Suchergebnisse

1. What is economic diplomacy? / Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock -- 2. Challenge and response in the new economic diplomacy / Nicholas Bayne -- 3. Factors shaping economic diplomacy : an analytical toolkit / Stephen Woolcock -- 4. How governments conduct economic diplomacy in practice / Nicholas Bayne -- 5. NGOs in economic diplomacy -- 6. Serving the private sector : India's economic diplomacy / Kishan S. Rana -- 7. Continuity and change in the politics of US trade relations with Russia / Craig VanGrasstek -- 8. Conceptualizing China's economic diplomacy : conversion between wealth and power / Zhang Xiaotong -- 9. Brazilian economic diplomacy : agriculture and the WTO negotiations / Braz Baracuhy -- 10. European Union economic diplomacy / Stephen Woolcock -- 11. Economic diplomacy and small developed economies : the case of New Zealand / Vangelis Vitalis -- 12. The economic diplomacy of small and poor countries in the global trading system / Teddy Soobramanien -- 13. Lessons from the G7 and G8 for the G20 summit / Nicholas Bayne -- 14. Negotiating preferential trade agreements : motivations and effects / Ken Heydon -- 15. International financial diplomacy and the crisis / Stephen Pickford -- 16. Climate change negotiations : pushing diplomacy to its limits / Joanna Depledge -- 17. International investment negotiations : a case of multi-level economic diplomacy / Stephen Woolcock -- 18. The future of economic diplomacy / Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock.

Both the official (state and diplomatic)
and business protocols are frequently used in
Europe; in Russia, it has become a focus of
attention in recent years. Thus, there arises a
need of training specialists in protocol. However,
this aspect has not been tackled effectively
by Russian universities.
This article is aimed at identifying the
need for the professional study of protocol at
Russian universities.
The paper analyses the level of teaching
protocol disciplines in Europe and Russia
and considers the results of the first Russian
forum on protocol. The main conclusion
drawn is that there is a need for introducing a
qualification of an expert in protocol into
Russian science. This research will help Russian
universities create training plans for
protocol disciplines.

[Editor's Note: In recent years, there has been a great deal of discussion concerning the fixed par-value system of exchange rates established in the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund. A recent report (September, 1970) from the Executive Directors of the Fund to its Board of Governors—"The Role of Exchange Rates in the Adjustment of International Payments"—grouped the main problems which have been encountered in the operation of the par-value system: (1) adjustments in par values have often been unduly delayed; (2) the general cost of delayed exchange adjustment is high in relation to the general benefit from the avoidance of premature adjustment; and (3) there is a likelihood that disequilibria between major modern economies may arise fairly frequently, or even continuously, and hence calls for prompt and smooth adjustments of exchange rates more frequently than have occurred in the past. The Executive Directors, in that Report, reaffirmed the basic features of the Bretton Woods system and rejected three major alternative exchange rate systems which have been proposed in recent years: (a) a regime of fluctuating exchange rates; (b) a regime based on par values agreed with the Fund but allowing substantially wider margins than are now permitted by the Articles; and (c) a regime under which parities would be adjusted at fixed intervals on the basis of some predetermined formula which would be applied automatically. The Executive Directors also considered various proposals for adapting the par-value system, which they believe continues to be sound. Those that appeared to them to merit continuing study were a slight widening in the margins around parity, and permitting temporary deviations from the par-value obligations of members, i.e., moving to fluctuating rates, with appropriate safeguards.

Contents: The substance: a non-doctrinaire free trade orientation; The style: reactive, selective, incremental, and quiet; The difference: two possible innovations.

[Ed. Note: Since World War II the administration of international monetary, financial, and commodity agreements has been performed by institutions operating on weighted voting principles, the weight dependent largely on the stake of various countries in the assetsdisposed of through the agreement. There is much discussion now concerning the adoption of such a system for the trade field, perhaps through amendment of the GATT, or in codesof trade liberalization among developed countries. Mr. Gold's article, relating the limitations and problems attendant upon the operation of the weighted voting system in the International Monetary Ftmd, is therefore particularly timely. Stanley D. Metzger.]