Suchergebnisse

The interests of aircraft hijackers are not easily summarized, if for no other reason than that the motivation of a given incident often cannot be clearly defined. For example, the recent extortion hijackings could have been motivated as easily by a desire for notoriety or other psychological reward as by a desire for cash. Hijackers exhibit, however, several recurring motivations. One fairly consistent element is the desire of the hijacker to escape the country in which he lives. Clearly, this motive was present in the eighteen attempts (eleven successes, seven failures) to flee Eastern European countries since 1960 by hijackers having no other legal means of departure. Hijackings to Cuba by military deserters, Black Panthers and other fugitives from justice may have been similarly motivated. Of 49 hijackers traced by the Justice Department by 1969, fourteen had prior criminal records, and four were currently being sought on charges ranging from passing a bad check to the attempted murder of a policeman. Personal problems probably underlie most of the attempted hijackings. An example is the Army deserter who fled to Cuba with his daughter, whose custody had just been awarded to his ex-wife. Often, however, these hijackings can be viewed as political in the broadest sense--i.e. an expression of the hijacker's discontent with his life in the departed country. An American psychiatrist has claimed that most of the hijackers he has interviewed exhibited suicidal personalities and a strong need to attract the attention of the entire world to their plight. Additionally, there is a certain contagious quality about a successful hijacking covered extensively by the media. Perhaps this explains why extortion hijackings seem to occur in waves or cycles. In addition to hijackings for reasons of escape, personal discontent or notoriety, a number of hijackings have been undertaken as part of a political plan either to extort some advantage in bargaining power or to call attention to a political issue. The former category ...

This dissertation presents three related studies examining institutional routines and their impact on international students at a large public university. The studies consider factors which can influence international students' ability to overcome acculturative stress and integrate with a sense of belonging and safety.The case study in Chapter Two focuses on an international student services office within the large public university. The ways in which organizational routines have changed are interpreted here in response to a surging international student population and changing Federal policies regarding immigration. Feldman's generative model of organizational routines encourages the examination of routines as areas of growth. The chapter examines routinized actions used by the international office (OISS), specifically focusing on Feldman's performative model. In addition to routinized action theory, this chapter proposes applying anxiety/uncertainty management theory (AUM) to the evaluation of organizational routines. Examination of routines is placed in the context of a conceptual overview based on literature about routines as sources of stability and change. Reducing uncertainty, expanding networks, and communicating expectations may lay the groundwork for an integrated student body, reduced acculturative stress for international students, and increased social capital.Chapter Three explores the question: How do international students in the U.S. use social network sites (SNS)? Connections made through home-country SNS lessen student stress by maintaining establish social supports. At the same time, anxiety/uncertainty management theory (AUM) suggests reliance on familiar home-country SNS reduces motivation to integrate in the host country. This conceptual overview draws upon several recent studies to consider the ways college students use social media, how international students adapt to host-country networks (or not), and the potential for SNSs to be an effective communication channel for the host institution, with special consideration for its potential and limitations for emergency communications. A proposal to develop a SNS-based structured arrival program is included.Chapter Four addresses institutional communications and international student response at the large public university during a natural disaster. Literature on disaster preparedness and emergency communications on college campuses rarely considers the needs of the international student population. How can the campus better support international students during a large-scale emergency? A post-incident survey examines student perceptions of the event and the institutional response to the disaster.The final chapter considers issues raised by within these studies, limitations, and possibilities for future research. Because these chapters examine routines and processes initiated in part to comply with Federal immigration policy, using rapidly changing technologies that are also subject to constraint by governmental policies, the future offers ample opportunities for further exploration.

The period immediately following Kenya's 2007 presidential election left a shocking trail of atrocities, with over 1,000 people dead and countless thousands left victimised and displaced. In response, the International Criminal Court began a series of investigations and trials, promising no impunity for even the highest ranking perpetrators. When the country's president and vice-president were implicated in the crimes, the case took on worldwide significance. The International Criminal Court and the End of Impunity in Kenya is a five-year study addressing critical human rights issues with a global reach and is the first detailed account of the ICC's intervention in Kenya. It probes the relationship between the ICC and state institutions, known as positive complementarity, and asks whether the ICC's intervention led to an end to impunity. The author provides comprehensive analysis of the Waki Commission's sealed envelope, the government's attempts to establish a special tribunal and the trials in The Hague. He also provides in depth consideration of any influence the ICC's intervention may have had on the passing of a new constitution, the establishment of a truth commission and important reforms to the judiciary, police and witness protection programme. Documenting the effects of these interventions on the Kenyan people, and on the country's legal and judicial systems, the book provides vital lessons in global justice as it: ?Details the ICC's involvement in Kenya in the aftermath of extreme violence and instability?Evaluates the ICC prosecutor's strategy of positive complementarity? Identifies optimal conditions for positive complementarity to be effective? Links cultures of impunity to state-sponsored corruption?Explores the possible impact of the ICC on national and global policy? Discusses implications in responding to future crimes against humanity Replete with official government sources, The International Criminal Court and the End of Impunity in Kenya is necessary reading for researchers and practitioners working in public international law, particularly those specialising in conflict and post-conflict states

Argues that moral, political, and economic exigencies should prevent Europe from becoming 'an accessory to Israeli violations' of international humanitarian law. This paper is an abridged version of an International Forum for Justice and Peace Note issued in May 2006.