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AbstractThis article makes two arguments. First, sectarian identity (ethnic, tribal or religious) is an outcome of war rather than a cause of war, even though such identities make (selective) use of memory. The implication of this proposition is that war should be interpreted less as an external contest of will between two sides but rather as a one‐sided and/or parallel effort to construct unidimensional political identities as a basis for power. Power derived from identity so constructed is likely to be authoritarian and repressive. Second, different methods of communication provide the basis for different modalities of power and this matters; power diffuses through all forms of communication. But the language of violence is much less amenable to freedom and human emancipation than other nonviolent forms of communication. The arguments are elaborated through a critique of the work of the German legal theorist Carl Schmitt and his notion of the friend–enemy distinction as a basis of political authority. The article concludes by arguing that in a global era, when traditional inter‐state war is declining, there are greater possibilities for multiple identities and a layering of political authority, even though there are also efforts to resurrect the friend–enemy distinction in many 'new wars' and, above all, in the war on terror.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction: The Disharmonic Constitution -- 2. The Conundrum of the Unconstitutional Constitution -- 3. The Quest for a Compelling Unity -- 4. The Permeability of Constitutional Borders -- 5. The Sounds of Silence: Militant and Acquiescent Constitutionalism -- 6. "The First Page of the Constitution": Family, State, and Identity -- 7. Conclusion -- Index

This study examines the use of e-mail as a tool for long term discussion between teachers and grade six students. E-mail messages between grade six students and teachers were collected over the course of one academic year. Methods of conversation analysis within a framework of social practice are used to examine the data. While identity is more readily constructed and more fully developed in contexts which allow for physical embodiment such as face-to-face discussion, this analysis found that identity can be constructed in a context that does not provide for the physical embodiment of identity: Identity was constructed using the social, cultural, and technological tools provided and supported by e-mail to develop social practices germane to the e-mail discussion. This study has implications for further understanding the relation between identity, goals, constraints and affordances, and the collaborative creation of social practices in asynchronous computer mediated communication.

As our world becomes increasingly permeable, and as human populations are rapidly converging and transitioning within a global interconnectedness, it is vital that we look to, and learn from, those most adept at the adaptation, creation, and contesting of culture: adolescents. This text is designed to bridge critical gaps in the understanding of the daily lives, identity development, and experiences of adolescents in diverse cultures around the world. Cultural context is predictive of developmental uniqueness; comparisons provide insights into how social structures and relationships influence

In this article, I explore the researcher identity of senior women academics in a South African institution of higher education. The aim was to uncover the identity tensions they experience in relation to being a researcher and to understand how they respond to and resolve these tensions. Three focus groups, based on the socioanalytic method of social dream drawing, provided the data. Data were analyzed through hermeneutic phenomenological reflection. Identity theory was applied as a conceptual framework to guide my interpretation of the data. Through their collective reflection on being researchers, the women became cognizant of identity tensions and their engagement with these reflected intrapersonal processing akin to identity work. In the findings, I highlight purposeful, collective identity work as a resource that enabled these women to re-construct self-defeating gendered conflicts in their researcherhood. By uncovering their identity tensions and related emotions, a sense of researcher self-efficacy emerged. They consequently reframed research success as meaningful self-expression and knowledge dissemination. I propose that collective identity work is a valuable endeavor for women researchers because it facilitates role identity development and a collective voice in responding to the demanding and constantly changing academic work context.

Es geht um die Identitätsbildung und ihre Funktion in der Sozialisation. Identitätsbildung wird als Prozeß der Internalisierung von für die soziale Umwelt notwendigen Normen mit Aneignung von sozialen Rollen gesehen. Dieses Sozialisationsziel beinhaltet zunächst die integrative Unterordnung des Jugendlichen unter gesellschaftliche Forderungen und nach der Internalisierung der von außen erfahrenen Macht, die als Befähigung zu autonomer Handlung betrachtet wird, die eigene Machtausübung in Form des bewußten Rollenverhaltens. Die eigenen Bedürfnisse werden unter Berücksichtigung der Forderungen anderer interpretiert. Die Fähigkeit dieses autonomen Verhaltens kann auch dazu führen, die eigene Identität beliebigen Situationen angepaßt darzustellen. (HD)

´In dem Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen, die Konzepte "Identität", "Identitätsbewußtsein", "Selbstkonzept" und "Selbstwertgefühl" zu spezifizieren und einen allgemeinen Ansatz zu einer Erklärung des Wandels von Identität zu formulieren. Der Autor geht auf soziologische und sozialpsychologische Identitätstheorien ein (Mead, Goffman, Krappmann), kritisiert diese dem symbolischen Interaktionismus zuzurechnenden Ansätze und stellt Ansätze der Selbstkonzeptforschung vor. Insbesondere Ansätze der Selbstkonzeptforschung, die den Schwerpunkt auf die Informationsverarbeitung legen, sieht er als theoretisch verheißungsvoll an. Nach diesem Überblick entwirft er selbst eine Identitätstheorie unter Bezugnahme auf die Wert-Erwartungs-Theorie (SEU-Theorie). Aus dieser Perspektive werden wiederholt erfolgreiche Sequenzen von Handlungen zu relativ dauerhaften Reaktionsmustern. Diese von den Individuen wahrgenommenen und kategorisierten Reaktionsmuster werden als "Identitäten" bezeichnet. Der Autor zeigt, wie mit dieser Sichtweise verschiedene soziologische Identitäts-Konzepte und sozialpsychologische Annahmen von "habits" und "traits" und "traits" theoretisch integriert werden können. (PF)

This article examines unfulfilled identity, which is expressed in the subject's inability to actualize his or her identity due to internal complexes or social pressures. First, the main types of mistakes that can lead to erroneous actions and processes are highlighted. These processes, form an unfulfilled identity. The first type of mistake is the misunderstanding of one's own natural state and social expectations. In this case, the subject cannot relate his or her abilities, characteristics and functional properties to reality. As a result, there is a tendency to form only the apparent integrity of an identity that can easily collapse. As a result, the subject is unable to be fully established as a person. This kind of identity has been called a 'failed' identity. The second mistake is to shift perception to external factors, disregarding internal experiences and attitudes. Thus, one's interests, needs, and desires are replaced by others that are taken from the environment. A substituted identity is formed, which also does not have the property of completeness because of the lack of systemic connections between the personality and reality. Such an identity is called 'substituted'. The author discusses the main reasons for the formation of an unfulfilled identity. The reasons are divided into different systems: global, local-social and individual. Thus, the first cause is identified as globalization. Its influence covers all subsequent systems. Globalization leads to the blurring of norms, differentiation and separation of values and attitudes. The processes of upbringing within different social institutions are included in the local-social system. The author outlines the main problems of upbringing and growing up, which affect the formation of identity. Subjective distortions are on the next level, complexes and mistakes that lead to unfulfillment. They include the inability to concentrate and accept the consequences of choices, associated with a lack of responsibility; denial of biological determinants and the narrative of one's own existence, a lack of life resources.