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Cover -- CONTENTS -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- A. Performance Under the ECF Arrangement -- B. Recent Economic Developments -- PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES -- A. Objectives and Risks -- B. Medium-term Macroeconomic Framework and Objectives -- C. Near-term Challenges -- D. The Structural Reform Agenda -- PROGRAM MONITORING AND FINANCING -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Real and External Sectors, 2011-18 -- 2. Monetary and Financial Indicators, 2011-18 -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2015-22 -- 2a. Fiscal Operations of the Central Government, 2016-22 (Billions of leone) -- 2b. Fiscal Operations of the Central Government, 2016-22 (Percent of non-iron ore GDP) -- 2c. Fiscal Operations of the Central Government on a Quarterly Basis, 2018-19 -- 3. Monetary Accounts, 2016-19 -- 4. Balance of Payments, 2016-22 -- 5. Indicators of Capacity to Repay the Fund, 2018-32 -- 6. Actual and Proposed Disbursement Under the ECF Arrangement, 2018-22 -- 7. Financial Soundness Indicators of the Banking System, 2012-18 -- 8. External Financing Requirements and Sources, 2015-19 -- 9. Quantitative Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets, 2018-19 -- 10. Prior Actions and Structural Benchmarks -- ANNEX -- I. External Sector Assessment -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding

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The turmoil in Turkey's domestic politics has been exacerbating at an unforeseen pace since the Gezi protests in 2013. What made this protest period particularly remarkable was the multiplicity and diversity of youth discourses, that crossed the borders of a single issue-based opposition. The Gezi period and its aftermath in this sense can be understood as a tipping point in contemporary Turkish politics. Hence, in an attempt to understand the converging and diverging viewpoints of the young people who were the protagonists of the Gezi protests, this study utilizes Q-methodology and deciphers diverging and converging narratives of urban, secular, educated young people, who are said to have constituted the main body of protestors. Following the analysis of the primary data, the author observes three emerging discourses dominant among 21 young people (aged 20–30). The results hint at shared viewpoints on the Gezi protests as an "apolitical movement", a "violent movement" and a "Jacobin movement". The author argues that this divergence points at the exacerbating social polarization among youth groups in Turkey, which reached dangerous heights after the putsch on 15 July 2016.

This article discusses the features stay Latvians in Northeast China, caught on the territory of Manchuria, long before the October revolution of 1917 g. Outside the motherland, Latvian community has managed to preserve their national identity — language, culture and traditions. Trying to avoid assimilation, Latvians lived in Manchuria closed community. It is believed that between Latvians worldwide there is a special link that Latvians are merged across a sense of national spirit and blood kinship. The object of scientific research is a vital activity of Latvian national community, particularly its inclusion in the process of social, cultural and political cooperation, as well as the Organization of Latvian Central National Committee resettlement of Latvians home. Methodological principles based on Historicism and scientific objectivity. When writing an article, the author relied on both works by contemporary researchers and archival documents. The author finds that the relevance of the article is the issue of the purges in 20–30, in the cruelty of the repressive State machinery, under the rims which hit not only wrong but also, whose fates have adjoined with the Harbin–Russian They city in the Far East.

This article examines the development of the European Union-Kazakhstan partnership by discussing the provisions of: (a) the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States and the Republic of Kazakhstan of January 23, 1995 that currently serves as the legal foundation of the EU-Kazakhstan relations; (b) the enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement that was initialed on January 20, 2015 and will eventually replace the PCA; and (c) a number of other legal instruments that govern the collaboration between the EU and Kazakhstan. The author demonstrates the main achievements of the EU-Kazakhstan partnership and analyzes the major problems related to the advancement of the EU-Kazakhstan political dialogue and economic partnership (and in particular in the field of energy and transport). Finally, the author argues that the EU-Kazakhstan partnership can develop to the full extent of its potential provided that the EU and post-Soviet countries would be committed to the idea of creating a Wider Europe, i.e., a distinct region based on common values and shared interests.

Актуальность темы заключается в необходимости изучения опыта формирования политической культуры и социальной ответственности неформальных представителей общественного движения. С этой целью осуществляется историографический анализ форм, методов, масштабов и результатов политико-просветительной и общеобразовательной деятельности в сибирской ссылке начала ХХ в. Проведенное в статье исследование позволяет утверждать, что данная проблема рассматривалась в основном советскими историками в идеологических целях. Поэтому ее общекультурный аспект остался малоизученным. Автор ставит задачу исправить сложившуюся ситуацию в современных исследованиях. ; Topicality of the subject is reasoned by the necessity of comprehensive study of the political culture formation and social responsibility of the non-formal representatives of the public movement. With this objective in view the author carries out a historiographic research of the forms, modes, scope and results of the political, elucidative and educational activities of the Siberian exiles in the early 20 th century. The undertaken research allows concluding that this topic was considered by the Soviet historians in the ideological context only, therefore, its general cultural aspect remained poorly studied. The author sets an objective to improve the current situation by the modern researches.

В статье автором рассматривается масштабное и интенсивное движение чеченцев с территории своего исторического проживания, которое в последнее 20-тилетие находилось преимущественно под влиянием стрессогенных факторов: политической нестабильности, военных действий в виде борьбы федерального центра с сепаратизмом и проведения им контртеррористических операций, экономическим упадком и др. Анализируются материалы социологического опроса чеченцев, проживающих в настоящее время на постоянной основе в населенных пунктах Астраханской области, Краснодарского и Ставропольского краев, раскрываются гендерные особенности восприятия чеченскими переселенцами принимающей среды и взаимодействия их с местным населением. ; The author considers the massive and intensive movement of the Chechens from the territory of their historical residence, which has been mainly influenced in the last twenty years by the following stress factors: political instability, economic regress, military operations in the form of struggle between federal center and separatists and carrying out the counterterrorism operations, etc. The author analyzes materials of sociological interview with the Chechen people, who live in inhabited localities of Astrakhan Region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories at the present time on a permanent basis, and reveals gender peculiarities of Chechen migrants' perception of the receiving environment and their interaction with local population.

On 20 December 2009, President Hu Jintao praised Macau for its successful implementation of the One Country Two Systems model. This was interpreted by some as drawing an implicit comparison between Hong Kong and Macau with Beijing favouring the latter's interpretation and implementation of One Country Two Systems. This article evaluates the core values and autonomy entrenched within Hong Kong during British colonial rule and Macau during Portuguese colonial rule and ascertains the extent to which these factors have shaped the different modes of constitutional development in Hong Kong and Macau post-Handover. The author argues that the One Country Two Systems framework, with its emphasis on a 'high degree of autonomy' and 'life shall remain unchanged', means that any contemporary comparisons drawn between Hong Kong and Macau must take into account the unique (and very different) political and constitutional norms left behind by their respective colonial masters. The author argues that a more balanced view must be taken and that constitutional issues must also be viewed in light of norms established by the colonial rule of the past. ; published_or_final_version

Some individuals who are destitute report to be happy, while others who are very wealthy report to be miserable. There are many possible explanations for this paradox; the author focuses on the role of adaptation. Adaptation is the subject of much work in economics, but its definition is a psychological one. Adaptations are defense mechanisms; there are bad ones like paranoia, and healthy ones like humor, anticipation, and sublimation. Set point theory—which is the subject of much debate in psychology—posits that people can adapt to anything, such as bad health, divorce, and extreme poverty, and return to a natural level of cheerfulness. The author's research from around the world suggests that people are remarkably adaptable. Respondents in Afghanistan are as happy as Latin Americans and 20 percent more likely to smile in a day than Cubans. The findings suggest that while this may be a good thing from an individual psychological perspective, it may also shed insights into different development outcomes, including collective tolerance for bad equilibrium. The author provides examples from the economics, democracy, crime, corruption, and health arenas.