Suchergebnisse

Es wird argumentiert, dass die Kulturpsychologie zurzeit in unterschiedlichen Formen ein "comeback" erlebt, das gerade für die psychologische Erforschung der Religion neue Chancen bietet. Anhand des Beispiels einer religiös-kulturellen Minderheit in den Niederlanden wird gezeigt, wie die Lebensform, in die der Mensch jeweils eingebettet ist, Verhalten, Erkennen und Erfahren konstituiert und konstruiert. Verwendete Perspektiven sind unter anderem die rhetorisch-responsive Version des Sozialkonstruktionismus und der Habitusbegriff von P. Bourdieu.

William Godwin (1756-1836) occupe une position singulière dans la controverse britannique entre partisans et adversaires de la Révolution française. S'il adhère à l'idéal démocratique, il rejette le jacobinisme et disqualifie la violence auxquels il oppose la persuasion progressive de l'opinion publique. W. Godwin réfute la doctrine du contrat social et la codification des droits qui régissent les principes de la Première République. Adversaire déclaré de toute coercition politique, il défend une version minimaliste du rôle des institutions. Anticipant John Stuart Mill, il fonde la justice sur une interprétation altruiste de la doctrine utilitariste qui tente de rendre compatible l'individualisme méthodologique et l'exigence conjointe de la liberté, de l'égalité et de la fraternité. Il esquisse les contours d'une société juste qui, propriété et Etat étant abolis, repose sur l'autonomie et la libre coordination des individus, et dont la richesse réside dans le loisir. Cette utopie libertaire consacre W. Godwin comme l'un des fondateurs de la doctrine anarchiste. L'utilitarisme godwinien tend au perfectionnisme et n'échappe pas au constructivisme. Cette réflexion stimulante n'en ébauche pas moins une philosophie de la société civile qui est profondément actuelle.

"In der jüngeren feministischen Theoriediskussion wird - unter dem Stichwort 'Dekonstruktion' - ein 'Paradigmenwechsel' proklamiert. Der Frauenforschung wird vorgehalten, bislang die Geschlechterdifferenz reifiziert oder substantialisiert zu haben, anstatt die konstruktiven Grundlagen des Systems der Zweigeschlechtlichkeit offenzulegen. In der Geschlechterforschung kultur- und geisteswissenschaftlicher Provenienz wird unter diesem Etikett vor allem auf Derrida's 'Philosophie der Differenz' und auf Varianten einer sprachtheoretisch revidierten Psychoanalyse rekurriert (Lacan, Kristeva). Dekonstruktion bezeichnet hier eine kritische Aktivität der Destabilisierung vermeintlich fixer Bedeutungen von Geschlecht, deren Fundamente durch ästhetische Praktiken des Denkens und Schreibens und der Politik subversiv unterspielt werden sollen. In den Sozialwissenschaften sammeln sich unter dem Anspruch der 'Dekonstruktion' vor allem Konzepte aus dem Umfeld des 'sozialen Konstruktivismus', insbesondere der Ethnomethodologie. Ihr antifundamentalistischer Impetus, der sich gegen die biologische Fundierung der binären Geschlechterklassifikation wendet ('Sex' ist immer schon 'Gender'), steht in einem gewissen Widerspruch zur tatsächlichen empirisch-theoretischen Praxis. 'Dekonstruktion' erschöpft sich im Nachvollzug der interaktiven Praxis von Konstruktionsprozessen. Dabei setzt sich unter der Hand sogar eine Variante von 'Reifizierung' der Geschlechterdifferenz durch - nun als Prozeßkategorie - wenn unter der Prämisse einer 'Omnirelevanz von Geschlecht' das fortlaufende 'doing gender' als kontinuierliche Hervorbringung von Differenz und Hierarchie nachgezeichnet wird. In einem Vergleich mit Positionen der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, die sich auf die Kritische Theorie beziehen, sollen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des 'Gendering-Ansatzes' in Bezug auf die beanspruchte Subversion der Geschlechterdifferenz ausgelotet werden. Im Mittelpunkt werden dabei zwei für die jeweiligen Ansätze zentrale Begriffe stehen, die gegeneinander diskutiert werden sollen: das Konzept der Vermittlung und der Konstruktionsbegriff." (Autorenreferat)

Die beiden sich überschneidenden Bände – hervorgegangen aus dem Handbook of interview research – bieten einen beachtlich detailreichen Zugang zu technischen Hilfen, die nützlich für qualitativ Forschende sind, und zugleich eine Fülle an ideologischer Kriegsführung und Konfusion, die niemandem wirklich weiterhilft. Enthalten sind u.a. Kapitel über Typen problematischen Interviewverhaltens, über Telefon- und Computergestützte Interviews (online und offline), über Transkription und (nicht) Computergestützte qualitative Auswertungs- und Interpretationsverfahren unterschiedlichster Provenienz. Ebenso werden z.B. Fragen der Repräsentation behandelt. In meinem Beitrag versuche ich zu zeigen, dass postmoderne und konstruktivistische Ansätze, wie in den Büchern vertreten, zwar hilfreich sein können im Kampf um ein reflexives und subtiles Verstehen der Beforschten. Aber zugleich wird – immer dann wenn es um das Ringen einer Philosophie bzw. einer erkenntnistheoretischen Position um Dominanz geht – eine eher kontraproduktive "Amerikanische Ideologie" aufgemacht, die selbstwidersprüchlich ist und weder individuell noch (wissenschafts-) politisch weiterhilft. Insoweit: "brauchbar": ja; "unverzichtbar", nein!

Preface and Acknowledgments -- Note on Transliteration -- Contents -- Author Biography -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Conceptualizing Post-Islamist Political Theory -- 1.2 A Note on Method -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Political Liberalism for Post-Islamist, Muslim-­Majority Societies -- 2.1 Part I: Rawlsian Conceptions of Justification and Universal Inclusion of the Reasonable -- 2.1.1 Political Constructivism -- 2.1.2 Wide Reflective Equilibrium in Post-Islamist Muslim Majority Societies -- 2.1.3 Public Reasoning, Declaration and Conjecture -- 2.2 Part II: Stability of Political Liberalism in Post-Islamist Muslim-Majority Societies -- 2.2.1 Fusion of Overlapping Consensus and Modus Vivendi -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Why and How Political Liberals Need to Persuade Muslims: Ferrara and March's Interpretations of Conjecture -- 3.1 Ferrara, Reflexive Pluralism and Conjecture -- 3.2 March: Conjecture as Justificatory Comparative Political Theory -- 3.3 The Role of Islamic Jurisprudence in March's Methodology of Conjecture -- 3.4 Post-Islamist Intellectuals and March's Treatment of Jurisprudence -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: An Unorthodox, Islamic, Full Justification for Liberal Citizenship: The Case of Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari -- 4.1 Post-Islamism Versus Jurisprudential Reading of Islam -- 4.2 Faith, Free Will, and Freedom of Conscience -- 4.3 Justice of Political Jurisprudence, Revisionary Hermeneutics, and the Secular State -- 4.4 A Comparative Note on Soroush and Mojtahed Shabestari -- 4.5 Conclusion and Some Critical Remarks -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Between Contractarianism and Islamic State: A Post-Islamist Reading of Mohammad Hossein Tabatabai's Theory of Justice -- 5.1 Artificial Conceptions Theory (Edrakat-e Etebari) -- 5.2 The Artificial Conception of Utilization (Estekhdam)

Le présent essai constitue la version française de « The Empirical Turn of Literary Studies », in : Nicoletta Pireddu, Reframing Critical, Literary, and Cultural Theories, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018, pp. 119-135. ; International audience ; À la fin du XX e siècle, la théorie littéraire a possédé la valeur, mythifiée, d'un cadre explicatif universel, plaçant de manière originale les théories du texte à la base de l'arbre des connaissances et faisant de leurs analystes universitaires les maîtres du savoir. Avec la French Theory, théorie du texte, théorie de la narration, rhétorique et sémiologie furent employés pour décoder les faits sociaux les plus variés, qu'il s'agisse de comprendre le langage amoureux chez Barthes, de déconstruire la philosophie par l'écriture chez Jacques Derrida, de repenser le récit historique chez Hayden White ou d'analyser la poétique de la science chez Fernand Hallyn. Poursuivant le linguistic turn qui avait affecté la philosophie, la théorie littéraire avait amené les catégories et logiques textuelles à une prétention universelle et hégémonique : tout était langage, tout constituait un discours, tout faisait signe. À ce titre, la théorie littéraire était plus qu'une théorie de la littérature, plus qu'une épistémologie et qu'une « critique de la critique » : c'était bien une « critique de l'idéologie » 1 indissociable d'une pensée critique du social explicitement foucaldienne et secrètement marxiste, que ce soit dans sa version américaine, culturaliste, ou dans sa formulation française, plus directement politique. Les critiques érigées contre cette théorie littéraire ont été clairement identifiés et la guerre culturelle ayant sévi contre les cultural studies et leur constructivisme social centré sur les problématiques sexuelles et raciales a entraîné un reflux de la théorie, du moins dans les plus grandes universités américaines. L'alliance du formalisme et de l'idéologie de gauche au service d'un discours d'affirmation identitaire ou l'usage de la déconstruction derridienne comme ...

Introduction: understanding the post-western world -- Part I. How do we think about global politics? universals in international studies: competing universals: realism; competing universals: liberalism; searching for the particular: after constructivism -- Part II. What do we overlook? international politics in the non-western world: violence, rationality, and the state; politics, economics, and self-identity; the construction of difference in international affairs -- Part III. What now? reinventing international studies for the post-western world: reinventing realism: power and violence in the post-western world; reinventing liberalism: values and change in the post-western world; the way forward: searching for new universals in global politics

This book argues for evolutionary epistemology and distinguishing functionality from physicality in the social sciences. It explores the implications for this approach to understanding in biology, economics, psychology and political science. Presenting a comprehensive overview of philosophical topics in the social sciences, the book emphasizes how all human cognition and behavior is characterized by functionality and complexity, and thus cannot be explained by the point predictions and exact laws found in the physical sciences. Realms of functional complexity such as the market order in economics, the social rules of conduct, and the human CNS require a focus on explanations of the principles involved rather than predicting exact outcomes. This requires study of the historical context to understand behavior and cognition. This approach notes that functional complexity is central to classical liberal ideas such as division of labour and knowledge, and how this is a far more powerful and adequate account of social organization than central planning. Through comparison of these approaches, as well as its interdisciplinary scope, this book will interest both academics and students in philosophy, biology, economics, psychology and all other social sciences. Walter B. Weimer is Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Philosophy at the Pennsylvania State University, USA. His other books in the Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism series are the two volumes of Retrieving Liberalism from Rationalist Constructivism. .

This article aims to address how to ensure a two-way 'dialogue' across 'the West/non-West distinction' in international studies. To this end, I first discuss three different approaches to dialogue, the Socratic, the Habermasian, and the Weberian, and clarify what kind of thing dialogue should be if it is to overcome the 'West-non-West divide' and transform the current 'Western-centric' IR into a global discipline. I argue that dialogue should be understood as reciprocal feedback from different perspectives for mutual learning. In order to achieve this goal (i.e. mutual learning), I call for an 'instrumentalist' approach to dialogue. To elucidate this point, I offer an empirical illustration. The focus here is on dialogue as mutual learning between Western-centric IR theory, more specifically constructivism, and the indigenous experience and knowledge of East Asia. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

Part I. Ambitions -- 1. From philosophical theology to democratic theory: early postcards from an intellectual journey / David A. Reidy -- 2. Does justice as fairness have a religious aspect? / Paul Weithman -- Part II. Method -- 3. Constructivism as rhetoric / Anthony Simon Laden -- 4. Kantian constructivism / Larry Krasnoff -- 5. The basic structure of society as the primary subject of justice / Samuel Freeman -- 6. Rawls on ideal and nonideal theory / Zofia Stemplowska and Adam Swift -- 7. The choice from the original position / Jon Mandle -- Part III. A theory of justice -- 8. The priority of liberty / Robert S. Taylor -- 9. Applying justice as fairness to institutions / Colin M. Macleod -- 10. Democratic equality as a work-in-progress / Stuart White -- 11. Stability, a sense of justice, and self-respect / Thomas E. Hill, Jr -- 12. Political authority, civil disobedience, revolution / Alexander Kaufman -- Part IV. A political conception -- 13. The turn to a political liberalism / Gerald Gaus -- 14. Political considerations / Aaron James -- 15. On the idea of public reason / Jonathan Quong -- 16. Overlapping consensus / Rex Martin -- 17. Citizenship as fairness: John Rawls's conception of civic virtue / Richard Dagger -- 18. Inequality, difference, and prospects for democracy / Erin I. Kelly -- Part V. Extending political liberalism: international relations -- 19. The law of peoples / Huw Lloyd Williams -- 20. Human rights / Gillian Brock -- 21. Global poverty and global inequality / Richard W. Miller -- 22. Just war / Darrel Moellendorf -- Part VI. Conversations with other perspectives -- 23. Rawls, Mill, and utilitarianism / Jonathan Riley -- 24. Perfectionist justice and Rawlsian legitimacy / Steven Wall -- 25. The unwritten theory of justice: Rawlsian liberalism versus libertarianism / Barbara H. Fried -- 26. The young Marx and the middle-aged Rawls / Daniel Brudney -- 27. Challenges of global and local misogyny / Claudia Card -- 28. Critical theory and Habermas / Kenneth Baynes -- 29. Rawls and economics / Daniel Little -- 30. Learning from the history of political philosophy / S.A. Lloyd -- 31. Rawls and the history of moral philosophy: the cases of Smith and Kant / Paul Guyer.

Between the 1940s and the 1960s, strategy was at the heart of security studies and closely intertwined with International Relations (IR). Over the past three decades, however, the study of strategy has been relegated to a secondary position in the international security subfield and marginalized in IR theorizing. One important source of this disconnect is the challenge mounted by critical security advocates, who sought to reorient the study of security away from strategic studies. They reached into the philosophy of science and pulled out three familiar dichotomies, rationalism/constructivism, materialism/idealism, and problem-solving/critical theorizing, that they could utilize within security debates. Specifically, they argue that strategic studies leaves out too much of what is really important for security and world politics because it is rationalist, materialist, and retains an uncritical view of knowledge production. In this article, I turn the critical security conventional wisdom on its head and show that strategic studies, exemplified by the ideas of Carl von Clausewitz and Thomas Schelling, actually transcends these dichotomies and hence offers an indispensable source of insights for both security studies and IR.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) substantially contributes to environmental degradation because of its intrinsic characteristics of fast and high generation volume, low recycling rate, and low revenue margins. A systemic problem is that recycling facilities are not usually a part of a reverse supply chain (RSC) specific for CDW. This makes the recovery process costs prohibitive, especially where companies are unable to receive and process large volumes of waste continuously. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the extant literature and utilizes the results accrued to develop a conceptual RSC model for CDW. In so doing, the research seeks to provide clarity on this phenomenon, while simultaneously stimulating wider academic discourse and further research endeavours. A mixed philosophies epistemological design was adopted using both interpretavism and constructivism to undertake a qualitative systematic analysis of the literature. A process diagram was produced to represent the conceptual model (CM) and thematically group the nodes into three key swim lanes that delineate the boundaries between distribution, manufacturing, and sourcing and warehousing processes. Within each swim lane, stakeholders were incorporated as key actors. A further layer of nuanced complexity was added to illustrate the key actors involved in the process, government strategies, and activity flow paths. This novel CM offers both practical and theoretical contributions to existing knowledge and signposts a future research direction. Such work will demystify reverse logistics for managing CDW, and assist government policy-makers to develop informed policies that reduce the negative environmental impact of construction activities.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) substantially contributes to environmental degradation because of its intrinsic characteristics of fast and high generation volume, low recycling rate, and low revenue margins. A systemic problem is that recycling facilities are not usually a part of a reverse supply chain (RSC) specific for CDW. This makes the recovery process costs prohibitive, especially where companies are unable to receive and process large volumes of waste continuously. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the extant literature and utilizes the results accrued to develop a conceptual RSC model for CDW. In so doing, the research seeks to provide clarity on this phenomenon, while simultaneously stimulating wider academic discourse and further research endeavours. A mixed philosophies epistemological design was adopted using both interpretavism and constructivism to undertake a qualitative systematic analysis of the literature. A process diagram was produced to represent the conceptual model (CM) and thematically group the nodes into three key swim lanes that delineate the boundaries between distribution, manufacturing, and sourcing and warehousing processes. Within each swim lane, stakeholders were incorporated as key actors. A further layer of nuanced complexity was added to illustrate the key actors involved in the process, government strategies, and activity flow paths. This novel CM offers both practical and theoretical contributions to existing knowledge and signposts a future research direction. Such work will demystify reverse logistics for managing CDW, and assist government policy-makers to develop informed policies that reduce the negative environmental impact of construction activities.

What light can international relations theory shed on how developing countries such as Brazil have achieved regional leadership and international influence? This comprehensive examination of Brazilian foreign policy over the last few decades argues that Realism provides a better account of Brazil's strategy than Liberalism and Constructivism. Despite changes of government and regime, Brasília has persistently pursued relative political gain, especially international influence. However, because this rising country has faced an established hegemon in the form of the United States, it has not been able to employ conventionally Realist instruments and tactics. Its subordinate position in the current power constellation has forced Brazil to forego political or military confrontation and instead use economic cooperation, both with the hegemon and its weaker neighbors. Through this collaboration, Brazil hopes to derive disproportionate benefits that will enhance its relative power. By elucidating these complex calculations, the present essay explains the Realist strategy that ambitious nations such as Brazil have pursued and helps design a version of Realism that captures recent power dynamics in the international system. (JPLA/GIGA)

In International Relations (IR), as in other social science disciplines, the desire to be current and progressive is both powerful and understandable. Indeed IR as a discipline needs to continually evolve and adapt if it is to be relevant. Yet this natural quest should also include building bridges, where context, perspective and a melding of key past scholarship and current promising endeavors produce true analytical insights. A mere rush to the future where past achievements are ignored or walled off, or where methodology is more about ends than means could undermine the vast potential of an across-the-field discipline that should understand and respect the long arc of history and scholarship. It should behoove us then to be inclusive while skeptical, and appreciate both the benefits and limits of the various approaches whether it is classical realism, neo-realism, liberalism, constructivism or the multiple modernist and post-modernist scholarly endeavors. And throughout we would also benefit from a certain modesty in our scholarly claims as we acknowledge the disparity between our aspirations and achievements.