protest, relating the shift away from confrontational action to the aforementioned institutionalization; issue-action form link; & the environmental organizations & community-based groups mobilized to protest. It is noted that most protest occurred on the local or district level, with little national mobilization & extremely rare cases of transnational protests. It is concluded that political & economic opportunities & constraints confronting the two major environmental groups are the key factors underpinning patterns of environmental protest in Greece. 6 Tables, 7 Figures. J. Zendejas

Discusses social, economic, and political aspects of immigration and emigration; 17 articles. Contents: Strangers know us best: why are the British so careless with 'Britishness'? by Felipe Fernández-Armesto; Migration by numbers: a collection of facts and figures, by Jason Pollard & Andrew Smith; A wealth of experience: we need a fairer and more democratic migration process, by Bob Sutcliffe; Photostory: dire straits: the deadly sea crossing between Morocco and Spain, by Afvic; Crossing the line: globalisation's gift: a benign subversion of nationalism, by Robin Cohen; Common entrance exams: naturalisation and citizenship rights and requirements, by Jason Pollard; The price of return: the end of the USSR broke the ties that bound its peoples, by Vera Rich; The new slave trade: trafficking of women for the West's sex industry, by Irena Maryniak; Autoburg: considering Albania as a point of departure, by Gazmend Kapllani; Fantastical landscapes: the lands they leave behind, they leave changed utterly, by Angus MacQueen; A camp in Africa: forty per cent of the world's refugees are African, by Caroline Moorehead; In detention: a dissident stripped, jailed, censored, degraded---in in Britain, by Thomas Chaza; Come one come all: Israel sees immigration as the answer to many of its problems, by Patrick Wilcken; On the move at last: China's massive internal migration flows, by Jasper Becker; Powers of transformation: Leicester's failure to block immigrants is its greatest success, by Salil Tripathi; Leicester: city of migration, by Judith Vidal-Hall; Strip search, by Martin Rowson.

A consensus meeting was held in bangkok, 21–23 may 2002, where experts and young scientists in the field of physical activity, energy expenditure and body-weight regulation discussed the different aspects of physical activity in relation to the emerging problem of obesity worldwide. The following consensus statement was accepted unanimously. 'the current physical activity guideline for adults of 30 minutes of moderate intensity activity daily, preferably all days of the week, is of importance for limiting health risks for a number of chronic diseases including coronary heart disease and diabetes. However for preventing weight gain or regain this guideline is likely to be insufficient for many individuals in the current environment. There is compelling evidence that prevention of weight regain in formerly obese individuals requires 60–90 minutes of moderate intensity activity or lesser amounts of vigorous intensity activity. Although definitive data are lacking, it seems likely that moderate intensity activity of approximately 45 to 60 minutes per day, or 1.7 pal (physical activity level) is required to prevent the transition to overweight or obesity. For children, even more activity time is recommended. A good approach for many individuals to obtain the recommended level of physical activity is to reduce sedentary behaviour by incorporating more incidental and leisure-time activity into the daily routine. Political action is imperative to effect physical and social environmental changes to enable and encourage physical activity. Settings in which these environmental changes can be implemented include the urban and transportation infrastructure, schools, and workplaces.'.

Globalisation is often thought to threaten the autonomy of national policymaking and generous welfare policies. This article examines two decades of policy change in Sweden, often viewed as a prime example of a fully fledged welfare state. The analysis is focused on reforms within the welfare sector, which is compared with three other important areas – credit markets, the labour market, and infrastructure policy. These areas can all be seen as crucial aspects of the Swedish social democratic model. The findings can be summarised in three parts. First, seeing the credit–market deregulation as the first phase of the internationalisation of capital in Sweden lends some support to the idea of globalisation as the result of political decisions rather than a structural change caused by technical change. Second, during the last two decades, there have been signs of marketisation of the Swedish public sector. However, this analysis does not give support to the simple hypothesis of globalisation. There are quite large variations both between and within policy areas, variations that are not easily related to international integration. Third, marketisation involves a shift in political power. An overall effect is that the government has lost some of its former direct influence. However, behind the façade of the invisible market we find the same actors as before influencing policy. Globalisation can have tremendous effects on power. Whether or not this will be the case is first and foremost the result of political decisions and individual desires.

In line with recent critiques of individualistically based theories of human development, we offer a theoretical approach to childhood socialization that we refer to as interpretive reproduction. This approach stresses both the innovative and creative aspects of children''s participation in society and the fact that children both contribute to and are affected by processes of social reproduction. We apply our theoretical approach to children''s life transitions and introduce the notion of priming events. Priming events involve activities in which children, by their very participation, attend prospectively to ongoing or anticipated changes in their lives. We discuss the similarities and differences of our theoretical position with socio-cultural theories of human development, noting the importance of socio-economic and power relations that are of key importance in interpretive reproduction while they are often neglected in socio-cultural theory and research. We then present a comparative case study of an American and an Italian child''s transition from preschool to elementary school. Based on our rich set of comparative, longitudinal ethnographic data, we present interpretative narratives that situate the changes in these children''s lives by focusing on their participation in a complex web of collective experiences at the individual, interpersonal, and cultural (or societal) planes of analysis. We discuss the significance of our identification of priming events which contribute to both continuities and discontinuities in these children''s transition experiences, and how priming events are influenced by educational policies in the two countries.

Culture is usefully conceived for developmentalists as the organization of the developmental environment. This definition makes available to scientific scrutiny the processes by which culture affects the course of development, that is, how it generates the relationships and meanings of variables that are more familiar, individually, to traditional developmental scientists. One framework for parsing the environment is the ''developmental niche'', which identifies three operational subsystems – the physical and social settings, the historically constituted customs and practices of child care and child rearing, and the psychology of the caretakers, particularly parental ethnotheories which play a directive role and are, by definition, shared with the community. Three organizational aspects of the niche create particularly important developmental outcomes: contemporary redundancy, which is the mutually reinforcing repetition of similar influences from several parts of the environment during the same period of development; thematic elaboration, which is the repetition and cultivation over time of core symbols and systems of meaning; and chaining, in which no single element of the environment is sufficient in kind to produce a particular outcome, but the linking of disparate elements creates a qualitatively new phenomenon. In addition, there is a more complex set of second-order effects; sex and temperament, for example, are characteristics whose meaning and consequence are organized by features of the environment. Finally, it is argued that theoretical recognition of variable relationships between development and the environment represents our discipline''s growth toward abstract thinking.

AbstractThe author first met Dana Meadows and her colleagues in the Limits to Growth project during a postdoctoral year at MIT, setting the author on a new career and life path. The first major step was directing the Global 2000 Report for President Jimmy Carter. In the Global 2000 project, we improved the connections and consistency among the sector‐specific elements of the Government's Global Model. The results of the projections were generally consistent with the Limits study, but analysis showed that the Government's models were biased optimistically because of omitted feedbacks. Another major step was the establishment of Millennium Institute (MI) and the development of the Threshold 21 (T21) integrated national development model. There are no global decision makers who can address the global issues of Limits; humanity's global decisions are largely the combined consequences of national level decisions. MI's T21 model provides an analytical tool for ministers of finance and planning that produces the same financial and monetary outputs as the models used by the World Bank and IMF, but that also address the social and environmental aspects of national sustainability issues. After more than a decade of work, T21 has gained much respect and has been customized to more than a dozen countries, industrialized as well as developing. In addition to describing the influence of Dana and system dynamics on the author's life, the article sketches out work needed for the future. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.