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Despite the overwhelming media attention to the rise of fundamentalism, Pakistan's vocal women's movement has remained unrevealed and unexamined. Gender violence is integral to the agenda of the women's movement, because of the profound violation of women's human rights to life and security. This article draws on formal in-depth interviews and participant observation with women's activists of two prominent women's nongovernmental organizations in Lahore, Pakistan. Using a transnational feminist framework and feminist social movement theory, it examines the organizations' strategies for change and how the historical, political, and social environments of their fields for protest shape these strategies. The struggles and achievements of women's activism against gender violence are analyzed with implications beyond the experiences of these organizations.

Using data from undergraduates we found that financial resources, intelligence and having responsibility were important sources of social power. Consistent with traditional gender norms, women were more likely than were men to perceive social power from emotional intimacy, social skills
and parenting. Men were more likely than were women to perceive having a lot of social power due to physical strength and social status. Unexpected was that more men than women chose sexuality as a source of power. An awareness of gender stratification was found in the reports that "women
in general" do not have a lot of social power and women were more likely than were men to say that "men in general" had a lot of social power.

This thesis consists of four self-contained essays in economics. Tournaments and unfair treatment. This paper introduces the negative feelings associated with the perception of being unfairly treated into a tournament model and examines the impact of these perceptions on workers' efforts and their willingness to work overtime. The effect of unfair treatment on workers' behavior is ambiguous in the model in that two countervailing effects arise: a negative impulsive effect and a positive strategic effect. The impulsive effect implies that workers react to the perception of being unfairly treated by reducing their level of effort. The strategic effect implies that workers raise this level in order to improve their career opportunities and thereby avoid feeling even more unfairly treated in the future. An empirical test of the model using survey data from a Swedish municipal utility shows that the overall effect is negative. This suggests that employers should consider the negative impulsive effect of unfair treatment on effort and overtime in designing contracts and determining on promotions. Late careers in Sweden between 1970 and 2000. In this essay Swedish workers' late careers between 1970 and 2000 are studied. The aim is to examine older workers' career patterns and whether they have changed during this period. For example, is there a difference in career mobility or labor market exiting between cohorts? What affects the late career, and does this differ between cohorts? The analysis shows that between 1970 and 2000 the late careers of Swedish workers comprised of few job changes and consisted more of "trying to keep the job you had in your mid-fifties" than of climbing up the promotion ladder. There are no cohort differences in this pattern. Also a large fraction of the older workers exited the labor market before the normal retirement age of 65. During the 1970s and first part of the 1980s, 56 percent of the older workers made an early exit and the average drop-out age was 63. During the late 1980s and the 1990s the share of old workers who made an early exit had risen to 76 percent and the average drop-out age had dropped to 61.5. Different factors have affected the probabilities of an early exit between 1970 and 2000. For example, skills did affect the risk of exiting the labor market during the 1970s and up to the mid-1980s, but not in the late 1980s or the 1990s. During the first period old workers in the lowest occupations or with the lowest level of education were more likely to exit the labor market than more highly skilled workers. In the second period old workers at all levels of skill had the same probability of leaving the labor market. The growth and survival of establishments: does gender segregation matter? We empirically examine the employment dynamics that arise in Becker's (1957) model of labor market discrimination. According to the model, firms that employ a large fraction of women will be relatively more profitable due to lower wage costs, and thus enjoy a greater probability of surviving and growing by underselling other firms in the competitive product market. In order to test these implications, we use a unique Swedish matched employer-employee data set. We find that female-dominated establishments do not enjoy any greater probability of surviving and do not grow faster than other establishments. Additionally, we find that integrated establishments, in terms of gender, age and education levels, are more successful than other establishments. Thus, attempts by legislators to integrate firms along all dimensions of diversity may have positive effects on the growth and survival of firms. Risk and overconfidence – Gender differences in financial decision-making as revealed in the TV game-show Jeopardy. We have used unique data from the Swedish version of the TV-show Jeopardy to uncover gender differences in financial decision-making by looking at the contestants' final wagering strategies. After ruling out empirical best-responses, which do appear in Jeopardy in the US, a simple model is derived to show that risk preferences, the subjective and objective probabilities of answering correctly (individual and group competence), determine wagering strategies. The empirical model shows that, on average, women adopt more conservative and diversified strategies, while men's strategies aim for the greatest gains. Further, women's strategies are more responsive to the competence measures, which suggests that they are less overconfident. Together these traits make women more successful players. These results are in line with earlier findings on gender and financial trading.

Early belief was that male and female brains were different as were their bodies. Women had the smaller brain size, and size being an indicator of intelligence they were believed to be less intelligent than men.(l) This biological argument for gender differences overlooked the correlation between the size of the brain and that of the body, whereby men's slightly larger brain is directly related to an average larger size of the body.

Welche Positionierungsräume öffnet und schließt das Genderregime Schule und wie gehen SchülerInnen damit um? Diesen Fragen gehen Monika Jäckle, Sandra Eck, Meta Schnell und Kyra Schneider nach und zeigen, wie Judith Butlers theoretische Ausarbeitungen zu Subjektivation und Anerkennung in konkrete qualitative Forschungspraktiken übertragbar sind. Die Forschungsergebnisse beleuchten, welche Geschlechterfiguren für die SchülerInnen vorstellbar sind und wie diese prozessiert werden, welche Positionierung die Befragten bezüglich dieser Geschlechterfiguren einnehmen und welche subjektiven Bedeutsamkeiten die Schule dabei für Mädchen und Jungen annimmt. Der Inhalt Subjektivität, Macht, Erfahrung – Ambivalenzen des Subjektivationsprozesses Subjektivation von Mädchen und Jungen in der Schule Die Zielgruppen ErziehungswissenschaftlerInnen, DiskursanalytikerInnen, GeschlechterforscherInnen LehrerInnen, PädagogInnen Die Autorinnen Dr. Monika Jäckle ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Lehrstuhl für Schulpädagogik der Universität Augsburg. Sandra Eck ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an der FAM Frauenakademie München. Meta Schnell hat Soziologie, europäische Ethnologie und Kunstgeschichte an der Universität Augsburg studiert. Kyra Schneider hat an der Universität Augsburg Sozialwissenschaften studiert.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the role of chief financial officers' (CFOs') gender in financial risk taking of 58 US companies along with the impact of having women board members.Design/methodology/approachUsing a panel data of 58 selected S&P 500 companies during the period 2012-2016, this paper determines whether the gender of CFOs and having women board members play a role in risk-taking behavior of firms.FindingsFirms led by female CFOs are smaller in size with lower net income and net revenue. The panel data analysis shows that the impact of female CFOs on firms' financial risk is mixed, depending on risk measures used, whereas increasing female board members reduces that risk.Research limitations/implicationsThe data used is limited to 58 S&P 500 companies, and two of the three risk-taking measures used in the study, specifically investment in property, plant and equipment (PPE) and debt/equity ratio, may not be applicable to some industries.Practical implicationsThe findings provide mixed evidence of risk aversion by females in executive and leadership positions, depending on the measures used and the management responsibilities they undertake (CFO versus board member) with support for the glass cliff phenomenon in which females may be leading financially precarious organizations.Social implicationsFemale CFOs are found to be leading relatively smaller and financially poor-performing firms compared with the male CFO-led firms, thereby giving support to the glass cliff arguments.Originality/valueThe paper examines the role of CFOs' gender and board diversity in risk taking as measured by the investment in PPE, debt/equity ratio and stock return volatility.

Digital Media in today's era plays a crucial role in empowering and setting agendas for their prompt fulfillment in the society. Consequently, it can be a boosting factor for the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs). All the issues concerning social and economic development can be gratified by dominant portrayal through Digital Media. This research paper is the consummation of the substantial justification of Digital Media actions through pivotal testimony. Research studies the two basic goals of SDGs in-depth that are Gender Equality and Education. Study explores through the correlation results channelizing the linkage between Digital Media and SDGs by the methods of surveys, questionnaires and experiments. The Internet and its access can transform society in varied ways but governments of various states are limiting the use of it. It can increase the morale of people regarding gender equality and education; if they are injected with right wisdom instead of unnecessary abundant information. It will ultimately pour contentment to the sustainable development goals of the UN. There are numerous applications and ways of integrating the Digital media and SDGs. Study realizes the importance of belongingness among the social media users. There is a great need for a sense of attachment which requires locally created content and its dissemination through locally accessible social media platforms. Hence, it is paramount to penetrate the aspects which might influence the use of digital media like, social, economical, political factors etc. Just the awareness of the facts about gender equality and education alone cannot discharge the goals; a considerable action inactive message needs to be disposed to the society. Using digital technology a virtual space can be created, where society must not only be informed but also be engaged at large scale.

ch. 1. A semiotics of gender : prolegomena -- ch. 2. Feminist encounters with myth : Angela Carter -- ch. 3. The agon of men : masculinity and warfare -- ch. 4. Signifying demons : gender and the ritualised performance of possession and exorcism -- ch. 5. Spectacles of gender : performing masculinities in ancient Rome and modern cinema -- ch. 6. Sign-symbol and icon : deconstructing the Eliadean paradigm.

Exactly what role does gender play in crime, and in the criminal justice system? Addressing this two-part question from the perspective of the offender, the victim, the community, and the overall justice system, Andrew Wilczak provides an accessible introduction to the full range of issues involved. Notably, this comprehensive text: features an inclusive focus on both men and women; encompasses theory, as well as realities on the ground; draws on popular culture; challenges students to ask difficult questions; ties concepts to students' own lives; and incorporates an intersectional approach. Designed to simultaneously engage and instruct, the book is ideally suited for classroom.