Resultierend aus dem Wohlstands- und Preisgefälle zwischen der Tschechischen Republik und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland kommt es zu Phänomenen des Einkaufstourismus, die sich im Landschaftsbild des unmittelbaren tschechischen Grenzlandes manifestieren. Am auffälligsten sind die sog. "Tschechen-" bzw. "Vietnamesenmärkte", wo in der Regel sehr preisgünstige Produkte des mittleren- und kurzfristigen Bedarfs angeboten werden. Aber auch Sondereinrichtungen des Dienstleistungssektors, wie Nachtclubs, haben sich etabliert. An drei Beispielen im nordböhmischen Grenzraum werden charakteristische Strukturen und Merkmale dieser Sonderformen des tertiären Sektors dargestellt.
The problems of conventional agriculture are characterised by commercial concentration, the production of market surpluses (in the industrialised countries), environmental pollution and subsidies. These problems all prompt the question of whether there are alternatives in the method of production. Based upon the aspect of sustainability, we would like to discuss to what extent ecological agriculture could be this alternative and if it could be implemented on a wide scale. At the present, ecological agriculture still plays a subordinate role in Germany. However, the changeover to ecological farming has been supported in the framework of the extensivation programmes of the European Community or the European Union since the end of the 1980's. Unfortunately, the methods of marketing were not built up at the same time. The consequence of this is that there is sinking incentive for other enterprises to change their production over to the ecological production. As a result, it will hardly be possible to achieve the agricultural objective of reducing the agricultural surpluses by having the ecological enterprises produce lower production quantities (20% to 30% lower yields than in conventional farming). We can see that this difficulty arises out of the unit area development since the beginning of the 90's: While the ecologically farmed area increased nine times from 44 000 hectares to more than 400 000 hectares from 1989 to 1998 (2,2% of the entire areas utilised for agriculture farmed by approximately 10 000 enterprises or 1,9% of all enterp rises), hardly any new sales pa ths have been opened up on the market. As a unit area comparison: nature reserves also occupy only approximately 2% of the overall area throughout the nation (KÖPKE 1999) If modern technologies are applied, sales paths opened up and if the current demographic development continues, we can see that the potential for yield is definitely capable of feeding the population (Bechmann 1994). Of course, this is only true if the full genetic potential for performance of the cropping products is exhausted. However, this is where Kahnt (1996, page 209 f) sees here the limits to ecological agriculture both with commercial crops as well as with farm animals since neither the quantity nor the quality of required nutritive needs is available. Consequently, lower yield quantities on the economic side will be compensated by higher consumer prices (up to 40% in comparison to products from conventional cropping). There are also limits resulting from the food requirements of a country under the conditions of the existing population growth, political objectives (autarchy), the potential that natural site condition have for performance and the technical potential for development. We may see one of the main reasons why ecological farming does not increase to the desired extent in the economic decisions made by the ente rprises. The features of an enterprise functioning ideally as an ecological enterprise is that one meaningfully rotates fruit and field between arable land, arable land not in use with legume farming and/ or a high proportion of grasslands with animal husbandry. The fact that it has a higher susceptibility towards being attacked by pests and diseases can also have the effect of lowering yield (Kahnt 1996, page 211). As a consequence, the question of whether ecological agriculture can be financed has great deal of significance. We cannot just make an undifferentiated and sweeping statement that ecological agriculture is the cure-all for conventional farming with its impact on the environment. There is no doubt that it is a promising alternative to conventional farming in certain limited areas. Rather, the question is how conventional agriculture can utilise the knowledge brought about by ecological agriculture to come closer to the overall objectives of utilising and forming a cultural landscape that is characterised by sustainability.
The environmental pollution in Russia currently has global character. The estimates of the water, air and soil pollution in the large and in some medium-sized cities are currently very high. The cities with the greatest atmospheric emissions (dust, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, organic compounds) include in the European part of Russia Lipetsk, Cherepovets, Magnitogorsk, Novocherkassk, Nizhniy Tagil and Moscow. The emissions principally originate from the metallurgic industry, but also from thermal power plants and from the chemical industry. In 1995, only 5% of the waste water discharged into the surface waters of Russia had been properly treated. The largest quantities of contaminated waste water per inhabitant were to be found in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod and Samara. The municipal industry, but also general industry (chemicals, paper) were the main causes. The reduction in waste water discharge was principally a result of the drop in production in most cities up until the middle of the nineties. The disposal of settlement and industrial waste remains extremely inefficient in Russia. In the cities of the European part of Russia, only 5% of the settlement waste is currently incinerated in waste processing plants. Landfills were and remain the basic form of waste disposal. Until 1994, there was not one single company in the Russian Federation for the disposal and storage of toxic industrial waste. As a result of the environmental pollution, the mean increase inmorbidity in the population of the Russian cities was 20%. For example, in 1994, only 15% of the urban population lived in regions with a tolerable air pollution, in one third of the municipal water networks, the quality of the drinking water was insufficient. The severe economic crisis in Russia has resulted in the investments in environmental protection sinking rapidly, in 1994 it was only 9% of what it had been in 1991. Under these circumstances, many planned rescue measures may not be able to be implemented, as ecological prognoses for the future do not make any positive development appear likely.
The Federal Republic consists of eight states, each of which existed in a sovereign state prior to Germany's unification in the last half of the last century. Three of the states consist of the old Hansastede Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg, each with the full status of a federal state. In each federal state there are several ranges of subordinate authorities, arranged hierarchically of province (Bezirk), district (Kreise), and ward (Gemeinde). In the latter - comparable to the English county or European municipalities - there may be some villages, some of which also enjoy government status. This format, inherited from past centuries when communications were convenient and decentralized authority essential, seem totally unnecessary today. Each of the bodies has its own planning and administration functions. This article refers to the national level of government as the federal level while referring to the component states as federal states.*This article is written in Afrikaans.
The discussion around placing cities within a larger network of cities and the criteria by which they are assessed has recently gained new momentum. Consideration of Southern, disadvantaged, or "peripheral" geographies previously neglected in comparative approaches are now being considered and have opened up new perspectives on the wider urban context. This thematic issue, thereby, explores the practical challenges of how comparative urbanism across a broadening range of dissimilar places across the globe is handled. The collection of empirical studies presented will lay out the challenges and insights gained into applying comparative methodologies to the real-world context, thereby contributing to the advancement of empirical tools for complex and multi-scalar research environments.
If delta and estuary areas are observed under the perspective of a double system of dynamic infrastructures, the object of parallel "water/urbanisation" processes, the interface spaces become key nodes. In this perspective, port and waterfront areas can be described as spaces of mediation. The article argues that in the case of Lisbon and the Tagus, as possibly in several other port cities, these edge spaces can be described as "fluid territories." The pre-eminent characteristic of "fluid territories" is that they are not permanent, neither in space nor time. These areas present accelerated transformations, less defined boundaries, and an increased spatial and management complexity. Moreover, "fluid territories" also mediate (a) the culture-natural environment, with human action appropriating the natural system through infrastructure and urbanisation, and (b) the industrialised economic estuary, with its continuous updating. To demonstrate this hypothesis, two samples of Lisbon's riverfront are observed, recording its constant variability over the last 200 years of industrialisation, emphasising the "fluidity" of the mediating spaces. The understanding of the "fluid" characteristic of water/land mediation spaces is relevant for the present. Being dynamic and regularly reinventing spaces, spatial planning, public space, and architectural design processes in "fluid territories" should increasingly seek adaptability, flexibility, and openness to change. In the climatic context of continuous uncertainty combined with the need to make room for infrastructure, rethinking mediation areas through the lens of the theoretical concept of the "fluid territory" enables the implementation of urban transformation processes consistent with contemporary challenges.
"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern macht sich auf, eine der führenden Gesundheitsregionen in Deutschland zu werden; die Landesregierung ist sogar bestrebt, zur Gesundheitsregion Nr. 1 aufzusteigen. Schon heute sind gesundheitsbezogene Produkte und Dienstleistungen so-wohl in Deutschland insgesamt als auch in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern eine der wichtigsten Wirtschaftsbranchen; in Zukunft wird die Bedeutung der Gesundheitswirtschaft noch weiter steigen. Das Altern der Gesellschaft, der medizinisch-technische und gesundheitswissen-schaftliche Fortschritt sowie die wachsende Bereitschaft der Konsumenten, zusätzlich zu Krankenversicherungsbeiträgen für ihre Gesundheit und Gesunderhaltung Geld auszugeben, werden zu mehr Wachstum und Beschäftigung in der Gesundheitsbranche führen." [Textauszug]
Es pretén presentar el procés mitjançant el qual es va integrar la síntesi socioeconòmica del Programa Estatal de Desenvolupament Urbà d'una de les unitats políticoadministratives que conformen l'estat Mexicà. ; It aims to present the process by which the synthesis was integrated socioeconomic State Urban Development Programme in a political-administrative units that make up the Mexican State. ; Se pretende presentar el proceso mediante el cual se integró la síntesis socioeconómica del Programa Estatal de Desarrollo Urbano de una de las unidades político administrativas que conforman el estado Méxicano. ; Peer Reviewed
Es pretén presentar el procés mitjançant el qual es va integrar la síntesi socioeconòmica del Programa Estatal de Desenvolupament Urbà d'una de les unitats políticoadministratives que conformen l'estat Mexicà. ; It aims to present the process by which the synthesis was integrated socioeconomic State Urban Development Programme in a political-administrative units that make up the Mexican State. ; Se pretende presentar el proceso mediante el cual se integró la síntesis socioeconómica del Programa Estatal de Desarrollo Urbano de una de las unidades político administrativas que conforman el estado Méxicano. ; Peer Reviewed
With 2 million inhabitants, the conurbation around Glasgow is the largest and economically most important metropolis in Scotland and one of the largest regional metropolis in the United Kingdom. With more than 600 000 inhabitants, the core city of Glasgow is the economic centre of the conurbation. The development of Glasgow in the last decades represents in many respects a model for the fall and revitalisation of an industrially characterised city in Western Europe. The industrial development -focusing on shipbuilding and heavy machinery construction- reached a point of change earlier than in other places and the city fell into a permanent crisis. Only two decades ago, Glasgow was regarded as being the most striking example of metropolitan decline in the United Kingdom. In modern times, the city has broken radically with its industrial past. Glasgow presents itself as being one of the first post-industrial cities of Europe. Glasgow is now regarded as being an example for successful city marketing, which other cities are attempting to copy. The preconditions for the now visible revitalisation of the cities were essentially created as early as in the middle of the seventies. As early as in those days, a connection between economic growth and metropolitan revitalisation was emphasised and a change in the city development policies was initiated. City revitalisation has since been regarded as being a precondition for the revitalisation of the economic basis. Two decades after the change in the city policies, this article takes stock of the efforts of revitalisation and provides an outlook over t he current problematic fields and tendencies within city development.
Der Stand der Transformationsforschung in der Geographie bildet den zentralen Inhalt dieses Beitrages. Anhand des Mitgliederverzeichnis des Verbandes der Geographen an Hochschulen Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz wird analysiert, wer, wo und mit welchen Themen im östlichen Europa forscht. Dabei wird deutlich, dass geographische Forschung im östlichen Europa nur an einzelnen Universitätsstandorten intensiv betrieben wird. Forschungsschwerpunkte sind selten, die Zersplitterung der Forschungsszene vorherrschend. Über die Analyse des Mitgliederverzeichnisses des Verbandes der Geographen an deutschen (sowie österreichischen und schweizerischen) Hochschulen hinausgehend kann anhand von Literaturbeispielen gezeigt werden, dass sich die Forschungsansätze der geographischen Transformationsforschung deutlich verschoben haben: Dominierten Anfang der 90er Jahre noch generelle Forschungsansätze, die auf die grundsätzliche Analyse des Wandels von einer Plan- zu einer Marktwirtschaft abzielten (Global Approach), so lässt sich ab Mitte der 90er Jahre eine Hinwendung zu räumlich eingeschränkten und fachlich spezialisierten Analysen erkennen (Sector Approach). Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion über die Zukunftsfähigkeit der Transformationsforschung und erläutert die These, wonach eine erfolgreiche Transformation den eigentlichen Forschungsgegenstand auflöst. Eine Gegenthese wird begründet, die besagt, dass trotz aller Konvergenz strukturelle Unterschiede bestehen bleiben, die Gegenstand einer, dann vielleicht umzubenennenden Transformationsforschung sein werden.
Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht mittels Literaturrecherche und Experteninterviews die Thematik der Skigebietsentwicklungen und -zusammenschlüsse in Österreich, Tirol und speziell am Beispiel des Zillertals. Außerdem wird eine Beziehung zur Problematik der skitouristischen An- und Abreise hergestellt. Es werden zwei Instrumente vorgestellt, um Skigebietsentwicklungen in Tirol zu steuern: Ein raumplanerisches Instrument, das Raumordnungsprogramm betreffend Seilbahnen und skitechnische Erschließungen und eine Naturschutzgebietskategorie, die sogenannten Ruhegebiete. Das Raumordnungsprogramm steuert nicht nur die weitere Skigebietsentwicklung, sondern legt auch für skitechnische Erweiterungsvorhaben Kriterien für Verkehrsmaßnahmen fest. Das Fallbeispiel behandelt das Zillertal, ein Seitental des Inntals, in welchem der Wintertourismus eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Die Arbeit greift die skitouristische Wachstumsspirale und die Verkehrsproblematik - beides raumordnerische Konfliktthemen des Tals - auf. Daran anschließend werden die Zusammenschlusspläne vom Inntal und Zillertal dargelegt. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Politiker und Politikerinnen sowie die Bewohner und Bewohnerinnen des Zillertals endlich beginnen müssen, umzudenken. Statt größeren Skigebieten sind Verkehrskonzepte und nachhaltige Verkehrslösungen notwendig, um die Touristenströme, aber auch den von den Einheimischen selbst produzierten Verkehr zu steuern. Diesbezüglich lässt sich eine mangelnde Umsetzungsbereitschaft erkennen, welche durch diverse Expertengespräche bestätigt wird. Die Arbeit schließt mit Lösungsansätzen für eine nachhaltigere wintertouristische Entwicklung im Großraum Zillertal. ; This master thesis investigates the topic of skiing area development in Austria, Tirol and in the case study Zillertal by using literature research and experts interviews. Furthermore, this study deals with severe traffic problems. Two tools for steering the development of ski areas are introduced: The first tool is spacial planning, a programme concerning cable cars and ski technical utilisation, the second is a nature conservation strategy, using a category of protected areas so-called "tranquility areas". The spacial planning is not only steering the future ski area development but also sets standards for traffic issues when there are plans for new enlargements. The case study presents the Zillertal, a side valley of the Inntal, in which winter tourism plays a significant role. The theses illustrates the ongoing destination growth and increasing traffic jams in this area. The competition between the ski areas leads to strong local impacts. Furthermore the plan for a connection between Zillertal and Inntal are presented. Finally the theses summarizes the perception by local politicians and inhabitants of the Zillertal and shows that they have to rethink the situation. Instead of bigger ski areas there is a need for traffic concepts in order to manage and navigate the enormous touristic streams. But various expert interviews showed that a reluctance towards these conceptsis is dominating the situation and there is no willingness to implement a new sustainable development. This theses ends up listing possible solutions for a sustainable development for the winter tourism in the greater area of the Zillertal. ; Jasmin Rouhani ; Mit engl. Zsfassung ; Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Masterarb., 2011 ; (VLID)1083008
Urbanization in Spain has advanced rapidly in the last twenty years or so. The phenomenon was particularly pronounced in the period spanning 1990-2007, when the construction of housing on a mass scale was a clear indicator of the second circuit of capital accumulation, with space playing a key role through the work of David Harvey. This led to a property bubble - one of the defining features of the economic and financial crisis in Spain between 2008 and 2013. In this contribution to the subject, we analyse the factors that triggered unchecked speculative urban growth in the context of the financialization of land. In tandem, our conclusions present the new resulting urban and metropolitan map of Spain, which is now characterized by uneven levels of occupancy among regions.
