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LLibre de resums i programa del IALL Congress 2013. International Association of Law Libraries, 32nd Annual Course on International Law and Legal Information: Catalan Law and Legal Information in a Global Context. Aula Magna, Faculty of Law, University of Barcelona. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona, 15-19 September, 2013.

This final article on Russian information warfare presents policy recommendations that can be adopted to combat and respond to information warfare. Each case study exhibits unique circumstances that illuminate potential policy options for counteracting Russian disinformation campaigns. After analyzing both the successes and failures in each case study, the following policy recommendations emerged: transparency, preemptive information-sharing, media literacy campaigns, private-sector engagement, and multilateral cooperation. These policy recommendations provide a broad framework for all countries facing a similar threat.

The article deals with the main points of the information warfare between Russia and Ukraine related to Mariupol. Which side in the conflict is supported by the inhabitants of the city? Who is to be blamed for the death of civilians and destruction in Mariupol? To what extent the statements of the warring countries are consistent with the truth? The light is shed on the information coverage of four concrete events during the siege of Mariupol: the destruction of the Maternity Yard №3; the destruction of the theater; the fate of the civilians in Azovstal and the blocking of the ship "Tzarevna" in the port.

The article surveys the history of economic warfare from the Seven Years' War to the present. Three different aspects of economic warfare are studied: international law, effectiveness, and strategies. From the seventeenth century until World War I economic warfare scholarship was dominated by the perspective of international law. But as belligerents ignored jurists' rules of acceptable conduct in economic warfare, the international law approach receded into irrelevance. Practitioners and analysts alike have differed over the effectiveness of economic warfare. Its lack of success against Germany in World War II was a severe blow to the prestige of the blockade weapon. Economic warfare protagonists had underestimated the capability of a determined power elite, controlling the army, to retain power despite economic hardship. In general, economic warfare seems able to do little more than shorten conflicts. Strategies of economic warfare have two dimensions: the institution of blockades and other measures `at large', and the question of according to which principles one should draw up lists of prohibited items. Developments on the first dimension have gone full circle, from Napoleon's Continental self-blockade prohibiting imports from the United Kingdom while promoting exports, to the CoCom embargo of the USA and its allies restricting exports to the Warsaw Pact countries without attempting to prevent imports. On the second dimension, lists of contraband swelled until by World War II they became all-encompassing. In modern wars every good can have relevance to the war effort. Economists have even pointed out that the most strategic item is not the one having the greatest military use but the one relatively most expensive for the adversary to produce domestically and therefore bringing the greatest gains from trade.