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Abstract The paper addresses the women's movement in the Northern Syrian region known by Kurds as Rojava, a movement whose central role in building an autonomous political project has its roots in the Kurdish nationalist struggle, specifically that organised by the Kurdish Worker's Party, also known as the PKK, in Turkey. This study brings to the fore reflections on the power relations that cross the struggle carried out by these women, who, for their part, are crossed by the intersection of gender, ethnicity and class, which feeds and composes the critical praxis of this organised struggle. The Kurdish women's political path is approached through the contradictions and ambiguities they encounter when they face the challenge of becoming aware of their own place in a political project, which at first had a nationalist character and is now beginning to gain new contours. The presence of the female figure in a political context of armed conflict endows these women with the role of challenging the boundaries on which the foundational elements of international politics rely, namely, the boundary between public and private spheres and gender roles played socially and politically. The Kurdish women's movement in Rojava disturbs the foundational boundaries of the modern nation-state alongside the hegemonic constructions of masculinity and femininity, and the militarised character of politics, which are constitutive of the modern imaginary of political community.

Abstract. Background: The number of older adults with alcohol use disorder (AUD) is expected to rise. Adapted treatments for this group are lacking and information on AUD features in treatment seeking older adults is scarce. The international multicenter randomized-controlled clinical trial "ELDERLY-Study" with few exclusion criteria was conducted to investigate two outpatient AUD-treatments for adults aged 60+ with DSM-5 AUD. Aims: To add to 1) basic methodological information on the ELDERLY-Study by providing information on AUD features in ELDERLY-participants taking into account country and gender, and 2) knowledge on AUD features in older adults seeking outpatient treatment. Methods: baseline data from the German and Danish ELDERLY-sites (n=544) were used. AUD diagnoses were obtained with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, alcohol use information with Form 90. Results: Lost control, desired control, mental/physical problem, and craving were the most prevalent (> 70 %) AUD-symptoms. 54.9 % reported severe DSM-5 AUD (moderate: 28.2 %, mild: 16.9 %). Mean daily alcohol use was 6.3 drinks at 12 grams ethanol each. 93.9 % reported binging. More intense alcohol use was associated with greater AUD-severity and male gender. Country effects showed for alcohol use and AUD-severity. Conclusion: European ELDERLY-participants presented typical dependence symptoms, a wide range of severity, and intense alcohol use. This may underline the clinical significance of AUD in treatment-seeking seniors.

Gender inequality encountered worldwide, also visibly exists in organizations as a problem. The entire global workforce bears signs of gender discrimination. Women occupy much fewer managerial positions when compared with men. Women work in organizations in low hierarchy and less responsible jobs, and are paid lower wages. The situation of women who are not given a chance for promotion in organizations, is depicted figuratively by a transparent barrier. The barriers, which invisibly hinder women from rising in the organizational levels are mentioned as glass ceiling in the literature. This study is an investigation into the way several chosen contingencies affect the perception of glass ceiling in women. The industry which the organization belongs, socialization provided by the family, whether the organization is in the public or private sector, women's marital status, number of children, and the establishment date of the organization are the selected micro and macro contingencies. These contingencies show in which situations women's perception of glass ceiling increase or decrease and thus provide a way for classification. In this research a comparative analysis of women's perception of glass ceiling in the health and education sectors has been carried out. The above cited sectors have been chosen to make a comparison between a sector which can be traditionally accepted as women's field and a sector which can be regarded as outside of this field. A glass ceiling questionnaire was answered by women in these sectors and the results supported the previous arguments of the literature.

AbstractIn recent years, there has been renewed interest in conceptualising the relationship between oppression and capitalism as well as intense debate over the precise nature of this relationship. No doubt spurred on by the financial crisis, it has become increasingly clear that capitalism, both historically and in the twenty-first century, has had particularly devastating effects for women and people of colour. Intersectionality, which emerged in the late twentieth century as a way of addressing the relationship between race, gender, sexuality and class, has submitted orthodox Marxism to critique for its inattention to the complex dynamics of various social locations; in turn Marxist thinkers in the twenty-first century have engaged with intersectionality, calling attention to the impoverished notion of class and capitalism on which it relies. As intersectionality constitutes perhaps the most common way that contemporary activists and theorists on the left conceive of identity politics, an analysis of intersectionality's relationship to Marxism is absolutely crucial for historical materialists to understand and consider. This paper looks at the history of intersectionality's and Marxism's critiques of one another in order to ground a synthesis of the two frameworks. It argues that in the twenty-first century, we need a robust, Marxist analysis of capitalism, and that the only robust account of capitalism is one articulated intersectionally, one which treats class, race, gender and sexuality as fundamental to capitalist accumulation.

PurposeAccording to previous international studies, the impact of external regulation on bank risk is ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to ask the question, "When do regulations matter for bank risk-taking?" by reporting the first empirical investigation of how the relation between bank regulations (capital requirements, official supervisory power and market discipline) and bank risk-taking is moderated by board monitoring characteristics.Design/methodology/approachUsing SYS-GMM, the analysis of the interaction between bank-level boards of directors' attributes (board size, board independence and board gender diversity) and external regulation is based on a sample of 493 banks operating in 54 countries over 2001-2015, accounting for three measures of bank risk-taking.FindingsRegulations matter for bank risk-taking conditional on board characteristics: board size, board independence and board diversity. With the exception of capital requirements, the market discipline exerted by external private monitoring and greater supervisory power are unable to mitigate the propensity to greater risk-taking by banks resulting from larger board size, higher board independence and greater gender diversity of the board.Originality/valueThe bank risk empirical literature is still silent as to the interaction between board governance and regulation for the purpose of examining banks' risk-taking. This paper fills this gap, thus making a significant contribution by extending our knowledge of whether and how board governance moderates the relationship between external regulation and bank risk-taking.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gendered double standards of exploiting physical appearance in Finland. Drawing from literature on physical appearance as a form of capital, four hypotheses on role of gender in endorsing double standards are put forth, and then empirically tested. The focus is on whether women or men are more disapproving of women exploiting their appearance. The paper also explores whether self-perceived attractiveness has an influence on the gendered endorsement of double standards.


Design/methodology/approach
The study utilises unique survey data with a split-ballot design to study gendered double standards at a societal level by means of ordered logistic regression. The data are nationally representative of 15-74-year-old Finns (n=1,600).


Findings
The main finding is that women are more prone to endorse the double standards against each other. It is particularly women who do not perceive themselves as attractive who are likely to hold double standards. Experienced unattractiveness is associated with disapproving attitudes towards the exploitation of physical appearance-related assets for both women and men. Men are overall more approving compared to women, and do not generally hold double standards.


Originality/value
Research on double standards in different spheres of life in a relatively gender equal country like Finland gives an intriguing example of gendered social inequality. The information provided by this paper deepens our understanding of gendered social stratification related to physical appearance.

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) contraception mandate associated with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been a contentious issue that has created clash-of-rights claims between advocates of reproductive freedom and advocates of religious freedom. Americans differ considerably in their views toward whether religiously affiliated institutions that object to the use of contraceptives should be granted an exemption to the HHS contraception mandate. This article explores the determinants of Americans' support for or opposition to the religious exemption. We focus particularly on the effects of individuals' religious orientations, gender, and political attitudes that generate support for competing rights claims. Using data from a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, we (surprisingly) find little evidence of a gender effect. Rather, we find that support for the religious exemption is driven largely by church attendance and moral conservatism, with adherence to specific religious traditions having relatively minor effects. We also find that support for the religious exemption to the HHS contraception mandate is influenced by political variables (i.e., partisanship and ideology, attitudes toward President Obama, and Tea Party support) and demographic attributes (i.e., number of children in a given household, racial/ethnic identity, education, and age). We conclude that the clash of values over the contraception mandate is driven largely by religion and political attitudes.

AbstractThis paper examines the extent to which ambivalent sexism toward women influenced vote choice among American women during the 2016 Presidential election. I examine how this varied between white women and women of color. The 2016 American National Election Study (ANES) features several measures from the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)—a scale developed by Glick and Fiske (1996) to assess sexist attitudes toward women. An index of these measures is used to examine the extent to which ambivalent sexist attitudes influenced women's vote choice for Donald Trump, controlling for racial resentment, partisanship, attitudes toward immigrants, economic anxiety, and socio-demographics. On the one hand, my findings indicate that ambivalent sexism was a powerful influence on women's Presidential vote choice in 2016, controlling for other factors. However, this finding, based on a model ofall women votersis misleading, once an intersectional approach is undertaken. Once the data are disaggregated by gender and race, white women's political behavior proves very different than women of color. Among white women, ambivalent sexist views positively and significantly predicts vote choice for Trump, controlling for all other factors. However, for women of color, this relationship was negative and posed no statistical significant relationship to voting for Trump. Scholarship in gender and politics that does not account for group differences in race/ethnicity may present misleading results, which are either underestimated or overestimated.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine perceptions of the "Ideal President" (IP) and presidential candidates in the 2016 US presidential election in relation to gender stereotypes and leader prototypes.Design/methodology/approachIn all, 378 business students assessed perceptions of either the IP or a particular candidate on measures of masculinity and femininity. Androgyny (balance of masculinity and femininity) and hypermasculinity (extremely high masculinity) scores were calculated from these measures.FindingsThe IP was perceived as higher in masculinity than femininity, but less similar to the male (Donald Trump) than the female (Hillary Clinton) candidate. IP perceptions were more androgynous than in the 2008 US presidential election. Respondents' political preferences were related to their IP perceptions on hypermasculinity, which in turn were consistent with perceptions of their preferred candidate.Social implicationsTrump's high hypermasculinity scores may explain why he won the electoral college vote, whereas Clinton's being perceived as more similar to the IP, and IP perceptions' becoming more androgynous over time, may explain why she won the popular vote.Originality/valueThe study extends the literature on the linkages between gender stereotypes and leader prototypes in two respects. Contrary to the general assumption of a shared leader prototype, it demonstrates the existence of different leader prototypes according to political preference. The hypermasculinity construct, which was introduced to interpret leader prototypes in light of Trump's candidacy and election, represents a valuable addition to the literature with potentially greater explanatory power than masculinity in some situations.

Purpose
Using the 2010 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey data, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the contributing factors of entrepreneurial propensity among males and females in Ghana.


Design/methodology/approach
Using a measure of entrepreneurial propensity that takes into account individuals who are involved in starting a new business (nascent entrepreneurs) as a dependent variable and socio-demographic characteristics, and perceptual variables as explanatory variables, the study adopts robust empirical estimation techniques to examine how these variables influence the probability of starting a new business among men and women in Ghana.


Findings
The probability of being a male nascent entrepreneur is significantly dependent upon a wide range of factors including demographic, economic, perceptual and contextual elements, albeit with important variations across gender. An individuals' subjective assessment of fear of failure in starting a business and of having the requisite entrepreneurial capabilities; the age of the individual; gender of the individual; work status and contextual factors matters for entrepreneurial propensity in Ghana. However, important differences exist in the drivers of entrepreneurial propensity for males and females with females' entrepreneurship attributed largely to conditions of necessity relative to their male counterparts.


Originality/value
The main value of this paper is to use the GEM survey (which is nationally representative) for Ghana to analyze the contributing factors of the entrepreneurial propensity among men and women in Ghana.

This paper analyses possible challenges and opportunities that Mexican female entrepreneurs face during the establishment of new enterprises. Based on in-depth interviews with female entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship experts, authors researched opportunities in the form of governmental and non-governmental institutional support, growing entrepreneurship, social awareness and women empowerment. However, lack of credibility, fear of vulnerability to criticism and social pressure are some challenges associated with gender egalitarianism. In such, the authors proved that Mexican culture impacts women in some ways more than the others. Institutional collectivism was the cultural dimension with higher positive impact on women, followed by gender egalitarianism with a neutral to positive impact and the power distance with a neutral influence on women. ; V članku so analizirani mogoči izzivi in priložnosti, s katerimi se srečujejo mehiške podjetnice pri ustanavljanju novih podjetij. Avtorji so na podlagi poglobljenih intervjujev s podjetnicami in strokovnjaki za podjetništvo opozorili na priložnosti v obliki vladne in nevladne institucionalne podpore, vse večje vloge družbene ozaveščenosti o podjetništvu in krepitve vloge žensk. Vendar pa še vedno obstajajo nekateri izzivi, ki so povezani s pomanjkanjem verodostojnosti, strahom pred ranljivostjo do kritike in socialnim pritiskom, ki je povezan z enakostjo spolov. Avtorji so dokazali, da mehiška kultura v nekaterih elementih na ženske bolj vpliva kot v drugih. Institucionalni kolektivizem ima kot kulturna razsežnost večji pozitivni učinek na ženske, enakopravnost med spoloma ima nevtralni do pozitivni učinek, medtem ko ima razdalja moči nevtralen vpliv na ženske.

The European Parliament's Report focuses on the integration processes for a particular category of refugees, considered as belonging to "vulnerable groups", namely women seeking international protection and female refugees. Women seeking international protection or refugees, in fact, are bearers of demands and needs which, in part, are specific to all those people who, often forced to abruptly abandon their countries of origin, seek protection in host countries, bringing with themselves a heavy burden of persecution, war, violence and poverty. The humanitarian response along the routes of the eastern Mediterranean and the western Balkans has set as a priority the introduction of measures to prevent sexual and gender violence in all humanitarian activities. In all reports there is an emphasis on the urgent need to make operators aware of the risks inherent in the standard reception procedures, and to ensure urgently the specific training of staff in order to put in place specific procedures to prevent, identify and respond to sexual and gender violence. This last point, in particular, will be the subject of the in-depth examination, as follows: how (and whether) the recommendations and regulations are changing the reception conditions on the southern borders of Italy; whether and to what extent the institutions responsible for reception (first or second) are equipped to deal with this emergency; how training and professional development may intervene to ensure that operators in the field are able to cope adequately with this emergency.

Financial literacy and financial education are important components of modern life. The importance of financial literacy is increasing for financial consumers because of the weakening of both government and employer-based retirement systems. Unfortunately, empirical research shows that financial consumers are not fully informed and are not able to make proper choices even when appropriate information is available. More research is needed as to how financial consumers obtain investment and financial planning information. A primary data study was conducted to understand the differences between the demographic categories of gender, age, education-level, and income-level with the means of obtaining investment and financial planning information. In this research study, which selected a population from the LinkedIn platform, statistical differences between gender, age, education-level, and income-level were confirmed. These differences helped to confirm prior research in this field of study. Practical opportunities for commercial outreach to specific populations became evident through this type of research. Providers of investment and financial planning information can access their targeted audience more effectively by understanding the demographic profile of the audience, as well as the propensity of the demographic profile of the audience to respond. As this type of research is relatively easy to construct and administer, commercial outreach for providers of investment and financial planning information can be conducted in a cost-efficient and effective manner.

This study adopted descriptive survey design to investigate the influence of gender, parenting styles and peer pressure on the aggressive behavours of students in Orumba North local government area of Anambra State. Two hundred and ninety-one students consisting 189 males and 102 females with age range of 13 to 16 and mean age of 14.6 years were randomly drawn with ballot method from a population of students spread across three community secondary schools in ONLGAs. Three instruments namely; Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (r=0.72); Baumrid Parental Care Scale (r=0.70); Glasen and Brown Peer Pressure Inventory (r=0.78) were employed for collection of data. T-test for independent samples and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) were adopted as statistical tools to analyze four hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results show that level of aggressive behaviour differs significantly on the basis of gender (df=289, t=2.9908, P0.05)., while positive association exist between peer pressure and aggressive behaviour (r=0.6296, p<0.05). The independent variables jointly contributed 52% of the variance in aggressive behaviours among students in ONLGA. The researchers concluded that both personal and social factors are related with aggressive behaviours of students. It recommended that counselling psychologists should mount interventions to teach parents positive parenting styles as well as empower the students with the skill of anger management.Keywords: Parenting style, Peer Pressure, Aggressive behaviour, Adolescence, Orumba

Poverty has ideally been studied from either the individual perspective or the cultural perspective. While the individual perspective holds genetic factors to be responsible for poverty of urban dwellers, the cultural theory holds the societal, political, cyclical and geographical factors to be responsible for poverty of people. This research paper tests the cultural theory of poverty on the street vendors of PondyBazaar area in a Tier I city, Chennai. The impact of societal factors (gender, religion, dependents, choice of occupation and choice of migration), economic factors (occupation before migration), cyclical factors (willingness to stay in the same occupation) and geographical factors (distance of vendors' native place to Chennai) was studied on income of street vendors through a structural equation model. Questionnaire method was used to collect data from 100 street vendors spread over Sivagnanam Street, Sivaprakasam Street and Sir Thyagaraya Road in PondyBazaar area. The results depict that the structural equation was highest for income of vendors. Also, three of the chosen societal factors (gender, choice of occupation and choice of migration), economic factors and cyclical factors have a major impact on determining the incomes of vendors. However, two societal factors and geographical factors have very less impact on earnings of vendors. Since the test results were run on Tier I city, the theory might or might not hold true in a Tier II city which needs to be tested in further research.