Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Historiography of Afghanistan in the Defence of India -- Chapter 2: The Problem of Herat -- Chapter 3: Events in Russian Central Asia and their Relevance to Afghanistan -- Chapter 4: The Dane Mission -- Chapter 5: British Strategic Considerations 1903-1905 -- Chapter 6: British Strategic Planning 1906-1908 -- Chapter 7: A Diplomatic Defence of India -- Conclusion.

(UA) У статті розглядаються обставини та наслідки антиурядового заколоту в м. Герат у березні 1979 року та визначені ним зміни в характері радянської військово-технічної присутності в Демократичній республіці Афганістан. ; (EN) The article discusses the circumstances and consequences of anti-government revolt in Herat in March 1979 and is defined by changes in the nature of the Soviet military-technical presence in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Brought to Afghanistan in 1987 by its mandate to protect and assist the victims of armed conflict, the ICRC developed its activites there considerably. As a result, it opened sub-delegations in Mazar-I Sharif and Herat in 1989 and became one of the few humanitarian organizations operating in most parts of the country with the consent of both government authorities and opposition movements.

AbstractWhile previous studies underscore the importance of climate‐sensitive approaches to peacebuilding, the relationship between ecosystem services and peace and security, especially at the local level, has been insufficiently studied. We argue that ecosystem services are often neglected by national‐level actors and insufficiently integrated into peacebuilding interventions and project design. In fact, policy discourse at highly aggregate levels of analysis silences local, community understandings of ecosystem services and its potential for contributing to sustainable peace. For example, despite investment in community development in Afghanistan via the Citizens' Charter Afghanistan Project, there is scant reference to 'ecosystem services' on which Afghans are so reliant, much less any policy planning informed by it and directed at addressing climate and environmental risks. Drawing on evidence from Kabul and Herat provinces in Afghanistan, we illuminate the intersections among insecurity, environmental sustainability and ecosystem services. Specifically, we examine water‐related services in Chest‐e Sharif district in Herat province and demonstrate how the lack of water availability and (mis)management of water infrastructure contribute to local communities' sense of precarity and government neglect. The findings inform our policy recommendations which are intended to address these gaps.

2009/2010 ; Il lavoro raccoglie e riassume i risultati degli studi sul test visuale simbolico realizzati nel corso del biennio 2008-2009 in Afghanistan e in Italia. E' stato concepito un format di analisi non standard che permette di studiare quali siano le associazioni logiche che il soggetto intervistato considera corrette tra una serie di foto-simbolo e alcuni concetti forti come patria, famiglia onore, sicurezza. Dopo una serie di focus group per verificare l'utilizzabilità del test, i formulari sono stati sottoposti a circa 500 persone abitanti nei dintorni di Herat. Il nostro lavoro riporta i risultati di questa indagine incrociando le frequenze assolute con le variabili di età, etnia, livello di istruzione e sesso. I risultati ottenuti sono poi comparati con quelli ottenuti da un survey di tipo standard realizzato dall'Asia foundation su temi simili a quelli trattati dal nostro lavoro. Il testo di ricerca contiene in premessa alcune informazioni sulla situazione etnica e sociale dell'Afghanistan in generale e in particolare della provincia di Herat. Nel testo sono anche dettagliatamente elencate le foto simbolo usate per il nostro lavoro oltre alle procedure e alle fasi di lavoro che hanno portato alla sua realizzazione. In appendice copia a colori delle tavole con le foto-simbolo utilizzate per la somministrazione del questionario, e del foglio test utilizzato riportate le risposte degli intervistati ; XXIII Ciclo

La muerte de Bin Laden no ha tenido apenas impacto en las operaciones militares en Afganistán y las fuerzas internacionales, incluidas las españolas, continúan tratando de mejorar la seguridad de las zonas bajo su responsabilidad y acelerando el adiestramiento de las fuerzas afganas de seguridad para que las releven. La presencia de tropas internacionales en Afganistán comienza su cuenta atrás en julio de 2011. Ya se conocen las primeras zonas donde se va a iniciar la transición (inteqal en pashto) y entre ellas se encuentra Herat, donde hay soldados españoles, aunque no Badghis. La muerte de Bin Laden no ha tenido apenas impacto en las operaciones militares en Afganistán y las fuerzas internacionales, incluidas las españolas, continúan tratando de mejorar la seguridad de las zonas bajo su responsabilidad y acelerando el adiestramiento de las fuerzas afganas de seguridad para que las releven. Este ARI estudia la escasa incidencia táctica de la muerte de Bin Laden sobre las operaciones, el estado de las mismas en todo Afganistán –pero particularmente en las zonas donde las tropas españolas llevan a cabo sus misiones– y, finalmente, describe el proceso de transición que ahora se inicial en Herat y que podría llevar a la retirada de las primeras tropas de suelo afgano en octubre de 2012.

Appendices: A. On Luristan. Extracts from Major Rawlinson's Notes on a march from Zohab to Khuzistan. B. Extract of letter from Mr. McNeill to Viscount Palmerston. C. Sir A. Burnes description of Balkh. D. Accounts by Mr. Elphinstone and Sir A. Burnes of the Kaffirs of the Hindoo Koosh. E. Account of Beloochistan, by the late Sir H. Pottinger. F. Memorandum on the political relations of the English mission with Herat, by Sir J. Login. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The paper begins by summarizing the basic information about theShahnamaproduced in Herat for the Timurid prince Baysunghur, son of Shah Rukh, in 833/1430, one of the three iconic illustrated versions of Firdausi's poem in Persian painting. It then considers in turn the originality of this manuscript, its iconographic program and the intervals at which the images are placed within the text. The themes of enthronement and combat or battle are explored at length, as are the page layout, the role of illumination and the technique and execution of the paintings.

2. A. Jaussen: The Builder of a Dominican InstituteIV. At the IDEO; 1. The Choice of Abdullah Ancārī; 2. The Studious Years of a Burgeoning Orientalist; Chapter 2 De Beaurecueil: Heeding Ancārī's Call; I. A Journey to Afghanistan, a Promised Land; 1. The Road to Kabul; 2. In the Land of Ancārī; II. Born Under the Ghaznavi Rule (977-1186); III. Ancārī: A Controversial Sufi Master (or Shaykh); 1. Formative Years in Herat (1006-1033); 2. Maturity and Study Travels to Nīshāpūr; 2.1. Hardship and Triumph (1042-1063); 2.2. The End Game (1080-89)

The legitimization of the Shah was managed through his bloodline - as in those who were Sayyid or descendants of Prophet Muhammad were automatically considered legitimate rulers of the state. The highest position in the government was the position of Grand Vizier (Prime Minister), who was the closest man to the Shah and had absolute power over national interests. Any decision had to be made after the approval of Shah and the Vizier himself. With the historical method, starting from heuristic data collection and interpreting it, which ends with historiography, Safavid fought the Ottomans, his enemies to the West, who saw the Safavid Empire as a threat Sunni-Shia divide. Many Shiites were deported from the Ottoman Empire following the numerous uprisings in favor of the Safavids. He fought them and lost territories such as Baghdad, parts of the Iranian Azerbaijan region, Herat, Mashhad, etc. However, after his defeats and loss to the Ottomans, he lost the support he enjoyed from the Qizilbash, which had a significant influence in the Empire - but their impact was reduced during the reign of Shah Abbas I. He managed to retrieve the lost territories and increase the number of people serving the military to defend the borders. Was Shah Abbas I. Abbas also managed to fight the Uzbeks and Ottomans and retrieve the lost territories, which positively impacted his reputation and increased power? He managed to recover Herat (modern-day Afghanistan) and Mashhad (Iran) from the Uzbeks, Baghdad, Caucasian territories, and eastern parts of Iraq from the Ottomans.Keywords:Development, Safavid, Shah Abbas I

SummaryThe prevalence of consanguinity in eight provinces of Afghanistan has recently been reported by Saify & Saadat (2012). The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages among other populations of Afghanistan. Data on types of marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 5200 from the following provinces: Farah, Ghazni, Herat, Hilmand, Kabul, Kandahar, Logar, Parwan and Wardak. Consanguineous marriages were classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins, first cousins, first cousins once removed, second cousins and beyond second cousins. The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for each population. The α in the country was 0.0226, ranging from 0.0203 in Farah province to 0.0246 in Herat province. There were significant differences between provinces for frequencies of different types of marriages (p<0.001). First cousin marriages (21.7%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by second cousins (16.0%), first cousins once removed (14.0%), beyond second cousins (6.9%) and double first cousins (1.6%). There was significant difference between ethnic groups for the types of marriages (p<0.001). Tajiks (Soni) and Sadats showed the lowest (α=0.0215) and highest (α=0.0242) levels of consanguinity among ethnic groups in Afghanistan, respectively. The present study shows that the Afghani populations, the same as other Islamic populations, have high levels of consanguinity.

Afghanistan has been in protracted conflict for almost four decades, with direct implications on progress towards development objectives. This context of recurring episodes of violence and insecurity, economic and political instability, and the consequent displacement of populations within and outside the nation's borders has important implications on the landscape of data and evidence available for the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of interventions and programs, and their timeliness and relevance. Afghans represent the world's largest and most protracted refugee population, with an estimated 3.5 million people currently living abroad as refugees for more than four decades. Given the large disparities in poverty incidence and high levels of inequality within Afghanistan, the knowledge of living standards at more disaggregated geographical levels of districts and nahias could help inform policy design and improve decision making at a sub-province level. Therefore, poverty mapping, which aims at estimating poverty incidence at levels lower than the household survey, was applied in Kabul and Herat provinces. This technical report describes the methodology and data used to produce the Kabul and Herat poverty maps and presents the resulting collection of poverty maps, the first of its kind for Afghanistan. The structure of the report is as follows. Section 2 outlines the poverty mapping methodology, specifically the small area estimation approach, applied in Afghanistan. Section 3 discusses the data sources and the various technical challenges faced with the datasets. Section 4 discusses the modeling phase, including model selection, model parameters, and assumptions. Section 5 presents the poverty maps at a district and nahia level, and section 6 concludes. The Annexes contains supporting data and analysis.

Husayn Vaᶜiz-i Kashifi, The Persian Prose-Writer Par Excellence of the ninth/fifteenth century, did not compose his treatiseBadāyiᶜ al-afkār fī ṣanāyiᶜ al-ashᶜār[Wondrous Thoughts on Poetical Tropes] to compensate for the lapses of his predecessors, or to make a groundbreaking contribution to the Persian literary sciences. His stated purpose, at least, was rather prosaic.Badāyiᶜ al-afkārwas Kashifi's calling card to the new Timurid ruler Sultan-Husayn Bayqara (r. 873/1469–911/1506), which—so he hoped—would secure his place among the literary experts at the Timurid court. That much we know from the author's introduction to the treatise. At the time of Sultan-Husayn Bayqara's ascension to the throne, Herat was at the peak of its glory.

We commemorated in 1988 the sesquicentennial of the Convention of Balta Limani, the ground-breaking Ottoman-British commercial agreement that set a pattern for Ottoman agreements with other powers in the years immediately following. The Convention sprang from British interests and from Ottoman needs during the 1830s in the Near East. My function is to sketch the general international background for the Convention, to look at the situation of the Ottoman Empire, at British foreign policy in the early nineteenth century, and in particular at the development of British policy in the Near East in the years from 1827 to 1841. A subtitle indicating the desirable breadth of view might read "From Navarino (1827) to Nezib (1839), and from Hercules' Pillars to Hormuz and Herat."

The Modern Jewish Community in Afghanistan was Shaped by the Exigencies of long-distance trade. Jewish merchants along with their Hindu and Muslim counterparts provided goods to remote regions and tribes. Often these traders would be the only ones allowed into disputed areas, as they were considered neutral. Jewish merchants in particular also acted as intermediaries to help nomadic groups settle conflicts peaceably. In order to fill this economic role, unusual domestic arrangements developed. Men would depart alone for long periods of time from Herat, the center of the Jewish community in Afghanistan, as the journey was generally too risky for an entire family to undertake. After traveling the long caravan routes, they would live in Jewish caravanserais for much of the year, generally returning for the holidays of the month of Tishri and for Passover.